List of active separatist movements in Asia
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This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Asia. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism. What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with current, active members.
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
- They are the citizen/peoples of the conflict area and not comes from other country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state: for regions with a de facto polity
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding or anticipated sovereign state
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements toward greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations or insurgencies
- Advocacy group(s): for nonviolent, non-electoral, participatory entities
- Ethnic/Ethno-religious/Racial/Regional/Religious group (s): for information on what group of people calls for change for each individual movement listed
Afghanistan
Badakhshan (Near the Wakhan Corridor)
- Ethnic group: Pamiri
- Proposed state: United Badakhshan Peoples Republic[1]
- Political parties: Lail Badakhshan
Pashtunistan movement: Tarin sub-tribe of the Hazara district in the Frontier
Azerbaijan
Breakaway state:
- Ethnic group: Armenians
- De facto state: Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
- Government-in-exile: Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh
Azerbaijan is geographically in Asia, but politically in Europe
Burma/Myanmar
- Ethnic group: Rakhine
- Proposed state: Arakan Federation
- Advocacy group: Arakan Independence Alliance
- Proposed state: Arakan Federation
- Ethnic group: Chin
- Proposed state: Republic of Zo Asia
- Militant organisation: Chin National Front (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Ethnic group: Kachin
- Proposed state: Kachinland
- Political party: Kachin National Organization
- Proposed state: Kachinland
- Ethnic group: Karen
- Proposed state: Republic of Kawthoolei
- Militant organisation: Karen National Liberation Army
- Advocacy group: Karen National Union
- Proposed state: Republic of Kawthoolei
- Ethnic group: Karenni
- Proposed state: United Karenni Independent States
- Militant organisation: Karenni Army
- Advocacy group: Karenni National Progressive Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Government-in-exile: Karenni Provisional Government
- Proposed state: United Karenni Independent States
- Ethnic group: Kokang people
- Proposed state: unification with
People's Republic of China
- Proposed state: unification with
.svg){kind=small}
- Ethnic group: Mon
- Proposed state: Mon State
- Political party: New Mon State Party
- Proposed state: Mon State
- Ethnic group: Rohingya
- Proposed state: Northern Arakan State of Arakan Federation
- Advocacy group: Arakan Rohingya National Organization
- Ethnic group: Shan (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state: Federated Shan States
- Political party: Shan Democratic Union
- Militant organisation: Shan State Army
- Advocacy group: Restoration Council of Shan State
- Government in exile: Interim Government of Federated Shan States[2]
- Proposed state: Federated Shan States
- Ethnic group: Wa
- Proposed state: Wa State
- Political party: United Wa State Party
- Militant organisation: United Wa State Army
- Proposed state: Wa State
- Ethnic group: Kuki (Judaism)
- Proposed state: Zale'n-gam
- Militant organisation: Kuki National Army
- Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation
- Proposed state: Zale'n-gam
- Ethnic group: Zomi
- Proposed state: Republic of Zogam or Federated State of Zomi
- Political parties: Zomi National Congress, Zomi Reunification Organization
- Militant organisations: Zomi National Front/Army, Zomi Revolutionary Army,
- Advocacy group: Global Zomi Alliance
- Government in exile: Republic of Zogam
- Proposed state: Republic of Zogam or Federated State of Zomi
Cyprus
Breakaway state:
- Ethnic group: Turkish Cypriot
- De facto state with partial de jure recognition:
TRNC Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
- De facto state with partial de jure recognition:
Cyprus is geographically in Asia but politically in Europe
China
The People's Republic of China (China, PRC) insists itself being the sole legitimate state representing China. The PRC's territory consists of Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau. The PRC also claims the ROC-controlled area to be its territory. The PRC established the Special Administrative Region in Hong Kong and Macau under one country, two systems policy.
The Republic of China (Taiwan, ROC) insists itself being the sole legitimate state representing China. The ROC's territory consists of the island of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and nearby islands. The ROC also formerly claimed the PRC-controlled area to be its territory.
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
- Ethnic group: Mongolian
- Proposed state: Republic of South Mongol
or unification with Mongolia 
- Political parties: Inner Mongolian People's Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization), Southern Mongolian Democratic Alliance,[3] Mongolian Liberal Union Party[4]
- Proposed state: Republic of South Mongol
- Ethnic group: Tibetan
- Proposed state:
Tibet
- Government-in-exile: Lobsang Sangay, head of the Central Tibetan Administration[5] (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Political parties: International Tibet Independence Movement, National Democratic Party of Tibet[6]
- Advocacy group: Students for a Free Tibet, Tibetan Youth Congress, International Campaign for Tibet
- Proposed state:
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
- Ethnic group: Uyghur
- Proposed state:
East Turkestan
- Political parties: East Turkestan independence movement
- Militant organisations: Turkistan Islamic Party, East Turkestan Liberation Organization
- Advocacy groups: World Uyghur Congress (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Government in exile: East Turkistan Government in Exile
- Proposed state:
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region[7][8]
- People: Hong Kongers
- Pro-independence
- Proposed state:
Republic of Hong Kong, British Overseas Territory of Hong Kong, or Commonwealth realm of Hong Kong - Political parties and advocacy groups: Independence-leaning localist groups including Hong Kong National Party, Hong Kong Indigenous, Hong Kong Independence Party, Hong Konger Front,[9] Youngspiration
- Proposed state:
- Pro-autonomy
- Proposed autonomous area: Hong Kong city-state under Commonwealth of Chinese States
- Advocacy groups: Hong Kong Resurgence Order
Georgia
Breakaway states:
- Ethnic group: Abkhaz
- De facto state with partial de jure recognition:
Republic of Abkhazia - Political organisation:Government of Abkhazia
- Militant organization: Abkhazia Army
- De facto state with partial de jure recognition:
- Ethnic group: Ossetians
- De facto state: with partial de jure recognition:Republic of South Ossetia, proposed integration to
Russia[10] - Political organisation: Government of South Ossetia
- Militant organization: South Ossetia Army
- De facto state: with partial de jure recognition:Republic of South Ossetia, proposed integration to
Proposed autonomous movements:
Armenians in Samtskhe-Javakheti
- Ethnic group: Armenians
- Ethnic group: Azerbaijanis
- Proposed autonomous area: Borchali
- Advocacy groups: Gürcüstan Türkləri Konfederasiyası, Borçalı Gənc Türklər İttifaqı
India
- Ethnic-Religious group: Kashmiri Muslims
- Political organisations: All Parties Hurriyat Conference, Lashkar-e-Taiba, Hizbul Mujahideen, Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
- Ethnic group: Assamese people
- Political organisations: ULFA
Indonesia
- Proposed state: Gerakan Kemerdekaan Minahasa
- Proposed state: Riau
- Proposed state: South Moluccas
- Government-in-exile: Republik Maluku Selatan (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Advocacy group: Maluku Sovereignty Front
- Proposed state: unification with
Papua New Guinea
- Militant organisation: Free Papua Movement
- Government-in-exile: West Papuan Government in exile[16][17]
Iran
- Ethnic group: Azerbaijani
- Proposed state: South Azerbaijan
or unification with 
Azerbaijan - Political party: CAMAH (South Azerbaijan National Liberation Movement)[18]
- Proposed state: South Azerbaijan
- Ethnic group Turkmen
- Proposed state: South Turkmenistan
or unification with 
Turkmenistan - Political party: Turkmen-Sahra Liberation Organization
- Proposed state: South Turkmenistan
- Ethnic group: Arabs
- Proposed state: Al-Ahwaz[19]
- Militant organisations: Al-Ahwaz Arab People's Democratic Popular Front, Ahwaz Arab Renaissance Party, Ahwaz Liberation Organisation
- Advocacy group: Democratic Solidarity Party of Al-Ahwaz (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state: Al-Ahwaz[19]
- Ethnic groups: Kurdish
- Proposed state: Kurdistan[20]
- Political parties: Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisations: Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan, Komalah
- Proposed state: Kurdistan[20]
- Ethnic group: Baloch
- Proposed state: Balochistan
with region including Balochistan province of 
Pakistan - Political party: Balochistan People's Party
- Militant organisations: Jundallah (Iran)
- Proposed state: Balochistan
Iraq
See: Minorities in Iraq
Proposed states:
- Ethnic groups: Kurdish,
- Proposed state: Kurdistan
- Political parties: Kurdistan Independence Movement, Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- De facto autonomous state: Iraqi Kurdistan
- Proposed state: Kurdistan
- Ethnoreligious group: Assyrian
- Proposed autonomous region: Nineveh Plains
Assyria - Political parties: Assyrian Democratic Movement, Assyria Liberation Party
- Militant organisations: Nineveh Plain Protection Units, Dwekh Nawsha
- Advocacy groups: Assyrian General Conference, Assyria Council of Europe
- Proposed autonomous region: Nineveh Plains
- Ethnic group: Turkmen
- Proposed state: Turkmeneli
or unification with Turkey - Political party: Iraqi Turkmen Front (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state: Turkmeneli
- Ethnoreligious group: Yazidi
- Proposed autonomous area: Sinjar with Sinjar Mountain region in
Iraq or unification with 
Kurdistan - Political organisation: Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress, Yazidis Community
- Proposed autonomous area: Sinjar with Sinjar Mountain region in
- Religious group: Sunnis
- Proposed state: Sunnistan
Israel
Proposed states:
- Ethno-political group: Israeli settlers
- Proposed state: State of Judea
- Proposed state: State of Judea
Disputed Territories
- Ethnic group: Arabs
- De facto autonomous government: Palestinian National Authority
- De facto/De jure state:
State of Palestine - Political parties: Hamas, Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Fatah, Palestine Liberation Front, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Palestine Liberation Organisation[21][22]
- Militant organisations: al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade, Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, Tanzim, Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades
Japan
- Ethnic group: Ainu
- Proposed state: Republic of Ainu
- Political parties: Ainu Party (アイヌ民族党, Ainu minzoku tō)
- Political group: Ainu independence movement
- Ethnic group: Ryukyuan
- Proposed state: Republic of Ryukyu
- Political parties: Kariyushi Club (Formerly, Ryukyu Independence Party, 琉球独立党, Ryūkyū Dokuritsutō)
- Political groups: Ryukyu independence movement
- Note: The supporters of the movement want the Amami Islands in Kagoshima Prefecture, former part of the defunct Ryukyu Kingdom until 1609, to be part of independent Ryukyu. See also Invasion of Ryukyu.
Laos
- Ethnic group: Hmong
- Proposed state: Hmong ChaoFa Federated State
- Proposed state: Hmong ChaoFa Federated State
Member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
Malaysia
- Proposed state: Sarawak
- Advocacy group: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sarawak Association of People’s Aspirations (SAPA), Sarawak Sovereignty Movement, Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM)[25][27]
- Proposed state: Sabah
- Advocacy group: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM)[25][27]
Nepal
- Ethnic Group: Madhesi
- Proposed state: Madhesh
- Advocacy group: Alliance for Independent Madhesh[28]
- Militant Group: Janatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha
Pakistan
- Ethnic group: Baloch
- Proposed state: Balochistan or
Iran - Political party: Baloch National Movement, Baloch Republican Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisations: Baloch Liberation Army, Baloch Liberation Front, Baloch Republican Army
- Proposed state: Balochistan
- Ethnic group: Sindhi
- Proposed state: Sindhudesh or
India - Political party: Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz
- Militant organizations: Sindhudesh Liberation Army
- Proposed state: Sindhudesh or
File:Flag of Pashtunistan.png Pashtunistan
- Ethnic group: Pashtun
- Proposed state: Pashtunistan
Kashmir
- Ethnic group: Kashmiris
- Proposed state:Jammu and Kashmir
Palestine
See: International recognition of Palestine/currently mostly occupied by Israel as part of the Palestinian territories
- Ethnic group: Israelis
- Proposed state: State of Judea
- Proposed state: State of Judea
Philippines
Bangsamoro Region/Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao, Visayas, Palawan, Romblon, Masbate
- Ethnic group: Moro, Lumad, Visayans, Palawan
- Proposed autonomous area: Bangsamoro
- Militant organisation:
Moro Islamic Liberation Front - Political party: United Bangsamoro Justice Party[31]
- Militant organisation:
- Proposed state:
United Federated States of Bangsamoro Republik
- Militant organization: Moro National Liberation Front
- Advocacy group: Mindanao Independence Movement
- Proposed state:
Islamic State
- Militant organization: Abu Sayyaf,[32][33][34] Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters,[34][35][36] Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao, Maute Group
- Advocacy group:Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Movement[36]
- Proposed autonomous area: Bangsamoro
Cordillera Administrative Region
Russia
- Ethnic group: Yakuts
- Proposed state:
Sakha Republic - Political party: Sakha-Amuk
- Proposed state:
Siberia (North Asia) [41]
- Ethnic group:
- Proposed state: Siberian Republic
- Political party: Party of Siberian Liberation
- Ethnic group: Tuvans
- Proposed state:
Tuva
- Political parties: People's Party of Sovereign Tuva, People's Front "Free Tuva"
- Ethnic group: Russians
- Proposed state:
- Political party:
Sri Lanka
- Ethnic group: Tamil
- Proposed state: Tamil Eelam
- Political party: Tamil National Alliance (autonomy within Sri Lanka)
- Militant organisation: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE was defeated by the Sri Lankan military in 2009)
- Advocacy groups: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam, Global Tamil Forum
- Government in exile: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam[47]
Syria
- Ethnic and ethno-religious group: Kurdish, Yazidis
- De facto state:
Federation of Northern Syria – Rojava - Political party: Democratic Union Party
- Militant organisation: People's Defence Units
- Political Movement: Democratic Confederalism, Democratic Socialism, Feminism, Ecosocialism
- De facto state:
Proposed states:
- Etlno-religious group: Alawite
- Proposed state:
Alawite State - Political Movement: Government of Syria: if Damascus should fall, it has been proposed that the government retreats to Latakia and the surrounding area to form a possible Alawite State.
- Proposed state:
- Ethno-religious group: Druze
- Proposed state:
Jabal Druze State - Political parties: Progressive Socialist Party (Syria)
- Militant organisations: Jaysh al-Muwahhideen
- Proposed state:
- Ethno-religious group: Arameans
- Proposed state: Aram
- Political parties: Aramean Democratic Organisation
- Advocacy group: World Council of Arameans (Syriacs)
- Ethnic group: Assyrian
- Proposed state: Assyria
- Political parties: Syriac Union Party, Assyrian Democratic Organization
- Militant organisations: Syriac Military Council, Sutoro
- Advocacy groups: Assyria Council of Europe
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Syrian Turkmen
- Proposed state:
Autonomous or free Bayırbucak and Northern Aleppo (Western Turkmeneli) or Turkey - Political parties: Syrian Turkmen Assembly (official governing umbrella for Syrian Turkmen National Bloc and Syrian Democratic Turkmen Movement)
- Militant organizations: Syrian Turkmen Brigades
- Proposed state:
Occupied territories:
Golan Heights (occupied by Israel)
- Ethnic group: Israeli settlers
- De facto state:
Israel - Political organisation: Government of Israel
- Militant organisations: Israeli Defence Force
- De facto state:
Tajikistan
- Ethnic group: Pamiri
- Proposed state: United Badakhshan Peoples Republic[1]
- Political party: Lali Badakhshon[1]
Thailand
- Ethnic group: Malays
- Proposed state: Greater Patani State (Negara Patani Raya)[48] or unification with
Malaysia[49][50][51] - Militant organisation: Patani United Liberation Organisation
- Proposed state: Greater Patani State (Negara Patani Raya)[48] or unification with
Turkey
- Ethnic group: Kurdish
- Proposed state: Kurdistan
- Political parties: Peace and Democracy Party (BDP), Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP)
- Militant organisations: Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), Group of Communities in Kurdistan (KCK), Kurdistan Freedom Hawks (TAK), Democrat Party of Kurdistan/North (PDK/Bakur), Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan (PŞK), Communist Party of Kurdistan (KKP)
Uzbekistan
- Ethnic groups: Tajiks, Uzbeks
- Proposed State:
Emirate of Bukhara
- Proposed State:
- Ethnic group: Karakalpaks
- Proposed state:
Republic of Karakalpakstan - Advocacy group: Free Karakalpakstan National Revival Party[53]
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic Groups: Tajiks, Uzbeks
- Proposed State:
Khanate of Khiva
- Proposed State:
Vietnam
- Ethnic group: Vietnam overseas people, a few people in the country Vietnam
- Proposed state:
Republic of Vietnam - Advocacy group: Foundation Republic of Vietnam[54]
- Proposed state:
Yemen
- Proposed state:
State of Aden
- Ethnic group: Adeni Arabs, Hadhrami Arabs, Mehri people
- Proposed state:
South Arabia[55] - Political party: South Yemen Movement
- Proposed state:
- Proposed state:
Mahra Sultanate of Qishn and Socotra[56][57][58] - Proposed autonomous area: Al Mahrah and Socotra[56]
See also
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