Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 24.217.37.125 (talk) at 21:56, 20 August 2017 (Adding to include planned event in City of Arnold, MO. Attended is expected to be high, so visitors to this page should know about the event.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017
Totality from Madras, Oregon
Map
Type of eclipse
NatureTotal
Gamma0.4367
Magnitude1.0306
Maximum eclipse
Duration160 s (2 min 40 s)
Coordinates37°00′N 87°42′W / 37°N 87.7°W / 37; -87.7
Max. width of band115 km (71 mi)
Times (UTC)
(P1) Partial begin15:46:48
(U1) Total begin16:48:32
Greatest eclipse18:26:40
(U4) Total end20:01:35
(P4) Partial end21:04:19
References
Saros145 (22 of 77)
Catalog # (SE5000)9546

On Monday, August 21, 2017, a total solar eclipse will be visible within a band across the entire contiguous United States. This eclipse will only be visible in other countries as a partial eclipse.[1][2]

A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the moon's apparent diameter is larger than the sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometers wide.

The last time a total solar eclipse was visible across the entire contiguous United States was during the June 8, 1918 eclipse, and not since the February 1979 eclipse has a total eclipse been visible from anywhere in the mainland United States.[3] The path of totality will touch 14 states, although a partial eclipse will be visible in all fifty states.[3] The total area of the path of totality will be about 16% of the area of the United States,[4] although most of this area is over the ocean and not actually over the United States. The event will touch land on the Oregon coast as a partial eclipse at 9:06 a.m. PDT on August 21, and will end later that day as a partial eclipse along the South Carolina coast at about 4:06 p.m. EDT.[3]

There are expected to be logistical problems with the influx of visitors, especially for smaller communities.[5][6] There have also been problems with counterfeit eclipse glasses being sold.[7][8]

Future total solar eclipses will cross the United States in April 2024 (12 states) and August 2045 (10 states), and annular solar eclipses—meaning the apparent size of the Moon is smaller than that of the Sun—will occur in October 2023 (9 states) and June 2048 (9 states).

Visibility

Animation of the shadow created by the August 2017 eclipse wherein the tiny black dot represents totality
File:Great American Eclipse August 21, 2017.gif
Animation of the shadow created by the August 21, 2017 total solar eclipse with sun and moon zenith position indicated by yellow and grey lines.

The total eclipse will have a magnitude of 1.0306 and will be visible within a narrow corridor 70 miles (110 km) wide crossing fourteen states of the contiguous United States: Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, Montana, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina.[9][10] It will be first seen from land in the US shortly after 10:15 a.m. PDT (17:15 UTC) at Oregon's Pacific coast, and then it will progress eastward through Salem, Oregon; Casper, Wyoming; Lincoln, Nebraska; Kansas City, Missouri; St. Louis, Missouri; Hopkinsville, Kentucky; Nashville, Tennessee; Columbia, South Carolina; and finally Charleston, South Carolina. (A partial eclipse will be seen for a greater time period, beginning shortly after 9:00 a.m. PDT along the Pacific Coast of Oregon.)

The longest duration of totality will be 2 minutes 41.6 seconds at about 37°35′0″N 89°7′0″W / 37.58333°N 89.11667°W / 37.58333; -89.11667 in Giant City State Park, just south of Carbondale, Illinois, and the greatest extent (width) will be at 36°58′0″N 87°40′18″W / 36.96667°N 87.67167°W / 36.96667; -87.67167 near the village of Cerulean, Kentucky, located in between Hopkinsville and Princeton.[11] This will be the first total solar eclipse visible from the Southeastern United States since the solar eclipse of March 7, 1970, which was only visible from Florida.

A partial solar eclipse will be seen from the much broader path of the Moon's penumbra, including all of North America, northern South America, Western Europe, and some of Africa and north-east of Asia.

Related eclipses over the United States

Detailed map of the path in the United States

This eclipse will be the first total solar eclipse visible from the United States since the solar eclipse of July 11, 1991[12] (which was seen only from part of Hawaii),[13] and the first visible from the contiguous United States since 1979.[14]

The path of totality of the solar eclipse of February 26, 1979 passed only through the states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, and North Dakota. Many visitors traveled to the Pacific Northwest to view the eclipse, since it was the last chance to view a total solar eclipse in the contiguous United States for almost four decades.[15][16]

Some American scientists and interested amateurs seeking to experience a total eclipse participated in a four-day Atlantic Ocean cruise to view the solar eclipse of July 10, 1972 as it passed near Nova Scotia. Organizers of the cruise advertised in astronomical journals and in planetarium announcements emphasizing the lack of future total eclipses observable in U.S. until this 2017 event.[17]

The August 2017 eclipse will be the first with a path of totality crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the U.S. since 1918. Also, its path of totality makes landfall exclusively within the United States, making it the first such eclipse since the country's independence in 1776. (The path of totality of the eclipse of June 13, 1257, was the last to make landfall exclusively on lands currently part of the United States.[18])

The path of this eclipse crosses the path of the upcoming total solar eclipse of April 8, 2024, with the intersection of the two paths being in southern Illinois in Makanda Township at Cedar Lake just south of Carbondale. A small land area, including the cities of Makanda, Carbondale, Cape Girardeau, Missouri, and Paducah, Kentucky, will thus experience two total solar eclipses within a span of less than seven years.

The solar eclipse of August 12, 2045 will have a very similar path of totality over the U.S., about 400 km (250 mi) to the southwest, also crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the country; however, duration of totality will last over twice as long.[19]

An eclipse of comparable length (up to 3 minutes, 8 seconds, with the longest eclipse being 6 minutes and 54 seconds) occurred over the contiguous United States on March 7, 1970 along the southern portions of the Eastern Seaboard, from Florida to Virginia.[20]

Total eclipse viewing events

During total eclipse the stars and 4 planets will be visible, including the star Regulus close to the Sun. Mars will be 8 degrees to the right, and Venus 34 degrees right. Mercury is 10 degrees left, and Jupiter 51 degrees left.

Oregon

Idaho

The independent bookstore Rediscovered Books in Boise, Idaho, touts the 2017 solar eclipse in a retail example of science outreach.
  • Craters of the Moon – The National Monument and Preserve will host NASA presentations, evening star parties hosted by the Idaho Falls Astronomical Society, high altitude balloon launches by the USC Astronautical Engineering department and NASA, and presentations by the New Mexico Chapter of the Charlie Bates Solar Astronomy Project.[27]
  • Idaho Falls – Free entertainment and educational seminars and an eclipse-watching event at the Museum of Idaho (an official NASA viewing site) and elsewhere, and a free eclipse-watching event at Melaleuca Field.[28][29]
  • Rexburg – Brigham Young University Idaho will offer a series of eclipse related educational events.[30]
  • Weiser – The city will sponsor a five-day festival prior to the eclipse.[31]

Wyoming

  • Casper – The Astronomical League, an alliance of amateur astronomy clubs, will hold its annual Astrocon conference,[32] and there will be other public events, called Wyoming Eclipse Festival 2017.[33]

Nebraska

Missouri

  • Arnold, Missouri – The Parks & Recreation Department of the City of Arnold (which fell in the path of the totality) organized a free three-day event in Arnold City Park in anticipation of (and culminating in) the eclipse, complete with educational activities for children and a bluegrass festival. Viewing glasses were made available for the eclipse itself.[38]
  • Kansas City – A 5-mile bicycle ride from downtown KCMO (where totality will only last about 30 seconds) to Macken Park in North Kansas City (where totality will last 1 minute 13 seconds) has been organized by KC Pedal Party Club, a local Meetup group.[39]
  • Columbia – The COSMO Park and the GANS CREEK Park are open for the eclipse.[40] For the Students of the University of Missouri-Columbia there is a watch party on the campus.[41] and the MU Health care has also released eye safety info.[42]
  • Lathrop – The city will celebrate its 150th anniversary with an eclipse festival.[43]
  • Parkville – TotalEclipseofthePark – August 20 educational program featuring NASA Glenn Research Center Hall of Famer Lynn Bondurant, '61, and August 21 watch party organized by Park University.[44]
  • St. Clair – An event organized by the St. Clair City Chamber of Commerce.[45]
  • St. Joseph – An event organized by Front Page Science will be held at Rosecrans Memorial Airport.[46]

Illinois

Kansas

  • Atchison — Benedictine College will host thousands in its football stadium. There will be students from schools from Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska and Oklahoma attending, plus numerous other guests who will hear from, amongst others, astronomers from the Vatican Observatory.[51]

Kentucky

Tennessee

  • Clarksville – Austin Peay State University will present several educational events, including an appearance by astronaut Rhea Seddon.[54]
  • Cookeville – Tennessee Technological University will be hosting a solar eclipse viewing party at Tucker Stadium, which is open to the public. Cookeville will be hosting special events Saturday-Monday.[55]
  • McMinnville - celebrating the eclipse by hosting BLACKOUT 2017, an eclipse viewing event to be held in the city square. In addition to the viewing, a selection of food trucks and musical acts which features The Pink Floyd Appreciation Society band who will be performing Pink Floyd's The Dark Side of the Moon in its entirety prior to the totality event. [56]
  • Nashville – offering many special events, including the Music City Eclipse Science & Technology Festival at the Adventure Science Center.[57] The Italian Lights Festival is hosting the largest Eclipse Viewing Party in Nashville, a free NASA-Certified Eclipse Event held at the Bicentennial Mall.[58] Two astrophysicists from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory will emcee the countdown.[59]

North Carolina

Georgia

South Carolina

Viewing from outside the United States

The boundaries of the sunset partial eclipse in Western Europe. Calculation with EclipseDroid with atmospheric refraction.

Canada

A partial eclipse will be visible across the width of Canada, ranging from 89% in Victoria, British Columbia to 11% in Resolute, Nunavut.[65]

Central America, Mexico, Caribbean islands

A partial eclipse will be visible from Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean islands.

Europe

In northwestern Europe, the eclipse will only be visible partially, in the evening or at sunset. Only those in Iceland, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland and the Portuguese Azores archipelago will see the eclipse from beginning to end; in the rest of the UK, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain and Portugal, sunset will occur before the end of the eclipse. In Germany, the beginning of the eclipse will be potentially visible just at sunset only in the extreme northwest of the country. In all regions east of the orange line in the map, the eclipse will not be visible.[66]

Russia

A partial eclipse will be visible only in the Chukchi Peninsula (with about ~40%).

Media coverage

A large number of media outlets also announced plans to broadcast coverage of the eclipse, including television and internet outlets. NASA announced plans to offer streaming coverage through its NASA TV and NASA Edge outlets, using cameras stationed on the ground along the path of totality, along with cameras on high-altitude balloons, jets, and coverage from the International Space Station; NASA stated that "never before will a celestial event be viewed by so many and explored from so many vantage points—from space, from the air, and from the ground."[67] ABC, CBS, and NBC announced that they would respectively broadcast live television specials to cover the eclipse with correspondents stationed across the path of totality, along with CNN, Fox News Channel, Science, and The Weather Channel. The PBS series Nova will present streaming coverage on Facebook hosted by Miles O'Brien, and air a special episode chronicling the event—"Eclipse Over America"—later in the day (which will mark the fastest production turnaround time in Nova history).[68][69]

Other institutions and services also announced plans to stream their perspectives of the eclipse, including the Exploratorium in San Francisco, the Elephant Sanctuary of Hohenwald, Slooh, and The Virtual Telescope Project. The Eclipse Ballooning Project, a consortium of schools and colleges that will send 50 high-altitude balloons into the sky during the eclipse to conduct experiments, will provide streams of footage and GPS tracking of its launches [67][70]

Problem of counterfeit eclipse glasses

External image
image icon Comparison of genuine and counterfeit eclipse glasses. The top image is of genuine glasses manufactured by American Paper Optics. The bottom image is of a counterfeit product.[7][71]

Many counterfeit glasses tested have actually been found to have been good enough, but the only way to tell for sure is with a spectrophotomer.[7] The issue is whether the glasses will block the full spectrum of light, including ultraviolet and infrared light. The eye's retina does not contain pain receptors, so with inadequate protection, infrared radiation could potentially be damaging and "cooking" this retina without the person being aware of it.[72]

Counterfeit eclipse glasses often have the same ISO number and company name as genuine classes. The American Astronomical Society has issued guidance and a list of reputable vendors of solar filtering products. The user should be able to see very little through adequate filter except for the Sun itself, or something comparably bright, such as the Sun reflected in a mirror, a sunglint off shiny metal, the hot filament of an unfrosted incandescent bulb, a bright halogen light bulb, a bright-white LED bulb (including the flashlight on a smartphone), or an arc-welding torch. All such sources, except perhaps the welding torch, should appear quite dim.[7][8][72]

A large number of untested filtering glasses began to proliferate on websites such as Amazon.com during the lead-up to the eclipse, including those that claimed to have ISO certification but did not undergo actual testing or had incomplete certification information, and those that were counterfeits of those from vendors the AAS considered reputable such as, in particular, American Paper Optics, which published information detailing the differences between its glasses and counterfeits.[71] On July 27, 2017, Amazon began to require that all eclipse viewing products sold on its website have a submission of origin and safety information, and proof of an accredited ISO certification. In mid-August 2017, Amazon recalled and pulled listings for eclipse viewing glasses that "may not comply with industry standards", and issued refunds to those that had purchased them.[7][8][73]

Further images

  • August 21, 2017 total solar eclipse
    August 21, 2017 total solar eclipse
  • Animation
    Animation
  • Umbra (black oval), penumbra (concentric shaded ovals), and path of totality (red).
  • High-resolution map of the path in the United States.
    High-resolution map of the path in the United States.
  • This video features several visualizations of the event.

Planning

Logistically, the demand for portable toilets will be "astronomical,"[74] with municipalities inside and alongside the path of totality planning (in some cases for three years, with the participation of several levels of governance, as with southern Illinois) for the sudden influx of people.[75] Volunteers in smaller towns (as with Lathrop, Missouri, which will be coincidentally celebrating the 150th anniversary of its founding) struggled to arrange viewing sites and logistics for what could be either a tourism boom or a disaster.[5]

In the American West, illegal camping is a major concern, including near cities like Jackson Hole, Wyoming.[6] Idaho's Office of Emergency Management noted that Idaho was a prime viewing state, and advised jurisdictions to prepare for increased loads on their services; nearly every hotel and motel room, campground, and in some cases backyards for nearly 100 miles (160 km) miles north and south of the path of totality had been reserved several months if not years in advance.[76] The state's population may temporarily increase by a third, with 370,000 to 500,000 visitors projected in state of 1.6 million people.[77]

Oregon Governor Kate Brown authorized the deployment of the National Guard (six aircraft and approximately 150 soldiers), given that the sudden influx of tourists will occur during the peak of that state's fire season; the soldiers will perforce also be available for fire-fighting duties if needed.[78] Furthermore, given that the expected increase in population of one million will closely mimic the increased demand in emergency services, hospital staffing will be augmented (overnight tents will be provided), as well as blood supplies and anti-snake bite antidote (which has a short shelf-life) along the totality line. The emergency room of the hospital of Madras, Oregon (population 6,700), for example, is anticipating a six-fold increase in patients; as the hospital only has 25 beds, medical evacuation is anticipated.[79] The closest precedent for statewide planners is the annual Sturgis motorcycle rally in South Dakota, when approximately half a million people descend on the town.[79]

Traffic problems

File:2017SolarEclipsePopsicleParty.jpg
A workplace flier in the Mountain Time Zone very near the path of totality.

In Oregon at one point on August 17, four days before the eclipse itself, traffic was backed up for fifteen miles on U.S. Highway 26 near Prineville, the turnoff to an eclipse festival, as thousands arrived; some gas stations there and in Bend had briefly run out of product the day before.[80]

Impact on solar power

The eclipse will cause a reduction of solar power where the shadow reaches solar panels. The North American Electric Reliability Corporation measures impacts of this event,[81] and predicts minor impacts.[82] In California, solar power may decrease by 4–6,000 megawatts[83] at 70 MW/minute, and then ramp up by 90 MW/minute as the shadow passes. CAISO's typical ramp rate is 29 megawatts per minute.[84] Around 4 GW mainly in North Carolina and Georgia are expected to be 90% obscured.[83] The Solar eclipse of March 20, 2015 caused manageable solar power decreases in Europe;[85] in Germany, solar power dropped from 14 GW to 7 GW, of a 38 GW solar power capacity.[86]

Commemorative stamp

Main article: 2017 Total Solar Eclipse stamp

On June 20, 2017,[87] the United States Postal Service released the first application of thermochromic ink to postage stamps in its Total Eclipse of the Sun Forever stamp[88] to commemorate the solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. When pressed with a finger, body heat turns the black circle in the center of the stamp into an image of the full moon. The stamp image is a photo of the solar eclipse of March 29, 2006 seen in Jalu, Libya. The photo was taken by retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak.[88]

Related eclipses

A partial lunar eclipse took place on August 7, 2017, in the same eclipse season. It was visible over eastern Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia.

Solar eclipses 2015–2018

This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.[89]

Solar eclipse series sets from 2015 to 2018
Descending node   Ascending node
Saros Map Gamma Saros Map Gamma
120

Longyearbyen, Svalbard 		2015 March 20

Total 		0.94536 125

Solar Dynamics Observatory
2015 September 13

Partial (south) 		−1.10039
130

Balikpapan, Indonesia 		2016 March 9

Total 		0.26092 135

L'Étang-Salé, Réunion 		2016 September 1

Annular 		−0.33301
140

Partial from Buenos Aires 		2017 February 26

Annular 		−0.45780 145

Casper, Wyoming 		2017 August 21

Total 		0.43671
150

Partial from Olivos, Buenos Aires 		2018 February 15

Partial (south) 		−1.21163 155

Partial from Huittinen, Finland 		2018 August 11

Partial (north) 		1.14758

Partial solar eclipses on July 13, 2018, and January 6, 2019, occur during the next semester series.

Saros series 145

This solar eclipse is a part of Saros cycle 145, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, 8 hours, containing 77 events. The series started with a partial solar eclipse on January 4, 1639, and reached a first annular eclipse on June 6, 1891. It was a hybrid event on June 17, 1909, and total eclipses from June 29, 1927, through September 9, 2648. The series ends at member 77 as a partial eclipse on April 17, 3009. The longest eclipse will occur on June 25, 2522, with a maximum duration of totality of 7 minutes, 12 seconds. All eclipses in this series occurs at the Moon's ascending node.

Series members 10–32 occur between 1801 and 2359
10 11 12

April 13, 1801
April 24, 1819
May 4, 1837
13 14 15

May 16, 1855
May 26, 1873
June 6, 1891
16 17 18

June 17, 1909
June 29, 1927
July 9, 1945
19 20 21

July 20, 1963
July 31, 1981
August 11, 1999
22 23 24

August 21, 2017
September 2, 2035
September 12, 2053
25 26 27

September 23, 2071
October 4, 2089
October 16, 2107
28 29 30

October 26, 2125
November 7, 2143
November 17, 2161
31 32 33

November 28, 2179
December 9, 2197
December 21, 2215
34 35 36

December 31, 2233
January 12, 2252
January 22, 2270
37 38 39

February 2, 2288
February 14, 2306
February 25, 2324
40

March 8, 2342

Metonic series

The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days). All eclipses in this table occur at the Moon's ascending node.

21 eclipse events, progressing from south to north between June 10, 1964, and August 21, 2036
June 10–11 March 27–29 January 15–16 November 3 August 21–22
117 119 121 123 125

June 10, 1964
March 28, 1968
January 16, 1972
November 3, 1975
August 22, 1979
127 129 131 133 135

June 11, 1983
March 29, 1987
January 15, 1991
November 3, 1994
August 22, 1998
137 139 141 143 145

June 10, 2002
March 29, 2006
January 15, 2010
November 3, 2013
August 21, 2017
147 149 151 153 155

June 10, 2021
March 29, 2025
January 14, 2029
November 3, 2032
August 21, 2036

See also

Notable total solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050:

Notable annular solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050:

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Further reading

  • Bakich, Michael E. (2016). Your Guide to the 2017 Total Solar Eclipse. The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series. New York, NY: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-27630-4.

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