COVID-19 vaccine
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A COVID-19 vaccine is a hypothetical vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although no vaccine exists yet, there are multiple attempts in progress to develop such a vaccine. In late February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) said it did not expect a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the causative virus, to become available in less than 18 months.[1] By early March 2020, some 30 vaccine candidates were in development.
Vaccines have been produced against several diseases caused by coronaviruses for animal use, including for infectious bronchitis virus in birds, canine coronavirus and feline coronavirus.[2]
Previous efforts to develop vaccines for viruses in the family Coronaviridae that affect humans have been aimed at severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Vaccines against SARS[3] and MERS[4] have been tested in animal models. As of 2020, there is no cure or protective vaccine for SARS that has been shown to be both safe and effective in humans.[5][6] According to research papers published in 2005 and 2006, the identification and development of novel vaccines and medicines to treat SARS is a priority for governments and public health agencies around the world.[7][8][9]
There is also no proven vaccine against MERS.[10] When MERS became prevalent, it was believed that existing SARS research may provide a useful template for developing vaccines and therapeutics against a MERS-CoV infection.[5][11] As of 2016, vaccine candidates were awaiting clinical trials.[12][13][14]
2020 efforts
SARS-CoV-2 was identified in late 2019 as the cause of what would later be named COVID-19. A major outbreak spread around the world in 2020, leading to considerable investment in research to develop a vaccine.
Many organizations are using published genomes to develop possible vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.[15][16][17]
- Bodies working to develop vaccines include the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,[18][19] the University of Hong Kong,[20] the Shanghai East Hospital,[20] and other universities, such as Washington University in St. Louis.[21]
- Three vaccine projects are being supported by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), including projects by the biotechnology companies Moderna,[22] Inovio Pharmaceuticals, and the University of Queensland.[23]
- The United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) is cooperating with Moderna to create an RNA vaccine matching a spike of the coronavirus surface and intends to start human trials by May 2020.[15]
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals is developing a DNA-based vaccination in collaboration with a Chinese firm, planning human clinical trials in the summer of the Northern Hemisphere of 2020.[24]
- In Australia, the University of Queensland is investigating the potential of a molecular clamp vaccine that would genetically modify viral proteins in order to stimulate an immune reaction.[23]
- In Canada, the International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, received federal funding to work on a vaccine, aiming to start animal testing in March 2020 and human testing in 2021.[25][26]
- In January 2020, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies began work on developing a vaccine, using the same technologies as for its experimental Ebola vaccine.[27]. In the following month, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) announced that it would collaborate with Janssen and, later, Sanofi Pasteur to develop a vaccine.[28][29] Sanofi has previously worked on a vaccine for SARS, and it stated to expect to have a vaccine candidate within six months that could be ready to test in people within a year to 18 months.[28] Janssen is codeveloping an oral vaccine with its biotechnology partner, Vaxart.[30]
- Bulgarian biotechnology company Micar21 has been developing a general Coronavirus vaccine in the past four years, and announced that it will begin clinical trials of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine based on this research in mid-2020.[31]
- On 26 February 2020, a U.S. health official from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) said that it will take "at least a year to a year and a half at best" to develop a vaccine for the coronavirus.[32]
- On 27 February, Folding@home, a distributed computing project that uses volunteer computer resources for disease research, announced it was furthering vaccine development by using computer simulations to model the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.[33][34]
- In early March 2020, news reported that initial phase 1 testing of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine from biotechnology company Moderna is expected to start soon.[35][36]
- Emergent Biosolutions teamed with Novavax Inc. in the development and manufacture of a vaccine. Emergent will produce the vaccine in one of its Maryland facilities based on technology developed by Novavax. The partners plan on preclinical testing and a phase 1 clinical trial by July 2020.[37] Emergent petitioned the federal government's Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) to be chosen for the project.[38] Emergent is also developing a treatment which would be sourced in the blood plasma of those who have recovered from COVID-19.[39]
- On 12 March 2020, India's Health Ministry official from National Institute of Virology, Pune said they have successfully isolated 11 strains of coronavirus, and that even on a fast track it would take at least around one-and-a-half to two years to develop a vaccine.[40]
Rumors and misinformation
Social media posts have promoted a conspiracy theory claiming the virus behind COVID-19 was known and that a vaccine was already available. PolitiFact and FactCheck.org noted that no vaccine currently exists for COVID-19. The patents cited by various social media posts reference existing patents for genetic sequences and vaccines for other strains of coronavirus such as the SARS coronavirus.[41][42]
References
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- ^ Cavanagh, Dave (2003). "Severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine development: Experiences of vaccination against avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus". Avian Pathology. 32 (6): 567–582. doi:10.1080/03079450310001621198. PMID 14676007.
- ^ Gao, Wentao; Tamin, Azaibi; Soloff, Adam; d'Aiuto, Leonardo; Nwanegbo, Edward; Robbins, Paul D.; Bellini, William J.; Barratt-Boyes, Simon; Gambotto, Andrea (2003). "Effects of a SARS-associated coronavirus vaccine in monkeys". The Lancet. 362 (9399): 1895–1896. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14962-8. PMID 14667748.
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- ^ a b Jiang, Shibo; Lu, Lu; Du, Lanying (2013). "Development of SARS vaccines and therapeutics is still needed". Future Virology. 8 (1): 1–2. doi:10.2217/fvl.12.126.
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- ^ Greenough, Thomas C.; Babcock, Gregory J.; Roberts, Anjeanette; Hernandez, Hector J.; Thomas, Jr., William D.; Coccia, Jennifer A.; Graziano, Robert F.; Srinivasan, Mohan; Lowy, Israel; Finberg, Robert W.; Subbarao, Kanta; Vogel, Leatrice; Somasundaran, Mohan; Luzuriaga, Katherine; Sullivan, John L.; Ambrosino, Donna M. (15 February 2005). "Development and Characterization of a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Associated Coronavirus–Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody That Provides Effective Immunoprophylaxis in Mice". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 191 (4): 507–14. doi:10.1086/427242. PMID 15655773.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|displayauthors=ignored (|display-authors=suggested) (help) - ^ Tripp, Ralph A.; Haynes, Lia M.; Moore, Deborah; Anderson, Barbara; Tamin, Azaibi; Harcourt, Brian H.; Jones, Les P.; Yilla, Mamadi; Babcock, Gregory J.; Greenough, Thomas; Ambrosino, Donna M.; Alvarez, Rene; Callaway, Justin; Cavitt, Sheana; Kamrud, Kurt; Alterson, Harold; Smith, Jonathan; Harcourt, Jennifer L.; Miao, Congrong; Razdan, Raj; Comer, James A.; Rollin, Pierre E.; Ksiazek, Thomas G.; Sanchez, Anthony; Rota, Paul A.; Bellini, William J.; Anderson, Larry J. (September 2005). "Monoclonal antibodies to SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV): Identification of neutralizing and antibodies reactive to S, N, M and E viral proteins". Journal of Virological Methods. 128 (1–2): 21–8. doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.03.021. PMID 15885812.
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