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COVID-19 vaccine

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A COVID-19 vaccine is a hypothetical vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although no vaccine has completed clinical trials, there are multiple attempts in progress to develop such a vaccine. In late February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) said it did not expect a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the causative virus, to become available in less than 18 months.[1] By early March 2020, some 30 vaccine candidates were in development.

Previous coronavirus vaccine efforts

Vaccines have been produced against several diseases caused by coronaviruses for animal use, including for infectious bronchitis virus in birds, canine coronavirus and feline coronavirus.[2]

Previous efforts to develop vaccines for viruses in the family Coronaviridae that affect humans have been aimed at severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Vaccines against SARS[3] and MERS[4] have been tested in non-human animal models. As of 2020, there is no cure or protective vaccine for SARS that has been shown to be both safe and effective in humans.[5][6] According to research papers published in 2005 and 2006, the identification and development of novel vaccines and medicines to treat SARS is a priority for governments and public health agencies around the world.[7][8][9]

There is also no proven vaccine against MERS.[10] When MERS became prevalent, it was believed that existing SARS research may provide a useful template for developing vaccines and therapeutics against a MERS-CoV infection.[5][11] As of March 2020, there was one (DNA based) MERS vaccine which completed phase I clinical trials in humans,[12] and three others in progress, all of which are viral vectored vaccines, two adenoviral-vectored (ChAdOx1-MERS, BVRS-GamVac), and one MVA-vectored (MVA-MERS-S).[13]

2020 efforts

SARS-CoV-2 was identified in late 2019 as the cause of what would later be named COVID-19.[14] A major outbreak spread around the world in 2020, leading to considerable investment and research activity to develop a vaccine.[14][15] Many organizations are using published genomes to develop possible vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.[14][16][17][18] About 35 companies and academic institutions are involved,[19] with three of them receiving support from the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), including projects by the biotechnology companies Moderna,[20] and Inovio Pharmaceuticals, and the University of Queensland.[21] Some 300 clinical studies are in progress, as of March 2020.[22]

The difficulty with vaccine development is that older people who are most vulnerable to infection are poorly vaccinated due to age-related degradation of the thymus. Therefore, along with the development of a vaccine, it is necessary to develop ways to increase immunity in these people. One of these methods can be treatment with recombinant interleukin 7. Interleukin 7 plays an extremely important role in the maturation and reproduction of lymphoid cells. Therefore, it makes sense, along with vaccines, to develop methods for restoring the immune function in the elderly, for example, by improving it using treatment with recombinant interleukin 7[23][24].


Clinical trials in progress

Preclinical research

Rumors and misinformation

Main article: Misinformation related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic

Social media posts have promoted a conspiracy theory claiming the virus behind COVID-19 was known and that a vaccine was already available. The patents cited by various social media posts reference existing patents for genetic sequences and vaccines for other strains of coronavirus such as the SARS coronavirus.[46][47]

See also

References

  1. ^ Grenfell, Rob; Drew, Trevor (17 February 2020). "Here's Why It's Taking So Long to Develop a Vaccine for the New Coronavirus". ScienceAlert. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  2. ^ Cavanagh, Dave (2003). "Severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine development: Experiences of vaccination against avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus". Avian Pathology. 32 (6): 567–582. doi:10.1080/03079450310001621198. PMID 14676007.
  3. ^ Gao, Wentao; Tamin, Azaibi; Soloff, Adam; d'Aiuto, Leonardo; Nwanegbo, Edward; Robbins, Paul D.; Bellini, William J.; Barratt-Boyes, Simon; Gambotto, Andrea (2003). "Effects of a SARS-associated coronavirus vaccine in monkeys". The Lancet. 362 (9399): 1895–1896. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14962-8. PMID 14667748.
  4. ^ Kim, Eun; Okada, Kaori; Kenniston, Tom; Raj, V. Stalin; Alhajri, Mohd M.; Farag, Elmoubasher A.B.A.; Alhajri, Farhoud; Osterhaus, Albert D.M.E.; Haagmans, Bart L.; Gambotto, Andrea (2014). "Immunogenicity of an adenoviral-based Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus vaccine in BALB/C mice". Vaccine. 32 (45): 5975–5982. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.058. PMID 25192975.
  5. ^ a b Jiang, Shibo; Lu, Lu; Du, Lanying (2013). "Development of SARS vaccines and therapeutics is still needed". Future Virology. 8 (1): 1–2. doi:10.2217/fvl.12.126.
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  7. ^ Greenough, Thomas C.; Babcock, Gregory J.; Roberts, Anjeanette; Hernandez, Hector J.; Thomas, Jr., William D.; Coccia, Jennifer A.; Graziano, Robert F.; Srinivasan, Mohan; Lowy, Israel; Finberg, Robert W.; Subbarao, Kanta; Vogel, Leatrice; Somasundaran, Mohan; Luzuriaga, Katherine; Sullivan, John L.; Ambrosino, Donna M. (15 February 2005). "Development and Characterization of a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Associated Coronavirus–Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody That Provides Effective Immunoprophylaxis in Mice". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 191 (4): 507–14. doi:10.1086/427242. PMID 15655773. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
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  9. ^ Roberts, Anjeanette; Thomas, William D.; Guarner, Jeannette; Lamirande, Elaine W.; Babcock, Gregory J.; Greenough, Thomas C.; Vogel, Leatrice; Hayes, Norman; Sullivan, John L.; Zaki, Sherif; Subbarao, Kanta; Ambrosino, Donna M. (March 2006). "Therapy with a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Associated Coronavirus–Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Reduces Disease Severity and Viral Burden in Golden Syrian Hamsters". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 193 (5): 685–92. doi:10.1086/500143. PMID 16453264. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
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  11. ^ Butler, Declan (October 2012). "SARS veterans tackle coronavirus". Nature. 490 (7418): 20. Bibcode:2012Natur.490...20B. doi:10.1038/490020a. PMID 23038444.
  12. ^ Modjarrad, Kayvon; Roberts, Christine C.; Mills, Kristin T.; Castellano, Amy R.; Paolino, Kristopher; Muthumani, Kar; Reuschel, Emma L.; Robb, Merlin L.; Racine, Trina; Oh, Myoung-don; Lamarre, Claude; Zaidi, Faraz I.; Boyer, Jean; Kudchodkar, Sagar B.; Jeong, Moonsup; Darden, Janice M.; Park, Young K.; Scott, Paul T.; Remigio, Celine; Parikh, Ajay P.; Wise, Megan C.; Patel, Ami; Duperret, Elizabeth K.; Kim, Kevin Y.; Choi, Hyeree; White, Scott; Bagarazzi, Mark; May, Jeanine M.; Kane, Deborah; Lee, Hyojin (2019). "Safety and immunogenicity of an anti-Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus DNA vaccine: a phase 1, open-label, single-arm, dose-escalation trial". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 19 (9): 1013–1022. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30266-X. PMID 31351922. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
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