Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021

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Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021
Radar collage of a supercell that spawned a tornado family during the outbreak
TypeExtratropical cyclone
Winter storm
Tornado outbreak
FormedDecember 10, 2021 (2021-12-10)
Duration24 hours, 11 minutes
DissipatedDecember 11, 2021 (2021-12-11)
Lowest pressure974 mbar (28.8 inHg)[1]
Tornadoes
confirmed		40+
Max. rating1EF3+ tornado
Fatalities88+ confirmed (74+ in Kentucky)
DamageUnknown
Areas affectedCentral, Southern, and Midwestern United States

1Most severe tornado damage; see Enhanced Fujita scale

A deadly late-season tornado outbreak produced catastrophic damage and numerous fatalities across portions of the Southern United States and Ohio Valley from the evening of December 10 to the early morning of December 11, 2021. The event developed as a trough progressed eastward across the United States, interacting with an unseasonably moist and unstable environment across the Mississippi Valley. Tornado activity began in northeastern Arkansas, before progressing into Missouri, Illinois, Tennessee, and Kentucky.[2]

External image
image icon Animation of Tornado outbreak from December 11, 1:20 to 7:00 UTC

The most prolific activity was caused by a long-track supercell thunderstorm that produced a family of strong tornadoes, if not a single long-track tornado, across four Mid-Southern states. The nocturnal tornadoes first touched down in northeastern Arkansas, and tracked through the Missouri Bootheel, ripping through towns such as Monette and Leachville, Arkansas, and Hayti and Caruthersville, Missouri; after crossing the Mississippi River into portions of West Tennessee, the storm eventually reached Western Kentucky, where the towns of Mayfield, Benton, Dawson Springs, and Bremen suffered severe to catastrophic damage.[2]

Preliminary estimates suggest the tornado family—identified by some media outlets as the "Quad-State tornado," due to the storm's similar characteristics to the Tri-State tornado that occurred 96 years prior—may have cut a path of up to 250 miles (400 km) across the affected areas; if confirmed to be a single tornado by storm surveys, it would surpass the March 18, 1925, tornado event (which carved a 219-mile [352 km] path across Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana) in terms of path length.[3] Other tornadic thunderstorms affected portions of eastern Missouri, southern Illinois, western and middle Tennessee, and western and central Kentucky during the late evening into the overnight hours of December 11, including three intense tornadoes that hit Bowling Green, Kentucky; Edwardsville, Illinois; and Defiance, Missouri.

At least 88 people are confirmed to have been killed by the tornadoes, surpassing the Vicksburg, Mississippi tornado of December 5, 1953, which caused 38 fatalities, as the deadliest December tornado event ever recorded in the United States. Unconfirmed estimates suggest that the tornado outbreak may have caused 100 deaths across the four states, with 70 residents feared dead in Mayfield, Kentucky alone,[4][5] which would make it the deadliest tornado event in the United States since May 2011.[6] In Kentucky, 74 people have been confirmed dead so far with an additional 109 missing,[7] currently making the outbreak the second-deadliest tornado event in Kentucky history, behind the Louisville-area tornado of March 27, 1890, which caused 76 deaths.[8][7]

Meteorological synopsis

Rotation tracks for the Quad-State tornado family, which took place across Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, and Kentucky during the night of December 10 and into the next day. Stronger rotations are in blue. Area affected by the Quad-State tornado family encircled.

The Storm Prediction Center (SPC) first delineated a slight risk of severe weather along much of the Mississippi Valley on December 8. Despite the potential for a higher-end severe threat to materialize, forecasters expressed uncertainty regarding the extent of instability, degree of directional wind shear, and late timing of potential storms.[9] The following day, the SPC discussed higher certainty in a corridor of organized severe thunderstorm potential stretching from southeastern Arkansas northeast into southern Indiana, upgrading that region to an enhanced risk.[10]

As an intense upper-level trough progressed across the High Plains, with robust instability and moisture return realized across the Mississippi Valley, the SPC expanded the enhanced risk and introduced a moderate risk area from northeastern Arkansas into southern Illinois on the morning of December 10. Forecasters indicated that atmospheric conditions favored the development of nocturnal supercells capable of producing long-tracked, strong tornadoes.[11]

At 3:00 p.m. CST (21:00 UTC), the SPC issued a tornado watch across the highest risk area (encompassing central and eastern Arkansas, west Tennessee, northwestern Mississippi, southeastern Missouri, and southern portions of Illinois and Indiana), the first of eleven issued over subsequent hours over the middle Mississippi Valley.[12] Initial storms developed across central Arkansas around 2:00 p.m. CST (20:00 UTC), with even weaker activity developing over central Missouri a little over 1+1⁄2 hours later; additional clusters of thunderstorms developed over southwestern Missouri (forming between Bolivar and Carthage, eventually backbuilding into northeastern Oklahoma) and central Arkansas (forming southwest of Hot Springs) between 5:00 and 5:30 p.m. CST (23:00–23:30 UTC).[13] Though this activity lacked much vigor at its onset,[14] the convective cells began to show organization as they progressed eastward.

One such storm—which formed from the initial mid-afternoon activity near Arkadelphia, Arkansas—matured into a long-lived supercell as it progressed in an unstable, deeply moist, and highly-sheared environment;[15] this cell ultimately persisted for 250 miles (400 km) over several hours from eastern Arkansas into Kentucky, producing multiple large and intense tornadoes along its track. Doppler radar velocity analysis estimated that the supercell maintained an average mesocyclonic vorticity of 94 mph (151 km/h) over the span of approximately four hours, among a rarity of thunderstorms (averaging 1.5% of all supercells) that produce mesocyclonic rotation exceeding such speeds.[16][17] Elsewhere, multiple lines of intense storms, some featuring embedded supercells, developed across the Mississippi Valley region, contributing to additional strong and long-lived tornadoes.[18][19] By the pre-dawn hours of December 11, a decrease in instability led to a gradual weakening of a line of thunderstorms stretching along the associated cold front from eastern Kentucky southward into central Alabama.[20][21]

The SPC issued a record-setting 43 mesoscale discussions (MCD) throughout the course of the day (12 UTC December 10 to 12 UTC December 11), all of which were associated with the broader storm system: 38 of the MCDs issued were convective discussions relating to the severe thunderstorm activity, and five were non-convective discussions relating to heavy snow associated with the system that concurrently fell throughout much of the Upper Midwest.[22] The National Weather Service (NWS) issued a total of 146 tornado warnings throughout the night for areas of several states including Arkansas, Tennessee, Missouri, Mississippi, Kentucky, Illinois, and Indiana.[23]

Multiple PDS tornado warnings and tornado emergencies were also issued as well in Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Missouri. Eight of the tornado warnings issued during the event by the NWS offices in Memphis, Tennessee, and Paducah, Kentucky were tornado emergency declarations, the most issued during the month of December (breaking the previous record of three issued on December 23, 2015).[24][25]

Confirmed tornadoes

Confirmed tornadoes by Enhanced Fujita rating
EFU EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5 Total
0 7 12 13 7 0 0 39+

December 10 event

List of confirmed tornadoes – Friday, December 10, 2021[note 1]
EF# Location County / Parish State Start Coord. Time (UTC) Path length Max width Summary
EF0 SW of Emerald Mountain Elmore AL 32°26′11″N 86°07′57″W / 32.4364°N 86.1324°W / 32.4364; -86.1324 (Emerald Mountain (December 10, EF0)) 22:12 0.19 mi (0.31 km) 50 yd (46 m) A brief, weak tornado occurred just northeast of Montgomery and southeast of Wetumpka. One home had roofing and soffit blown off, a second home had many shingles removed, and a third home had roofing blown off a back porch. Fencing was blown down, and small debris was blown into trees.[26]
EF1 SE of Niangua Webster, Wright MO 37°20′N 92°45′W / 37.34°N 92.75°W / 37.34; -92.75 (Niangua (December 10, EF1)) 00:13–00:23 6.3 mi (10.1 km) 75 yd (69 m) Five outbuildings and two barns were either damaged or destroyed, and a few homes sustained minor damage.[27]
EF0 NE of Wellsville Montgomery MO 39°05′35″N 91°32′20″W / 39.0930°N 91.5390°W / 39.0930; -91.5390 (Wellsville (December 10, EF0)) 00:59–01:00 1 mi (1.6 km) 50 yd (46 m) A weak tornado downed trees and damaged corn crops.[28]
EF3+ SW of Monette, AR to NE of Samburg, TN Craighead (AR), Mississippi (AR), Dunklin (MO), Pemiscot (MO), Lake (TN), Obion (TN) AR, MO, TN 35°47′N 90°35′W / 35.79°N 90.59°W / 35.79; -90.59 (Monette (December 10, EF3)) 01:08–02:45 ~80 mi (130 km) >500 yd (460 m) 6 deaths – See section on this tornado
EF1 NW of Branson West Stone MO 36°42′29″N 93°23′13″W / 36.708°N 93.387°W / 36.708; -93.387 (Branson West (December 10, EF1)) 01:37–01:40 0.67 mi (1.08 km) 75 yd (69 m) Around 20 homes sustained roof and siding damage, and trees and power lines were downed.[29]
EF3 NW of Augusta to SE of Harvester St. Charles, St. Louis MO 38°35′54″N 90°54′31″W / 38.5982°N 90.9085°W / 38.5982; -90.9085 (Defiance (December 10, EF3)) 01:35–01:57 21 mi (34 km) 100 yd (91 m) 1 death – A high-end EF3 tornado completely swept away and destroyed two homes near Defiance. One was 110 years old and lacked anchoring to the concrete foundation, and the other, where one person was killed and two others were injured, was swept clean to the subfloor, which was still anchored to the concrete foundation. Many other homes and structures were damaged along the path. Vehicles were damaged, and trees and power lines were downed.[28][30] Employees at the National Weather Service’s St. Louis office, located in Weldon Spring, were forced to take shelter and temporarily suspend operations as the tornado passed just south of the facility around 7:45 p.m.[31]
EF2 SSW of Virginia to ESE of Chandlerville Cass IL 39°53′43″N 90°14′23″W / 39.8954°N 90.2398°W / 39.8954; -90.2398 (Virginia (December 10, EF2)) 01:47–01:59 12.78 mi (20.57 km) 200 yd (180 m) A tornado caused significant damage to a home and demolished several farm buildings on a farmstead. One horse was killed and another was injured. Several storage tanks were overturned, approximately 15 power poles were damaged, and trees were downed.[32]
EF1 S of Diaz Jackson AR 35°37′57″N 91°15′49″W / 35.6324°N 91.2636°W / 35.6324; -91.2636 (Diaz (December 10, EF1)) 02:06–02:07 0.5 mi (0.80 km) 80 yd (73 m) Apartment buildings and structures at a nearby park were damaged. Several trees were uprooted.[33]
EF2 NE of Atterberry Menard IL 40°03′39″N 89°54′55″W / 40.0607°N 89.9153°W / 40.0607; -89.9153 (Atterberry (December 10, EF2)) 02:07–02:16 4.6 mi (7.4 km) 250 yd (230 m) A strong tornado severely damaged or destroyed several sheds and outbuildings. A house sustained significant roof damage, while many trees were snapped or uprooted. An irrigation pivot was overturned as well.[32]
EF2 NE of Augusta Woodruff, Jackson AR 35°18′25″N 91°21′35″W / 35.307°N 91.3598°W / 35.307; -91.3598 (Augusta (December 10, EF2)) 02:13–02:22 8.6 mi (13.8 km) 500 yd (460 m) Homes and farm buildings were severely damaged. Trees were snapped and uprooted. Three people were injured.[33][30]
EF3 SW of Edwardsville Madison IL 38°45′40″N 90°02′54″W / 38.7611°N 90.0482°W / 38.7611; -90.0482 (Edwardsville (December 10, EF3)) 02:28–02:32 3.65 mi (5.87 km) 300 yd (270 m) 6 deaths – See section on this tornado
EF1 SSW of Beedeville Jackson AR 35°24′28″N 91°07′30″W / 35.4077°N 91.125°W / 35.4077; -91.125 (Beedeville (December 10, EF1)) 02:30–02:31 0.5 mi (0.80 km) 30 yd (27 m) Some trees were uprooted, and a couple travel trailers were blown over.[33]
EF3+ SW of Cayce to Mayfield to Dawson Springs to W of McDaniels Fulton, Hickman, Graves, Marshall, Lyon, Caldwell, Hopkins, Muhlenberg, Ohio, Breckinridge, Grayson KY 36°30′N 89°07′W / 36.50°N 89.11°W / 36.50; -89.11 (Cayce (December 10, EF3)) 02:56–05:45 ~150 mi (240 km) >1,320 yd (1,210 m) 51+ deaths – See article on this tornado – The number of fatalities is estimated based on reports from government officials. Preliminary survey.[34]
EF2 S of Sorento to NW of Cowden Bond, Montgomery, Fayette, Shelby IL 38°59′07″N 89°34′11″W / 38.9854°N 89.5697°W / 38.9854; -89.5697 (Sorento (December 10, EF2)) 02:53–03:36 41.47 mi (66.74 km) 690 yd (630 m) A long-tracked tornado destroyed outbuildings, snapped, twisted, or uprooted many trees, and downed power lines.[35][32]
EF2 SSE of Windsor to NE of Mattoon Shelby, Moultrie, Coles IL 39°25′08″N 88°35′24″W / 39.419°N 88.59°W / 39.419; -88.59 (Herrick (December 10, EF2)) 03:50–04:04 15.8 mi (25.4 km) 200 yd (180 m) A small farm outbuilding was destroyed and power poles were broken southeast of Windsor. The tornado struck an agricultural services plant west of Gays, damaging or destroying several buildings and flipping three tanker trucks. Additional homes and outbuildings were damaged in western Coles County.[32]
EF0 N of Cedar Lake Lake IN 41°25′N 87°28′W / 41.41°N 87.46°W / 41.41; -87.46 (Cedar Lake (December 10, EF0)) 04:05–04:10 4.8 mi (7.7 km) 100 yd (91 m) A weak tornado caused scattered light to moderate roof damage. Numerous tree limbs were snapped, and several trees and a power pole were downed.[36]
EF2 NE of Ellington Reynolds MO 37°16′24″N 90°52′36″W / 37.2734°N 90.8766°W / 37.2734; -90.8766 (Ellington (December 10, EF2)) 04:05–04:11 6.3 mi (10.1 km) 300 yd (270 m) A strong tornado completely deroofed two homes and destroyed the exterior wall of a third house. Other homes and a single-wide trailer were damaged. Two outbuildings were destroyed, while trees and power lines were snapped.[37]
EF3 Newbern, TN to Dresden, TN to Pembroke, KY to W of Elkton, KY Dyer (TN), Gibson (TN), Obion (TN), Weakley (TN), Henry (TN), Calloway (KY), Stewart (TN), Christian (KY), Todd (KY) TN, KY 36°07′N 89°16′W / 36.12°N 89.26°W / 36.12; -89.26 (Newbern (December 10, EF3)) 04:32–06:30 ~120 mi (190 km) 1,038 yd (949 m) See section on this tornado – At least six people were injured.
EF1 SW of Hardinsburg Breckinridge KY 37°42′N 86°33′W / 37.70°N 86.55°W / 37.70; -86.55 (Hardinsburg (December 10, EF1)) 05:43 TBD TBD Preliminary survey.

December 11 event

List of confirmed tornadoes – Saturday, December 11, 2021[note 1]
EF# Location County / Parish State Start Coord. Time (UTC) Path length Max width Summary
EF2 NE of Russellville Logan KY 36°52′N 87°02′W / 36.86°N 87.04°W / 36.86; -87.04 (Russellville (December 11, EF2)) 06:45– >5 mi (8.0 km) >100 yd (91 m) Major structural damage in Chandler Chapel area. Preliminary survey.[38]
EF2 NE of Russellville Logan KY 36°55′N 86°50′W / 36.92°N 86.84°W / 36.92; -86.84 (Russellville (December 11, EF2)) 06:45– >5 mi (8.0 km) >100 yd (91 m) A second EF2 tornado occurred near the path of the previous tornado. Preliminary survey.[39]
EF1 SE of Mount Washington Spencer KY 38°01′N 85°29′W / 38.01°N 85.49°W / 38.01; -85.49 (Mt. Washington (December 11, EF1)) 06:51–06:53 1.5 mi (2.4 km) 100 yd (91 m) A farm was impacted, where a few silos were knocked over and a barn was collapsed. Trees were downed, and outbuildings were damaged.[40]
EF3 Bowling Green Warren KY 36°56′N 86°35′W / 36.93°N 86.58°W / 36.93; -86.58 (Bowling Green (December 11, EF3)) 07:19–07:24 5 mi (8.0 km) 250 yd (230 m) 12 deaths – See section on this tornado
EF2 Southeastern Bowling Green to Plum Springs Warren KY 36°58′N 86°25′W / 36.96°N 86.42°W / 36.96; -86.42 (Bowling Green (December 11, EF2)) 07:21 5 mi (8.0 km) 250 yd (230 m) See section on this tornado
EF1 Cave City Barren KY 38°01′N 85°29′W / 38.01°N 85.49°W / 38.01; -85.49 (Cave City (December 11, EF1)) 07:40 1 mi (1.6 km) 50 yd (46 m) Preliminary survey. May have continued into Hart County.
EF2 Horse Cave to Hardyville Hart KY 36°56′N 86°35′W / 36.93°N 86.58°W / 36.93; -86.58 (Horse Cave (December 11, EF2)) 07:51–08:03 8 mi (13 km) 200 yd (180 m) Preliminary survey. One person was injured.
EF1 S of Ada Hardin OH 40°43′50″N 83°49′35″W / 40.7305°N 83.8264°W / 40.7305; -83.8264 (Ada (December 11, EF1)) 08:06–08:10 1.6 mi (2.6 km) 260 yd (240 m) A business, a home, and nearby outbuildings sustained extensive damage. Debris from the outbuildings were blown 0.7 miles (1.1 km) away. Multiple trees were snapped as well.[41]
EF3 NW of Saloma to SW of Gravel Switch Taylor, Marion KY 37°25′N 85°25′W / 37.41°N 85.42°W / 37.41; -85.42 (Saloma (December 11, EF3)) 08:20–08:42 ≥20.9 mi (33.6 km) ≥800 yd (730 m) 1 death – Mobile homes were destroyed in the area where the tornado touched down, resulting in one fatality. Significant damage was inflicted to homes along KY 527, including one home that lost its second floor. The most severe damage occurred in a 0.25-mile (0.40 km)-wide swath where multiple homes were completely destroyed, a few of which were completely swept away with only their foundations remaining. Numerous trees were snapped or uprooted, and ground scarring was also evident in this area. Towards the Taylor–Marion county border, homes were unroofed and additional trees were snapped or uprooted. EF2-rated damage occurred in Marion County, where several homes, barns, and farm outbuildings were razed. The tornado may have continued into Boyle County. Preliminary survey.[42][43]
EF2 Junction City Boyle KY 37°35′N 84°46′W / 37.58°N 84.77°W / 37.58; -84.77 (Junction City (December 11, EF2)) TBD >2 mi (3.2 km) >50 yd (46 m) Preliminary survey.
EF1 WNW of Lobelville to NW of Bucksnort Perry, Humphreys TN 35°48′00″N 87°53′16″W / 35.7999°N 87.8877°W / 35.7999; -87.8877 (Lobelville (December 11, EF1)) 08:15–08:26 12.2 mi (19.6 km) 250 yd (230 m) A roof was torn off a barn, an RV was overturned, and numerous trees were downed. The tornado dissipated at the Humphreys–Hickman county line.[44]
EF0 NNW of Centerville Hickman TN 35°56′01″N 87°35′03″W / 35.9336°N 87.5841°W / 35.9336; -87.5841 (Centerville (December 11, EF0)) 08:34–08:38 4.66 mi (7.50 km) 100 yd (91 m) Numerous trees were downed as the tornado crossed Interstate 40.[44]
EF2 SSW of Dickson to Burns Dickson TN 35°59′51″N 87°26′28″W / 35.9974°N 87.441°W / 35.9974; -87.441 (Dickson (December 11, EF2)) 08:43–08:51 8.34 mi (13.42 km) 500 yd (460 m) A strong tornado severely damaged the roofs and exterior walls of several homes, including some that were shifted off their foundations. Trees and electric power poles were damaged as well. Two people were injured.[44]
EF1 SSE of Burns to SSW of White Bluff Dickson TN 36°01′33″N 87°18′18″W / 36.0257°N 87.3051°W / 36.0257; -87.3051 (White Bluff (December 11, EF1)) 08:49–08:54 5.3 mi (8.5 km) 175 yd (160 m) Several trees were downed and tree branches were broken off.[44]
EF2 E of White Bluff to NNE of Pegram Dickson, Cheatham TN 36°06′17″N 87°11′36″W / 36.1048°N 87.1934°W / 36.1048; -87.1934 (Dickson (December 11, EF2)) 08:56–09:07 10.5 mi (16.9 km) 400 yd (370 m) Several homes and businesses sustained roof damage, the walls of a barn were collapsed, and trees and power poles were snapped. One person was injured.[44]
EF1 Old Hickory to E of Hendersonville Davidson, Sumner, Wilson TN 36°15′59″N 86°39′00″W / 36.2663°N 86.6501°W / 36.2663; -86.6501 (Old Hickory (December 11, EF1)) 09:31–09:37 6.2 mi (10.0 km) 150 yd (140 m) Several homes sustained roof damage and trees were downed in Old Hickory before the tornado crossed Old Hickory Lake into Sumner County, downing numerous trees and power lines and causing roof damage to more homes. It crossed the lake again into Wilson County, downing more trees and power lines before dissipating.[44][39]
EF1 S of Hermitage to Mount Juliet Davidson, Wilson TN 36°08′32″N 86°35′21″W / 36.1422°N 86.5892°W / 36.1422; -86.5892 (Hermitage (December 11, EF1)) 09:31–09:39 7.6 mi (12.2 km) 100 yd (91 m) A tornado moved from near Percy Priest Lake into Mt. Juliet, crossing through numerous subdivisions. Many homes sustained mostly minor roof and siding damage, although some homes suffered more moderate damage. One house had its east side and garage blown out. Mount Juliet Elementary School sustained minor roof damage as well. Many trees were downed along the path as well.[44][39]
EF0 N of Gallatin to SW of Bethpage Sumner TN 36°26′23″N 86°26′10″W / 36.4398°N 86.4362°W / 36.4398; -86.4362 (Gallatin (December 11, EF0)) 09:42–09:47 6.38 mi (10.27 km) 50 yd (46 m) An outbuilding was destroyed, a home sustained roof damage, and several trees were downed.[44][39]
EF0 South Carthage to NW of Granville Smith, Jackson TN 36°14′39″N 85°56′43″W / 36.2441°N 85.9452°W / 36.2441; -85.9452 (Carthage (December 11, EF0)) 10:05–10:10 7.3 mi (11.7 km) 75 yd (69 m) This tornado started in South Carthage and crossed the Cumberland River into Carthage. It moved through the east side of Carthage before crossing the Cumberland River four more times. One structure sustained moderate roof damage, and numerous trees and tree limbs were downed.[44][39]
EF1 Hermitage Springs, TN to SW of Hestand, KY Clay (TN), Monroe (KY) TN, KY 36°34′51″N 85°46′26″W / 36.5809°N 85.7738°W / 36.5809; -85.7738 (Hermitage Springs (December 11, EF1)) 10:20–10:25 >5.8 mi (9.3 km) 75 yd (69 m) Four large agricultural buildings were destroyed, several homes sustained roof damage, and numerous trees were downed. The Monroe County portion has yet to be surveyed.[44][39]
EF0 S of Irwinton Wilkinson GA 32°43′38″N 83°12′20″W / 32.7272°N 83.2055°W / 32.7272; -83.2055 (Irwinton (December 11, EF0)) 22:16–22:23 3.8 mi (6.1 km) 200 yd (180 m) A brief tornado downed some trees.[45]

Monette, Arkansas/Reelfoot Lake–Samburg, Tennessee

Monette, Arkansas/Reelfoot Lake–Samburg, Tennessee
EF3+ tornado
Highest winds
  • 150 mph (240 km/h)
Max. rating1EF3+ tornado
Fatalities6 fatalities, unknown injuries
1Most severe tornado damage; see Enhanced Fujita scale

The first major long-track tornado of the outbreak touched down in northeastern Craighead County, Arkansas, just northeast of Lake City, at 7:08 p.m. CST (01:08 UTC) on the evening of December 10. The tornado, which grew to a width of 800 yards (730 m) according to preliminary estimates, tracked northeast into Monette around 7:23 p.m. CST. The Monette Manor nursing home was struck by the tornado, killing one person and trapping 20 other residents and employees.[46] Five people were reported seriously injured.[47] State Highways 135 and 139 were also shut down near the town due to downed power lines on the roadways.[48]

The tornado later crossed into northwestern Mississippi County, entering northern sections of Leachville at 7:30 p.m. CST; there, it destroyed a local Dollar General, where a woman (who served as the store's assistant manager) was killed. The tornado crossed the state line into Dunklin County in the Missouri Bootheel around 7:40 p.m. CST (01:40 UTC).[49][48] About 15 minutes later, it crossed into Pemiscot County; as it crossed Interstate 55 north of Steele, the wedge tornado overturned several semi-trailer trucks.[50] In Braggadocio, a 9-year-old girl was killed, and her parents and two younger sisters were injured when their home was damaged by the tornado; at least nine people overall were injured in the county.[51][52][53][54]

The tornado then crossed into Tennessee, entering northwestern Lake County around 8:20 p.m. CST (02:20 UTC). Three deaths were confirmed by officials at the Obion County Emergency Management and Tennessee Emergency Management Agency: two in Obion County and one in Lake County.[55][56] A fourth person was reported dead in Shelby County. Multiple serious injuries were also reported at a mobile home park in Samburg and at a resort.[57] Samburg was reported to be "pretty well flattened" by the Obion County Sheriff's Office dispatcher.[49] The tornado apparently dissipated in northwestern Obion County, northeast of Samburg near Reelfoot Lake and Tennessee Route 22, at 8:45 p.m. CST (02:55 UTC). At this point, it is unclear if it extended even further into Kentucky and possibly was the same tornado as the Western Kentucky tornado. The survey of both tornado tracks is preliminary.

Edwardsville, Illinois

Edwardsville, Illinois
EF3 tornado
EF3 damage to an Amazon warehouse building and high-tension power lines between Pontoon Beach and Edwardsville, Illinois
Highest winds
  • 150 mph (240 km/h)
Max. rating1EF3 tornado
Fatalities6 fatalities, unknown injuries
1Most severe tornado damage; see Enhanced Fujita scale

A tornado touched down northeast of Pontoon Beach in Madison County, Illinois, on the northwest side of the intersection of Interstates 255 and 270, at 8:28 p.m. CST on the evening of December 10. The tornado grew to a width of 300 yards (270 m) and quickly intensified to EF3 strength as it tracked northeast toward Edwardsville. It struck an Amazon warehouse, where night workers were beginning their shifts and several employees were attending a Christmas party being held as the tornado approached the town. Six people were killed when the west-facing walls of the structure collapsed inward, causing cascading structural failure to walls and a large section of the roof.[58] Drone footage showed a partially collapsed roof and a gutted interior.[59] Employees were told to shelter in bathrooms.[60]

Between 50 and 100 people were trapped in the intact remnants of the warehouse;[61] about 30 people were brought to the Pontoon Beach police station in a bus for further evaluation.[47] One person was air-flown via helicopter to a hospital.[62] The tornado blew the roof of the building off, and a 100-foot (30 m) wall also collapsed.[47][63]

Cars at the facility were thrown eastward, while power lines and several large high-tension towers were destroyed. Elsewhere, an unanchored mobile home and an outbuilding were destroyed, while houses suffered more superficial damage. Trees were downed along the short 3.65-mile (5.87 km) path before the tornado dissipated at 8:32 p.m.[35]

Mayfield–Princeton–Dawson Springs–Bremen, Kentucky

Western Kentucky
EF3+ tornado
Residents and firefighters surveying the damage in Mayfield, Kentucky, on December 12.
Highest winds
  • 165–206 mph (266–332 km/h)
Max. rating1EF3+ tornado
Fatalities51+ fatalities, unknown injuries
1Most severe tornado damage; see Enhanced Fujita scale
Main article: 2021 Western Kentucky tornado

After the original long-track tornado apparently dissipated over West Tennessee, the associated supercell underwent a brief mesocyclone cycling phase as it begun crossing into Kentucky and spawned a new long-track tornado near the community of State Line around 8:55 p.m. CST (02:55 UTC). The tornado struck Cayce at about 9:00 p.m. CST, where at least EF3 damage was observed to homes, businesses, and the town’s fire station and a local school; one person was killed in the town. It then moved northeast through rural communities in Fulton and Hickman counties.[64][65][66][67][34]

Closely paralleling Interstate 69 and U.S. 45 into Graves County, the tornado moved directly toward Mayfield, entering the city at 9:25 p.m. CST. One minute later, at 9:26 p.m. CST, the National Weather Service office in Paducah issued a tornado emergency for Mayfield. Radar analysis indicated that the tornado had lofted debris up to 30,000 feet (9,100 m) into the air as it ripped through and to the northeast of the city.[68][17][69] Most of the structures in Mayfield were heavily damaged or destroyed. Serious damage occurred to several structures in the Mayfield Downtown Commercial District, including the city hall. The Graves County Courthouse suffered significant roof damage, had its clock tower torn off, and had some of its exterior upper-floor walls knocked down.[70] The fire station and police station in the city were also destroyed, and the town's water tower was toppled to the ground and ripped to pieces.[71] The town's emergency operations center lost the ability to transmit radio communications.[72]

Search and rescue teams in the wreckage of a candle factory in Mayfield on December 13, 2021

About 110 people reportedly were trapped at the Mayfield Consumer Products candle factory when the tornado hit the facility; by the evening of December 12, eight people had been confirmed dead and eight others remained missing.[73][74][71][47] By the next day, all employees from the factory had been located. Allegedly, workers' jobs were threatened if they left the factory between the first and second tornado warnings for the area, and then again after the second tornado warning sounded.[75] Kentucky Governor Andy Beshear stated that over 50 people died in the city during a live phone interview with Louisville CBS affiliate WLKY on December 11.[4] He later upped his estimate to 70 people, and also said that the death toll could rise to over 100 across the entire state.[76] Officially, at least 20 people have been confirmed to have died from the tornado in Mayfield.[66][67]

The tornado’s projected path towards several densely populated towns prompted the National Weather Service’s Paducah office to issue additional tornado emergencies over the next two hours for the towns of Benton,[77] Princeton,[78] Dawson Springs,[79] Earlington,[80] and Bremen.[81] Continuing northeast along I-69 into Marshall County, it continued to produce major damage as it struck the northwest side of Benton around 9:45 p.m., and into the lakeshore community of Cambridge Shores at 9:56 p.m. After passing over the southeast side of Princeton, the tornado moved into Dawson Springs around 10:30 p.m. CST; there, up to 75% of the city suffered heavy damage.[82] At least 13 people died from the tornado in Dawson Springs; a two-month old baby was taken off life support two days after the tornado hit.[83] One of the pieces of debris lofted as the twister barreled through town, a photograph from 1942, was transported for almost 130 miles (210 km) by the intense tornadic updrafts, and was eventually found in New Albany, Indiana.[84] Four additional fatalities were caused by the tornado in surrounding areas of Caldwell County.[67][34]

In uncorporated Barnsley (near Earlington), the tornado derailed a CSX freight train, knocking over 25 of the train's freight cars, and sweeping one car lofted by the funnel into a nearby home. No casualties were reported.[85][86] In Bremen in Muhlenberg County, the tornado destroyed many homes and downed a large number of trees in the town.[87] At least 12 people were killed there, with victims ranging between the ages of 5 months and 75 years.[88][66][67] Among the fatalities was District Judge Brian Crick, who represented Muhlenberg and McLean counties, as confirmed in a statement from the Supreme Court of Kentucky on December 11.[89] Multiple residents suffered injuries that required medical attention.[87]

Crossing into Ohio County, the tornado passed just north of Centertown and Hartford, crossing U.S. 231, Interstate 165 and the Rough River.[64] Areas of EF3 damage were observed near Hartford, where several homes were destroyed. The tornado crossed the Rough River a total of eight times in Ohio, Grayson and Breckinridge counties, producing EF1–EF2 damage to structures along its northeastward track. After crossing the river for a final time northeast of Falls of Rough, it re-entered Grayson County, moving into Rough River Dam State Resort Park before dissipating near Rough River Lake, approximately four miles (6.4 km) west of McDaniels at 11:45 p.m. CST (5:45 UTC).[90] The tornado was on the ground for nearly three hours, with a path length approximately 150 miles (240 km).

Kenton–Dresden, Tennessee/Pembroke, Kentucky

Kenton–Dresden, Tennessee/Pembroke, Kentucky
EF3 tornado
Highest winds
  • 160 mph (260 km/h)
Max. rating1EF3 tornado
FatalitiesAt least 6 injuries
1Most severe tornado damage; see Enhanced Fujita scale

This intense, long-tracked tornado first touched down in Newbern in Dyer County, Tennessee at 10:32 p.m. CST and moved northeastward through town at EF1 strength. Several homes suffered significant roof damage and trees were snapped or uprooted. Moving northeast, the tornado crossed into Gibson County and struck Kenton, where major damage was reported. It then clipped the southeast corner of Obion County, before entering Weakley County. After passing north of Sharon, the tornado reached high-end EF3 intensity and caused severe damage in downtown Dresden. Numerous homes were destroyed in the town. several of which were leveled or swept from their foundations; one person was injured in Dresden. The tornado then moved into Henry County southwest of Cottage Grove at EF3 intensity, destroying a mobile home and tossing it across a street. It also tore the second story off a two-story home, while leaving another house with only interior walls standing. Farther northeast, a home was completely shifted off its foundation with its deck destroyed and several walls knocked down. Several other homes along this part of the path lost roofs and a number of outbuildings were destroyed.[30][54][39]

Additional EF2 damage occurred near Buchanan and north of Oak Hill, causing roof damage to several homes and destroying mobile homes. Trees were downed throughout the county as well. The path length from Newbern to Kentucky Lake was 71.6 miles (115.2 km). The tornado clipped the extreme southeast corner of Calloway County in Kentucky, before moving back into Tennessee. Structural damage and three injuries were reported in Stewart County before the tornado crossed into Kentucky for a second time. The Stewart County portion of the track was rated EF2, with a path length of 22 miles (35 km), from Kentucky Lake to Fort Campbell. Damage surveys for the Kentucky portion of the track from Lafayette to Pembroke are ongoing.[30][54][39]

Bowling Green, Kentucky

First tornado

Bowling Green, Kentucky
EF3 tornado
Highest winds
  • 165 mph (266 km/h)
Max. rating1EF3 tornado
Fatalities12 fatalities, unknown injuries
1Most severe tornado damage; see Enhanced Fujita scale

After the Russellville EF2+ tornado lifted, the same cell dropped this intense tornado around 1:19 a.m. CST on December 11 that moved towards Bowling Green. The overnight tornado's approach was noticed during long-form severe weather coverage on ABC/Fox affiliate WBKO; the station's tower camera, which was pointed toward the western sections of Bowling Green, captured a massive power failure in that part of the city as several transmission lines were knocked offline by the tornado, before the station's studio facility (located along US 68/KY 80 and the William H. Natcher Parkway) briefly lost electricity.[91]

EF3 damage to a home in Bowling Green, Kentucky.

After crossing the parkway, the rapidly-intensifying tornado struck the communities of Springhill and Crestmoor, leveling several homes, including a few that were swept away at high-end EF3 intensity. Hundreds of nearby homes suffered significant EF2 damage as the tornado continued east-northeastward, including exterior walls collapsed, roofs removed, and garages blown in or destroyed. Dozens of vehicles were flipped, twisted, and thrown into homes. Apartment complexes and factories on the west side of the city suffered the most severe damage from the tornado.[92][93] The tornado then clipped the south side of the Western Kentucky University campus and regained EF3 intensity as it moved along the U.S. 31W Bypass just south of downtown Bowling Green, heavily damaging several businesses. A fully loaded tractor-trailer was moved about 15 yards (14 m) in front of a restaurant.[94][95] Hundreds of power lines were downed and power poles were snapped. Many trees were snapped, uprooted, or twisted.[96]

The tornado weakened to EF1 intensity, continuing to inflict damage to homes as it moved into the east side of Bowling Green. The tornado then crossed the Barren River and reintensified to EF2 strength as it struck the GM Corvette Assembly Plant. Significant roof damage occurred, with metal sheeting, insulation, and other debris thrown hundreds of yards. A security checkpoint at the Corvette assembly plant was totally destroyed, with large sections of the building being thrown several hundred yards. The tornado caused some additional damage east-northeast of there before dissipating.[39]

At least 12 fatalities were reported in Bowling Green and nearby affected areas of Warren County, according to WBKO, including a relative of a graduating WKU student;[97] an unknown number of injuries have also been reported from the city and Warren County.[92] Dozens of people were injured. The survey is ongoing for this tornado.[98]

Second tornado

Bowling Green, Kentucky
EF2 tornado
Highest winds
  • 120 mph (190 km/h)
Max. rating1EF2 tornado
FatalitiesUnknown
1Most severe tornado damage; see Enhanced Fujita scale

A second tornado formed in the southeastern part of Bowling Green before moving northeastward into the Plum Springs area, crossing the path of the first tornado.

Impact

Overall, several states were heavily impacted by tornadoes. Homes and businesses incurred severe damage in many communities along the path of each of the tornadic storms, with some collapsed and reduced to rubble. Trees had their leaves and branches completely removed, and ground scouring occured in some areas. At least 88 people were confirmed dead after the tornadoes, 74 of whom were in Kentucky.

Outbreak death toll
State Fatalities County Fatalities
Arkansas 2 Craighead 1[99]
Mississippi 1[100]
Illinois 6 Madison 6[101]
Kentucky 74+[8] Caldwell 4[67][102][7]
Franklin 1[102][7]
Fulton 1[67][102][7]
Graves 21+[102][7]
Hopkins 14[7]
Lyon 1[102]
Marshall 1[102]
Muhlenberg 11+[88][102][7]
Taylor 1[103][102][7]
Warren 15[7]
Missouri 2 St. Charles 1[104]
Pemiscot 1[53]
Tennessee 4 Lake 2[105]
Obion 1[106]
Shelby 1
Total 88+

Arkansas

The supercell that would produce multiple tornadoes across four states began exhibiting surface-based rotation southwest of Searcy, Arkansas around 5:30 p.m. CST (23:30 UTC) on December 10. At 5:51 p.m. CST, the National Weather Service office in North Little Rock issued the first tornado warning associated with the storm for portions of Jackson, Lawrence, White, and Woodruff counties.[107] One of the first tornadoes associated with the storm touched down in western Poinsett County, near Weiner, around 6:40 p.m. CST; about fifteen minutes later, storm spotters reported a large tornado near Greenfield, prompting a PDS tornado warning for portions of Poinsett, Craighead and Mississippi counties (including areas to the south of Jonesboro).[108]

A separate tornado—developed from a supercell that formed along a quasi-linear thunderstorm complex moving through central and eastern Arkansas late that evening—touched down in Poinsett County, hitting the town of Trumann shortly after 9:10 p.m. CST. Significant damage was reported in the city; the Trumann fire department building had its roof ripped off, and a local nursing home was damaged, although nobody was injured as the building was being evacuated before the tornado struck.[47] A semi-trailer truck that overturned on the northbound lane of Interstate 555 southwest of Trumann due to straight-line winds associated with the supercell, causing natural gas that was being carried inside the truck to leak onto the highway, resulted in the closure of both lanes of the highway for most of the evening.[49]

Indiana

A EF0 tornado caused damage in Cedar Lake, Indiana.[109] Damages were mostly limited to power outages from the storms and trees falling into houses and onto vehicles, with only one instance of a person being taken to a hospital.[110][111] At least 17,000 Duke Energy customers, 12,500 AES Indiana customers, 12,500 Indiana Michigan Power Co. customers,[112] and 1,300 South Central Indiana REMC customers lost power due to the storms.[109]

Kentucky

In Trigg County, over 14,000 residents were left without power.[113] Across the entire state, there were estimates between 60,000 and over 80,000 people being left without power.[63][49]

In Taylor County, one woman was killed. Officials in the county said major damage occurred, but the extent is not known.[114] Rescue workers said many structures were destroyed in the county. Injured individuals were transported to a nearby medical facility.[103]

Because of power outages caused by the storms, the National Weather Service’s Paducah office temporarily transferred warning responsibilities for its County Warning Area to the agency's Springfield, Missouri office, and NOAA Weather Radio stations operated by the Paducah office temporarily went off-the-air in parts of the state during the outbreak.[72][115]

Missouri

A high-end EF3 tornado developed 1 mile (1.6 km) north of the intersection of Highway T and MO Route 94 in southwestern St. Charles County, Missouri (northwest of Augusta) at 7:35 p.m. CST on December 10, initially causing minor damage to two houses and destroying an outbuilding outside of town. The tornado intensified to EF3 strength continuing northeast, causing varying degrees of damage to several homesteads and farms along Highway F up to MO Route 94 (northwest of Defiance). Two adjacent homes in the area—one which did not appear to be anchored to its concrete foundation, and another swept clean to the anchored subfloor—were completely destroyed by winds of around 165 miles per hour (266 km/h).[116][47][117] The tornado, which reached a maximum width of 100 yards (91 m), killed an 84-year-old woman and injured three more people, one seriously, at this location as the structures in which they were sheltering collapsed.[118][53][116]

Employees at the National Weather Service’s St. Louis office, located in Weldon Spring, were forced to take shelter and temporarily suspend operations as the tornado passed just south of the facility around 7:45 p.m.[31] The tornado continued traveling northeast, crossing the Missouri River and the Howell Island Conservation Area; it then entered St. Louis County at Chesterfield, causing extensive tree damage along the river and narrowly missing St. Louis Premium Outlets, one of two major outlet malls in the city, by a mere 0.50 miles (0.80 km). It crossed Routes 40/61 and Interstate 64 (east of the Boone Bridge), causing minor damage to several vehicles along the intersection. The tornado crossed both the Missouri River and into St. Charles County (near Greens Bottom Road) for a second time, damaging structures, trees, and power poles. The tornado lifted before again reaching the Missouri River, ending its 21-mile (34 km) path just south of Harvester at 7:57 p.m. CST.[116]

Tennessee

More than 130,000 people were left without power in the state as a result of the storms.[49]

Non-tornadic impacts

A satellite view of the extratropical cyclone that was responsible for the tornado outbreak on December 11.

The initial winter storm, unofficially referred to by the Weather Channel (TWC) as Winter Storm Atticus,[119][120] entered the Western United States on December 9. The storm brought the first measurable snowfall of the rainy season to Utah. In southern Wyoming and Colorado, the storm dropped a maximum total of 3 feet (0.91 m) of snow in the mountains.[121]

In Minnesota, some towns and cities received over one foot (30 cm) of snow. The Twin Cities received a maximum total of 21 inches (53 cm) of snow, making the winter storm the heaviest snowstorm recorded in the area since another blizzard in April 2018.[119] Minneapolis and St. Paul each declared snow emergencies. In the Twin Cities, Metro Transit reported that half of its busses were delayed. More than 250 flights were canceled at Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport. Near Faribault, a seven-car pileup occurred on Interstate 35. Minnesota State Patrol reported 232 crashes, causing 19 injuries.[122] The National Weather Service issued winter storm warnings for part of Minnesota during the December 10.[123]

In South Dakota, Sioux Falls issued a snow alert. The Lincoln County Sheriff's Office issued a no-travel alert. Several highways, including Interstate 229 and Interstate 90 were snow-covered.[124] Numerous school districts around the area cancelled classes on December 10.[125]

The storm system brought wind gusts up to 60 mph (95 km/h) to Lower Michigan and northern Indiana.[119] Nearly 200,000 customers were left without power in Michigan as the storm passed through,[126] while more than 7,000 customers lost power in Wisconsin.[127] These winds, gusting to 100 km/h (62 mph), roared across Lakes Erie and Ontario, Southern Ontario and the St. Lawrence River Valley in Québec, where more than 210,000 customers lost power.[128][129]

Aftermath

"I promise you, whatever is needed — whatever is needed — the federal government is going to find a way to provide it."

U.S. President Joe Biden, to Kentucky Governor Andy Beshear[130]

The tornadoes in Kentucky have left at least 74 confirmed dead and an additional 109 missing.[7] Search and rescue teams are still actively looking for survivors.[74] Recovery efforts are currently underway, as disaster-aid and humanitarian groups, such as the American Red Cross, The Salvation Army, and World Vision are collecting donations and traveling to or shipping relief items to affected areas to provide aid.[131] At least 1,000 families were left homeless or had their properties severely damaged.[132] Kentucky state parks provided free housing to those who could not go back to their homes.[133] Up to 450 National Guard members were activated to help out with recovery in Kentucky.[134] As of the Monday after the storms, 26,000 buildings were without power, while 10,000 were without water and an additional 17,000 were placed under boil-water advisories.[134]

Significant storm damage was reported in Bowling Green, Kentucky, prompting Western Kentucky University to cancel commencement ceremonies on the coming Saturday, due to the campus losing power.[97]

Governor of Missouri Mike Parson visited both St. Charles and Pemiscot counties in the state in the aftermath of the storm.[53][31]

On December 11, U.S. President Joe Biden approved a federal emergency disaster declaration for the state of Kentucky.[131] On December 12, he approved a major disaster declaration for Kentucky.[135] Biden also stated that he would approve emergency declarations for other states if they submitted them,[71] which ultimately were submitted by Tennessee and Illinois on December 13.[136][137]

Earlier on December 11, Governor Beshear declared a state of emergency for parts of western Kentucky.[138] Beshear also announced the creation of a tornado relief fund and asked people to donate blood, as donated blood was running low throughout the pandemic.[131] Biden also stated that he would visit the areas affected by the storm after it was certain he was "not going to get in the way of the rescue and recovery".[139] The White House later announced that Biden would travel to Fort Campbell, Kentucky, on December 15, where he would be briefed on the storms, and then visit the affected communities of Mayfield and Dawson Springs.[140]

Multiple workers at a candle factory destroyed by tornadoes in Mayfield, Kentucky alleged that supervisors told them they would be fired if they left their shifts early; company spokespeople denied the allegations.[141]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021.
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Notes

  1. ^ a b All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time for consistency.

References

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