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An individual's diet is the sum of food and drink that she or he habitually consumes. Dieting is the practice of attempting to achieve or maintain a certain weight through diet.[1] People's dietary choices are often affected by a variety of factors, including ethical and religious beliefs, clinical need, or a desire to control weight.

Not all diets are considered healthy. Some people follow unhealthy diets through habit, rather than through a conscious choice to eat unhealthily. Terms applied to such eating habits include "junk food diet" and "Western diet". Many diets are considered by clinicians to pose significant health risks and minimal long-term benefit. This is particularly true of "crash" or "fad" diets – short-term, weight-loss plans that involve drastic changes to a person's normal eating habits.

Only diets covered on Wikipedia are listed under alphabetically sorted headings.

Belief-based diets

Some people's dietary choices are influenced by their religious, spiritual or philosophical beliefs.

  • Buddhist diet: While Buddhism does not have specific dietary rules, some Buddhists practice vegetarianism based on a strict interpretation of the first of the Five Precepts.[2]
  • Hindu and Jain diets: Followers of Hinduism and Jainism may follow lacto vegetarian diets (though most do not), based on the principle of ahimsa (non-harming).[3]
  • Islamic dietary laws: Muslims follow a diet consisting solely of food that is halal – permissible in Islam. The opposite of halal is haraam, food that is Islamically Impermissible. Haraam substances include alcohol, pork, and any meat from an animal which was not killed through the Islamic method of ritual slaughter (Dhabiha).[4]
  • I-tal: A set of principles which influences the diet of many members of the Rastafari movement. One principle is that natural foods should be consumed. Some Rastafarians interpret I-tal to advocate vegetarianism or veganism.[5]
  • Kosher diet: Food permissible under Kashrut, the set of Jewish dietary laws, is said to be Kosher. Some foods and food combinations are non-Kosher, and failure to prepare food in accordance with Kashrut can make otherwise permissible foods non-Kosher.[6]
  • Seventh-day Adventist: Seventh-day Adventists combine the Kosher rules of Judaism with prohibitions against alcohol and caffeinated beverages and an emphasis on whole foods. About half of Adventists are lacto-ovo-vegetarians.[7]
  • Word of Wisdom: The name of a section of the Doctrine and Covenants, a book of scripture accepted by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Dietary advice includes (1) wholesome plants "in the season thereof", (2) eating meat sparingly and only "in times of winter, or of cold, or famine", and (3) grain as the "staff of life".[8]
  • Remba/Lemba diet: Lemba people or Remba people are found in Southern Africa and their diet is based on their culture. Their day includes meats and carbohydrates but the meat is slaughtered in a specific way so as to drain maximum blood from the animal. They pay particular attention to cleanliness of the person handling and preparing as well as the utensils used for food. Their diet excludes pork.

Calorie and weight control diets

Main article: Dieting

A desire to lose weight is a common motivation to change dietary habits, as is a desire to maintain an existing weight. Many weight loss diets are considered by some to entail varying degrees of health risk, and some are not widely considered to be effective. This is especially true of "crash" or "fad" diets.[9]

Many of the diets listed below could fall into more than one subcategory. Where this is the case, it is noted in that diet's entry.

Low-calorie diets

Main article: Calorie restriction
  • 5:2 diet: an intermittent fasting diet popularized by Michael Mosley in 2012.[10]
  • Intermittent fasting: Cycling between non-fasting and fasting as a method of calorie restriction.[11]
  • Body for Life: A calorie-control diet, promoted as part of the 12-week Body for Life program.[12]
  • Cookie diet: A calorie control diet in which low-fat cookies are eaten to quell hunger, often in place of a meal.[13]
  • The Hacker's Diet: A calorie-control diet from The Hacker's Diet by John Walker. The book suggests that the key to reaching and maintaining the desired weight is understanding and carefully monitoring calories consumed and used.
  • Nutrisystem diet: The dietary element of the weight-loss plan from Nutrisystem, Inc. Nutrisystem distributes low-calorie meals, with specific ratios of fats, proteins and carbohydrates.[14]
  • Weight Watchers diet: Foods are assigned point values; dieters can eat any food with a point value provided they stay within their daily point limit.[15]

Very low calorie diets

A very low calorie diet is consuming fewer than 800 calories per day. Such diets are normally followed under the supervision of a doctor.[16] Zero-calorie diets are also included.

  • Inedia (breatharian diet): A diet in which no food is consumed, based on the belief that food is not necessary for human subsistence.[17]
  • KE diet: A diet in which an individual feeds through a feeding tube and does not eat anything.[18]

Low-carbohydrate diets

Main article: Low-carbohydrate diet
  • Atkins diet: A low-carbohydrate diet, popularized by nutritionist Robert Atkins in the late-20th and early-21st centuries.[19] Proponents argue that this approach is a more successful way of losing weight than low-calorie diets;[20] critics argue that a low-carb approach poses increased health risks.[21] The Atkins diet consists of four phases (Induction, Balancing, Fine-Tuning and Maintenance) with a gradual increase in consumption of carbohydrates as the person goes through the phases.[22]
  • Dukan Diet: A multi-step diet based on high protein and limited carbohydrate consumption. It starts with two steps intended to facilitate short term weight loss, followed by two steps intended to consolidate these losses and return to a more balanced long-term diet.[23]
  • Kimkins: A heavily promoted diet for weight loss, found to be fraudulent.
  • South Beach Diet: Diet developed by the Miami-based cardiologist Arthur Agatston, M.D., who says that the key to losing weight quickly and getting healthy isn't cutting all carbohydrates and fats from your diet, but choosing the right carbs and the right fats.[24]
  • Stillman diet: A carbohydrate-restricted diet that predates the Atkins diet, allowing consumption of specific food ingredients.

Low-fat diets

Main article: Low-fat diet
  • McDougall's starch diet is a high calorie, high fiber, low fat diet that is based on starches such as potatoes, rice, and beans which excludes all animal foods and added vegetable oils. John A. McDougall draws on historical observation of how many civilizations around the world throughout time have thrived on starch foods.

Crash diets

Crash diets are very-low-calorie diets used for the purpose of very fast weight loss.[25][26][27] They describe diet plans that involve making extreme, rapid changes to food consumption, but are also used as disparaging terms for common eating habits which are considered unhealthy. This diet is dangerous and can lead to sudden death when not done in a medically supervised setting.[28][29] Several diets listed here are weight-loss diets which would also fit into other sections of this list. Where this is the case, it will be noted in that diet's entry.

  • Beverly Hills Diet: An extreme diet which has only fruits in the first days, gradually increasing the selection of foods up to the sixth week.[30]
  • Cabbage soup diet: A low-calorie diet based on heavy consumption of cabbage soup. Considered a fad diet.[31]
  • Grapefruit diet: A fad diet, intended to facilitate weight loss, in which grapefruit is consumed in large quantities at meal times.[32]
  • Monotrophic diet: A diet that involves eating only one food item, or one type of food, for a period of time to achieve a desired weight reduction.
  • Subway diet: A crash diet[33] in which a person consumes Subway sandwiches in place of higher calorie fast foods. Made famous by former obese student Jared Fogle, who lost 245 pounds after replacing his meals with Subway sandwiches as part of an effort to lose weight.[33]

Detox diets

Detox diets involve either not consuming or attempting to flush out substances that are considered unhelpful or harmful. Examples include restricting food consumption to foods without colorings or preservatives, taking supplements, or drinking large amounts of water. The latter practice in particular has drawn criticism, as drinking significantly more water than recommended levels can cause hyponatremia.[34]

  • Juice fasting: A form of detox diet, in which nutrition is obtained solely from fruit and vegetable juices. The health implications of such diets are disputed.[35]
  • Master Cleanse: A form of juice fasting.

Diets followed for medical reasons

People's dietary choices are sometimes affected by intolerance or allergy to certain types of food. There are also dietary patterns that might be recommended, prescribed or administered by medical professionals for people with specific medical needs.

  • DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension): A recommendation that those with high blood pressure consume large quantities of fruits, vegetables, whole-grains and low fat dairy foods as part of their diet, and avoid sugar sweetened foods, red meat and fats. Promoted by the US Department of Health and Human Services, a United States government organisation.[36]
  • Diabetic diet: An umbrella term for diets recommended to people with diabetes. There is considerable disagreement in the scientific community as to what sort of diet is best for people with diabetes.[citation needed]
  • Elemental diet: A medical, liquid-only diet, in which liquid nutrients are consumed for ease of ingestion.[37]
  • Elimination diet: A method of identifying foods which cause a person adverse effects, by process of elimination.[38]
  • Gluten-free diet: A diet which avoids the protein gluten, which is found in barley, rye and wheat. It is a medical treatment for gluten-related disorders, which include coeliac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, gluten ataxia, dermatitis herpetiformis and wheat allergy.[39][40][41][42]
    • Gluten-free, casein-free diet: A gluten-free diet which also avoids casein, a protein commonly found in milk and cheese. This diet has been researched for efficacy in treatment of autism spectrum disorder.[43]
  • Healthy kidney diet: This diet is for those impacted with chronic kidney disease, those with only one kidney who have a kidney infection and those who may be suffering from some other kidney failure.[44] This diet is not the dialysis diet,[45] which is something completely different. The healthy kidney diet restricts large amounts of protein which are hard for the kidney to break down but especially limits: potassium and phosphorus-rich foods and beverages. Liquids are often restricted as well – not forbidden, just less of.[44][46]
  • Ketogenic diet: A high-fat, low-carb diet, in which dietary and body fat is converted into energy. It is used as a medical treatment for refractory epilepsy.[47]
  • Liquid diet: A diet in which only liquids are consumed. May be administered by clinicians for medical reasons, such as after a gastric bypass[48] or to prevent death through starvation from a hunger strike.[49]
  • Low-FODMAP diet: A diet that consists in the global restriction of all fermentable carbohydrates (FODMAPs).
  • Soft diet
  • Specific carbohydrate diet: A diet that aims to restrict the intake of complex carbohydrates such as found in grains and complex sugars.[50]

Fad diets

A fad diet is a diet that is popular for a time, similar to fads in fashion, without being a standard dietary recommendation, and often promising unreasonably fast weight loss or nonsensical health improvements.[51][52][53][54][55] There is no single definition of what a fad diet is, encompassing a variety of diets with different approaches and evidence bases, and thus different outcomes, advantages and disadvantages,[52] and it is ever-changing.[51][52] Generally, fad diets promise short-term changes with little efforts, and thus may lack educating consumers about whole-diet, whole lifestyle changes necessary for sustainable health benefices.[51][52][56][57] Fad diets are often promoted with exaggerated claims, such as rapid weight loss of more than 1 kg/week or improving health by "detoxification", or even dangerous claims.[52][53][58][59]

Since the "fad" qualification varies over time, social, cultural and subjective view, this list cannot be exhaustive,[51] and fad diets may continue or stop being fads, such as the mediterranean diet.[60] Some of them have therapeutic indications, such as epilepsy or obesity,[61][62] and there is no one-size-fits-all diet that would be a panacea for everyone to lose weight or look better.[51][52] Dieteticians are a regulated profession that can distinguish nutritionally sound diets from unhealthy ones.[53]

Food-specific diets

Low-carbohydrate / high-fat diets

High-carbohydrate / low-fat diets

Liquid diets

Fasting

Detoxifying

Other fad diets

Vegetarian diets

Main article: Vegetarianism

A vegetarian diet is one which excludes meat. Vegetarians also avoid food containing by-products of animal slaughter, such as animal-derived rennet and gelatin.[131]

  • Fruitarian diet: A diet which predominantly consists of raw fruit.[132]
  • Lacto vegetarianism: A vegetarian diet that includes certain types of dairy, but excludes eggs and foods which contain animal rennet.[133] A common diet among followers of several religions, including Hinduism, Sikhism and Jainism, based on the principle of Ahimsa (non-harming).[3]
  • Ovo vegetarianism: A vegetarian diet that includes eggs, but excludes dairy.
  • Ovo-lacto vegetarianism: A vegetarian diet that includes eggs and dairy.[133]
  • Vegan diet: In addition to the abstentions of a vegetarian diet, vegans do not use any product produced by animals, such as eggs, dairy products, or honey.[131] The vegan philosophy and lifestyle is broader than just the diet and also includes abstaining from using any products tested on animals and often campaigning for animal rights.

Semi-vegetarian diets

  • Semi-vegetarianism: A predominantly vegetarian diet, in which meat is occasionally consumed.[134]
  • Kangatarian: A diet originating from Australia. In addition to foods permissible in a vegetarian diet, kangaroo meat is also consumed.[135]
  • Pescetarian diet: A diet which includes fish but not other meats.
  • Planetary Health Diet: Dietary paradigms that have the following aims: to feed a growing world's population, to greatly reduce the worldwide number of deaths caused by poor diet, and to be environmentally sustainable as to prevent the collapse of the natural world.[136]
  • Plant-based diet: A broad term to describe diets in which animal products do not form a large proportion of the diet. Under some definitions a plant-based diet is fully vegetarian; under others it is possible to follow a plant-based diet whilst occasionally consuming meat.[137]
  • Pollotarian: Someone who eats chicken or other poultry, but not meat from mammals, often for environmental, health or food justice reasons.
  • Pollo-pescetarian: Someone who eats both poultry and fish/seafood, though no meat from mammals.

Other diets

  • Alkaline diet: The avoidance of relatively acidic foods – foods with low pH levels – such as alcohol, caffeine, dairy, fungi, grains, meat, and sugar. Proponents believe such a diet may have health benefits;[138] critics consider the arguments to have no scientific basis.[139]
  • Clean eating
  • Climatarian diet: A diet focused on reducing the carbon footprint of the consumed food, particularly through the consumption of locally sourced food and the avoidance of beef and lamb meat.[140] Adherents may also be “organivores” (strong proponents of certified organic foods over intensively farmed foods).[141]
  • Eat-clean diet: Focuses on eating foods without preservatives, and on mixing lean proteins with complex carbohydrates.[142]
  • Gerson therapy: A form of alternative medicine, the diet is low salt, low fat and vegetarian, and also involves taking specific supplements. It was developed by Max Gerson, who claimed the therapy could cure cancer and chronic, degenerative diseases. These claims have not been scientifically proven, and they can cause serious illness and death.[143]
  • The Graham Diet: A vegetarian diet which promotes whole-wheat flour and discourages the consumption of stimulants such as alcohol and caffeine. Developed by Sylvester Graham in the 19th century.[144]
  • Hay diet: A food-combining diet developed by William Howard Hay in the 1920s. Divides foods into separate groups, and suggests that proteins and carbohydrates should not be consumed in the same meal.[70]
  • High-protein diet: A diet in which high quantities of protein are consumed with the intention of building muscle. Not to be confused with low-carb diets, where the intention is to lose weight by restricting carbohydrates.
  • High residue diet: A diet in which high quantities of dietary fiber are consumed. High-fiber foods include certain fruits, vegetables, nuts and grains.[145]
A group of people in winter clothing, standing around piles of meat lying on the snow.
Sharing of frozen, aged walrus meat among Inuit families.
An assortment of foods on a worktop. They are: tofu, wheat miso, bancha tea, umeboshi prumes brown rice, sea salt and nori.
Some common macrobiotic ingredients

See also

References

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  103. ^ Jane E Brody for the New York Times. 3 June 1981 Personal Health: Another Entry in the Annals of Fad Diets
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  106. ^ "People to watch". Nature Medicine. 12 (1): 29. 2006. doi:10.1038/nm0106-29. ISSN 1078-8956. S2CID 26068107. James Hill wants Americans to shed pounds. But instead of promoting any one fad diet, he embraces most--Atkins, South Beach, grapefruit-only--as relatively effective ways to lose weight.
  107. ^ Hiatt, Kurtis. 1 March 2011, U.S. News & World Report, "'The 4-Hour Body'—Does It Deliver Results?".
  108. ^ Speakman, John R. (2003). Obesity:- Part three – failed solutions and new ideas. Biologist 50 (3): 1–6.
  109. ^ Ayers, Suzan F; Sariscsany, Mary Jo. (2011). Physical Education for Lifelong Fitness: The Physical Best Teacher's Guide. National Association for Sport and Physical Education. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-7360-8116-0
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  114. ^ Ask the Expert: Fad Diets in 2019 By Toby Amidor, MS, RD, CDN Today's Dietitian Vol. 21, No. 1, P. 10
  115. ^ Valiant M (27 May 2015). "Do Juice Cleanses Work? 10 Truths About The Fad". HuffPost.
  116. ^ Barrett, Stephen; Herbert, Victor. Questionable Practices in Foods and Nutrition: Definitions and Descriptions. (2002). In Carolyn D. Berdanier. Handbook of Nutrition and Food. CRC Press. p. 1493. ISBN 0-8493-2705-9
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  118. ^ Maureen Callahan. "Fat Flush – Diet Fitness". Health.com. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  119. ^ Elin, Abby (21 January 2009). "Flush Those Toxins! Eh, Not So Fast". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  120. ^ Knibbs, Kate (28 January 2016). "Gwyneth Paltrow's Goop Consults 'Fat Flush' Diet Quack About 'Cell Phone Toxicity'". Gizmodo. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  121. ^ "8 fad diets and how they work". 5 April 2019.
  122. ^ news.com.au. 8 January 2014, "The worst diets of 2013 – and the best for 2014". Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  123. ^ Newman, Judith. "The Juice Cleanse: A Strange and Green Journey" (PDF). The New York Times. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 April 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  124. ^ Collins, Clare; Ashton, Lee; Williams, Rebecca (28 August 2019). "The science behind diet trends like Mono, charcoal detox, Noom and Fast800". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  125. ^ Wheatgrass Therapy. National Council Against Health Fraud.
  126. ^ Walden, Celia (16 June 2010). "The blood-type diet: Weight loss need not be in vein". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
  127. ^ Bijlefeld, Marjolijn; Sharon K. Zoumbaris (25 November 2014). Encyclopedia of Diet Fads: Understanding Science and Society, 2nd Edition: Understanding Science and Society. ABC-CLIO. pp. 195–. ISBN 978-1-61069-760-6.
  128. ^ Neporent, Liz (21 November 2013). "Dangerous Diet Trend: The Cotton Ball Diet". ABC News. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
  129. ^ Barrett, Stephen; Jarvis, William T. (1993). The Health Robbers: A Close Look at Quackery in America. Prometheus Books. pp. 151–152. ISBN 0-87975-855-4
  130. ^ The Latest Diet Fad That Involves...Werewolves? Oh, And Moons. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  131. ^ a b "What is a vegetarian?". Vegetarian Society. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
  132. ^ "Let them eat air...". The Guardian. 28 September 1999. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  133. ^ a b Hunter, Fiona (April 2011). "Vegetarian and vegan diets". BBC Health. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  134. ^ Fellowes, Jessica (14 November 2008). "The new vegetarianism: introducing the flexitarian". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  135. ^ Barone, Tayissa (9 February 2010). "Kangatarians jump the divide". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  136. ^ "Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems". www.thelancet.com. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  137. ^ "Plant Based Diets". U.S. News & World Report. U.S. News & World Report Health. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
  138. ^ Dawson-Hughes, Bess (January 2008). "The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism". Tufts University. Medpagetoday.com Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  139. ^ Types of Diets: Control Your Weight and Calories | Alkaline Diet
  140. ^ Moskin, Julia (15 December 2015). "'Hangry'? Want a Slice of 'Piecaken'? The Top New Food Words for 2015". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  141. ^ Barnett, Michaela J.; Dripps, Weston R.; Blomquist, Kerstin K. (1 October 2016). "Organivore or organorexic? Examining the relationship between alternative food network engagement, disordered eating, and special diets". Appetite. 105: 713–720. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.07.008. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check |doi= value (help); External link in |doi= (help)
  142. ^ Reno, Tosca. (2007). The Eat-Clean Diet. Robert Kennedy Publishing. ISBN 1-55210-038-3.
  143. ^ "Gerson Therapy". American Cancer Society. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
  144. ^ "Sylvester Graham (1795–1851)". International Vegetarian Union. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  145. ^ "High Fiber Diet". Mayo Clinic. 15 August 2009. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
  146. ^ Gill, Victoria (13 August 2010). "Scientist will live as an Inuit for one year". BBC News. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
  147. ^ "How Jenny Craig works" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Jenny Craig, Inc. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  148. ^ Smith, Alisa; Mackinnon, J.B. (March 2007). The 100-Mile Diet: A Year of Local Eating. Random House Canada. ISBN 0-679-31482-2.
  149. ^ Crace, John (3 June 2009). "The wholefood revolutionary". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  150. ^ "Low-fat, Mediterranean and low-carb diets 'help heart'". BBC News. 2 March 2010. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  151. ^ Marcason, Wendy (2015). "What Are the Components to the MIND Diet?". Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 115 (10): 1744. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.08.002. ISSN 2212-2672. PMID 26407649.
  152. ^ Rhodes, Chloe (21 November 2005). "Diet another day: the Montignac diet". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  153. ^ Snyderman, Nancy (6 May 2009). "There are no negative-calorie foods". Time. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  154. ^ "Definition for omnivore". Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  155. ^ Allen GJ, Albala K, eds. (2007). The business of food: encyclopedia of the food and drink industries. ABC-CLIO. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-313-33725-3.
  156. ^ "Raw food eaters thin but healthy". BBC News. 29 March 2005. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  157. ^ Green, Emily (31 January 2001). "Meat but no heat". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  158. ^ Gorman, Christine (24 June 2001). "Sugar Busters!". Time. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  159. ^ "Western diet risk to Asian women". BBC News. 10 July 2007. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  160. ^ Bloomfield, HE; Kane, R; Koeller, E; Greer, N; MacDonald, R; Wilt, T (November 2015). "Benefits and Harms of the Mediterranean Diet Compared to Other Diets" (PDF). VA Evidence-based Synthesis Program Reports: 7. PMID 27559560 – via Pubmed.
  161. ^ "USDA ERS – Charts of Note". ers.usda.gov. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
  162. ^ "Heavily processed foods cause overeating and weight gain, study finds: Small-scale trial is the first randomized, controlled research of its kind". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
  163. ^ Miller, Paige E.; McKinnon, Robin A.; Krebs-Smith, Susan M.; Subar, Amy F.; Chriqui, Jamie; Kahle, Lisa; Reedy, Jill (October 2013). "Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in the U.S.: novel assessment methodology". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 45 (4): 416–421. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.05.014. ISSN 1873-2607. PMID 24050417.
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