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Grand Prairie, Texas

Coordinates: 32°42′55″N 97°1′1″W / 32.71528°N 97.01694°W / 32.71528; -97.01694
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For other uses, see Grand Prairie (disambiguation).

Grand Prairie, Texas
City of Grand Prairie
Water tower at Market Square
Water tower at Market Square
Nickname: 
"G.P."
Location of Grand Prairie in Dallas County, Texas
Location of Grand Prairie in Dallas County, Texas
Grand Prairie, Texas is located in the United States
Grand Prairie, Texas
Grand Prairie, Texas
Location in the contiguous United States
Coordinates: 32°42′55″N 97°1′1″W / 32.71528°N 97.01694°W / 32.71528; -97.01694
Country United States
State Texas
CountiesDallas, Tarrant, Ellis
Government
 • TypeCouncil-Manager
 • City CouncilMayor Ron Jensen
Jorja Clemson – District 1
Dennis King – District 2
Mike Del Bosque – District 3
John Lopez – District 4
Cole Humphreys – District 5
Kurt Johnson – District 6
Jeff Copeland – Place 7, At Large
Junior Ezeonu – Place 8, At Large
Area
[1]
 • City81.47 sq mi (210.99 km2)
 • Land72.57 sq mi (187.95 km2)
 • Water8.90 sq mi (23.05 km2)
Elevation
515 ft (157 m)
Population
 (2010)[2]
 • City175,396
 • Estimate 
(2019)[3]
194,543
 • Rank(US: 127th)
 • Density2,680.91/sq mi (1,035.10/km2)
 • Urban
5,121,892 (6th)
 • Metro
6,810,913 (4th)
 • Demonym
Grand Prairian
Time zoneUTC−6 (CST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
ZIP codes
75050-75054
Area code(s)682,817, 214, 469, 945, 972
FIPS code48-30464[4]
GNIS feature ID1336802[5]
Websitewww.gptx.org

Grand Prairie is a city in Dallas, Tarrant, and Ellis counties of Texas, in the United States.[6] It is part of the Mid-Cities region in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. It had a population of 175,396 according to the 2010 census, making it the fifteenth most populous city in the state.[7] Remaining the 15th-most populous city in Texas, the 2020 census reported a population of 196,100.[8]

History

The city of Grand Prairie was first established as Dechman by Alexander McRae Dechman in 1863. He based the name of the town on Big Prairie, Ohio. Prior to then, he resided in Young County near Fort Belknap. The 1860 U.S. Federal Census—Slave Schedules shows an A McR Dechman as having 4 slaves, ages 50, 25, 37 and 10. Dechman learned that he could trade his oxen and wagons for land in Dallas County. In 1863, Dechman bought 239.5 acres (96.9 ha) of land on the eastern side of the Trinity River and 100 acres (40 ha) of timber land on the west side of the river for a broken-down wagon, oxen team and US$200 in Confederate money. He tried to establish a home on the property, but ran into difficulties, so he returned to his family in Birdville before joining in the Civil War. In 1867 he filed a town plat with Dallas County, consisting of 50 acres (20 ha).

After the war, he returned to Birdville for two years before selling that farm in 1867 and moving to Houston, where yellow fever broke out, causing the family to settle in Bryan. In 1876, Dechman traded half his "prairie" property to the T&P Railroad to ensure the railroad came through the town. The railroad named the depot "Dechman", prompting its namesake to relocate his home from Bryan to Dechman. His son Alexander had been living in Dechman and operating a trading post and farm. The first church in the area was the Good Hope Cumberland Sabbath School, established in 1870 by Rev. Andrew Hayter. The church was later renamed West Fork United Presbyterian Church and remains an active church.[9]

The first U.S. post office opened in 1877 under the name "Deckman" rather than "Dechman", because the U.S. Postal Service couldn't read the writing on the form completed to open the post office. Later that same year, after the Postal Service had adopted the "Deckman" name, confusion resulted from the T&P Railroad designation "Grand Prairie". This name was based on maps drawn from around 1850 through 1858 that labeled the area between Dallas and Fort Worth "the grand prairie of Texas". In order to alleviate the confusion, the Postal Service named the post office "Grand Prairie".

The town of Grand Prairie was eventually incorporated as a city in 1909. During World War I and since, Grand Prairie has had a long history with the defense and aviation industry. While the present-day Vought plant on Jefferson Avenue is part of a small strip within the Dallas city limits, it was originally in Grand Prairie. During World War II the North American Aviation Plant B produced the Consolidated B-24 Liberator and the P-51C and K Mustang variants. After the war, Vought Aircraft took over the plant. This later became Ling Temco Vought (LTV) and then eventually returned to the Vought moniker. The plant was the production site for the F-8 Crusader and the A-7 Corsair II aircraft of the 1950–1989 time period. The LTV Missile and Space division produced missiles such as the Scout and MLRS. This division was eventually sold to Lockheed Martin, which continues to operate in Grand Prairie. Grand Prairie was also the North American headquarters for Aérospatiale Helicopter. This company eventually became Airbus Helicopters, Inc., the U.S. subsidiary of Airbus Helicopters.

In 1953, the mayor and city council of Grand Prairie attempted to annex nearly 70 square miles (180 km2) of then-unincorporated and largely undeveloped land in southern Dallas and Tarrant counties. Vehement debate ensued, and the legal pressure from cities like Arlington, Duncanville and Irving wound up overturning part of the annexation attempt.

Geography

Grand Prairie is located along the border between Tarrant and Dallas counties, with a small portion extending south into Ellis County. The city is bordered by Dallas to the east, Cedar Hill and Midlothian to the southeast, Mansfield to the southwest, Arlington to the west, Fort Worth to the northwest, and Irving to the north.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 81.1 square miles (210.0 km2), of which 72.1 square miles (186.8 km2) is land and 9.0 square miles (23.3 km2), or 11.08%, is water.[10]

The West Fork of the Trinity River and a major tributary, Johnson Creek, flow through Grand Prairie.

Grand Prairie has a long history of flooding from Johnson Creek. In the 1980s, a major Army Corps of Engineers project was begun to straighten the channel, which has reduced the damage of flooding.

Climate

Grand Prairie is part of the humid subtropical region.

Climate data for Grand Prairie 1981–2013 Normals
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 85
(29) 		90
(32) 		100
(38) 		100
(38) 		101
(38) 		113
(45) 		110
(43) 		112
(44) 		111
(44) 		106
(41) 		91
(33) 		87
(31) 		113
(45)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 56.6
(13.7) 		60.7
(15.9) 		68.0
(20.0) 		75.8
(24.3) 		83.4
(28.6) 		90.7
(32.6) 		95.5
(35.3) 		96.2
(35.7) 		88.5
(31.4) 		78.5
(25.8) 		67.6
(19.8) 		57.3
(14.1) 		76.6
(24.8)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 36.5
(2.5) 		40.5
(4.7) 		47.9
(8.8) 		55.5
(13.1) 		64.0
(17.8) 		72.0
(22.2) 		75.8
(24.3) 		75.9
(24.4) 		68.1
(20.1) 		57.7
(14.3) 		46.6
(8.1) 		37.5
(3.1) 		56.6
(13.7)
Record low °F (°C) −2
(−19) 		8
(−13) 		10
(−12) 		29
(−2) 		39
(4) 		53
(12) 		58
(14) 		58
(14) 		42
(6) 		24
(−4) 		16
(−9) 		1
(−17) 		−2
(−19)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.2
(56) 		2.6
(66) 		2.9
(74) 		3.3
(84) 		5.0
(130) 		4.7
(120) 		2.4
(61) 		2.0
(51) 		2.8
(71) 		4.5
(110) 		2.5
(64) 		2.4
(61) 		37.4
(950)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 0.5
(1.3) 		0.2
(0.51) 		0.1
(0.25) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0.3
(0.76) 		1.1
(2.8)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 7.4 6.6 7.5 7.2 10.2 8.0 4.8 4.9 5.4 7.5 6.7 7.2 83.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 0.4 0.3 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 1.1
Source: Weatherbase.com [11]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1910994—
19201,26327.1%
19301,52921.1%
19401,5954.3%
195014,594815.0%
196030,386108.2%
197050,90467.5%
198071,46240.4%
199099,61639.4%
2000127,42727.9%
2010175,39637.6%
2020196,10011.8%
U.S. Decennial Census[12][13]
Grand Prairie racial composition as of 2020[8]
(NH = Non-Hispanic)[a]
Race Number Percentage
White (NH) 39,303 20.04%
Black or African American (NH) 46,360 23.64%
Native American or Alaska Native (NH) 670 0.34%
Asian (NH) 14,778 7.54%
Pacific Islander (NH) 172 0.09%
Some Other Race (NH) 792 0.4%
Mixed/Multi-Racial (NH) 5,276 2.69%
Hispanic or Latino 88,749 45.26%
Total 196,100

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 196,100 people, 62,679 households, and 46,391 families residing in the city.[8]

Government

Local government

Grand Prairie City Hall

According to the city's 2007–2008 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the city's various funds had $275.5 million in revenues, $236.4 million in expenditures, $1,003.2 million in total assets, $424.9 million in total liabilities, and $305.9 million in cash and investments.[16]

The Parkland Health & Hospital System (Dallas County Hospital District) operates the E. Carlyle Smith, Jr. Health Center in Grand Prairie.[17]

Grand Prairie as of 2012 has 320 municipal police officers.

The city of Grand Prairie is a voluntary member of the North Central Texas Council of Governments association, the purpose of which is to coordinate individual and collective local governments and facilitate regional solutions, eliminate unnecessary duplication, and enable joint decisions.

Federal representation

The Bureau of Prisons (BOP), of the U.S. Department of Justice runs the Grand Prairie Office Complex on the grounds of the Grand Prairie Armed Forces Reserve Complex.[18] Within the complex the BOP operates the Designation and Sentence Computation Center (DSCC), which calculates federal sentences, keeps track of the statutory "good time" accumulated by inmates and lump sum extra "good time" awards, and detainers.[19] The BOP South Central Office is also on the armed forces complex grounds.[20]

Economy

According to the city's 2018 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[16] the top employers in the city were:

# Employer # of Employees
1 Grand Prairie Independent School District 5,000
2 Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control 3,400
3 Poly-America, Inc. 2,000
4 Bell Helicopter-Textron 1,300
5 City of Grand Prairie 1,300
6 Lone Star Park at Grand Prairie 950
7 Vought Aircraft Industries 900
8 Republic National Distribution 800
9 Wal-mart 800
10 Arnold Transportation Services 650

Airbus Helicopters, Inc., the U.S. subsidiary of Airbus Helicopters, has its headquarters in Grand Prairie.[21]

In 1978 American Airlines announced that it would move its headquarters from New York City to the Dallas/Fort Worth area.[22] The airline moved its headquarters into two leased office buildings in Grand Prairie. The airline finished moving into its Fort Worth headquarters facility on January 17, 1983, when the airline left its Grand Prairie facility.[22]

Attractions

A red sign with the word "Uptown" illuminated in white neon. The sky is darkening. There is an electronic marquee that reads "Independent films screening inside".
The Uptown Theatre sign illuminated at night
  • In 1997 Lone Star Park opened, where each Memorial Day the Thoroughbred Meeting is held, with seven stakes races worth just over $1 million.
  • In 2000 GPX Skate Park was opened next to Lone Star Park, which hosted the 2001 and 2002 X Games trials. They closed in 2005 and were later re-opened in June 2006 by the Grand Prairie Parks and Recreation committee.
  • The state-of-the-art The Theatre at Grand Prairie, previously The Verizon Theatre at Grand Prairie, NextStage and Nokia Live, is in Grand Prairie. Numerous concerts and other events are held here throughout the year.
  • Prairie Lights[23] is a 2-mile-long (3.2 km) seasonal display, featuring more than three million lights on more than 500 lighted displays. Santa's elves, snowmen, reindeer, angels, penguins, stars, lollipops and the world's longest tunnel of lights are just a few of the displays showcased during the 40-day event. It also offers a unique out-of-car experience in Holiday Village midway through the drive with concessions, carousel rides, Santa's Store for shopping, and photos with Santa on Friday, Saturday and Sunday.
  • In 1973, Traders Village[24] was opened off of Mayfield Road, and State Highway 360. It describes itself as the largest flea market in Texas, open on weekends from 7 A.M. until dusk. Special events are held there on certain weekends, including a chili cookoff, auto swap-meet, etc.
  • The Grand Prairie AirHogs minor league baseball team and their stadium, The Ballpark in Grand Prairie, were established in Grand Prairie in May 2007 and started play in May 2008. The team ceased operations after the 2020 season.[25]
  • The historic Uptown Theatre[26] in downtown Grand Prairie, reopened in 2008 after a year of renovations. It is now a playhouse and venue for concerts.
  • The National Recreation and Parks Association (NRPA) bestowed its highest national award, the Gold Medal Award, to the Grand Prairie, Texas Parks and Recreation Department at the 2008 NRPA's Congress and Exposition in Baltimore. Grand Prairie, Texas won the award in the population group of 100,000-250,000. Grand Prairie is once again a finalist for the award in 2016. Grand Prairie offers some of the best parks and recreation venues in the country.
  • Located near I-30 and Beltline Rd, Turner Park became Grand Prairie's Heritage (1st ever) Park back in the 1940s and today it features one of the top Disc Golf courses in North Texas.
  • Epic Waters Indoor Waterpark is one of the largest indoor waterparks in Texas, and is a first-of-its-kind, opened January 2018 along with a recreation center nearby that opened later that year.
  • Ripley's Believe It Or Not / Louis Tussaud's Palace of Wax[27][28]

Education

Primary and secondary schools

Public schools

Most of Grand Prairie's K–12 student population attends schools in the Grand Prairie Independent School District, which serves areas of Grand Prairie in Dallas County. The Mansfield Independent School District serves areas of Grand Prairie in Tarrant County and operates six elementary schools within the Grand Prairie city limits. Other portions of Grand Prairie reside within the Arlington, Cedar Hill, Irving, Mansfield, and Midlothian school districts.[29]

In Texas, school district boundaries do not follow city and county boundaries because all aspects of the school district government apparatus, including school district boundaries, are separated from the city and county government entirely, with the exception of the Stafford Municipal School District in the Houston area.

Grand Prairie Independent School District
Lists of Grand Prairie Schools
High Schools Middle Schools Elementary Schools Others
  • YMLA at Kennedy
  • Jackson Middle School
  • Reagan Middle School
  • Truman Middle School
  • Fannin Middle School
  • Adams Middle School
  • Austin Elementary School
  • Bonham Elementary School
  • Bowie Elementary School
  • Bush Elementary School
  • Crockett Elementary School
  • Daniels Elementary School
  • Dickinson Elementary School
  • Eisenhower Elementary School
  • Florence Hill Elementary School
  • Garcia Elementary School
  • Garner Fine Arts Elementary School
  • Lee Elementary School
  • Marshall Elementary School
  • Milam Elementary School
  • Monroe Elementary School
  • Moseley Elementary School
  • Powell Elementary School
  • Rayburn Elementary School
  • Seguin Elementary School
  • Travis World Language Academy (K–8)
  • Whitt Elementary School
  • Williams Elementary School
  • Zavala Elementary School
Arlington Independent School District

The Arlington ISD has the second highest portion of Grand Prairie's K–12 student population. Six Arlington ISD elementary schools are within the city limits of Grand Prairie. Grand Prairie residents in the Arlington ISD are located generally west of the Dallas-Tarrant County boundary and north of the intersection of Camp Wisdom and Lake Ridge in southwest Grand Prairie. One of the Arlington high schools, James Bowie High, has more Grand Prairie residents than Arlington residents that are students at the school.

Grand Prairie student/residents in the Arlington ISD attend Bowie, Sam Houston, or Lamar High School in the Arlington ISD and their feeder elementary schools and junior high schools.

Mansfield Independent School District

The Mansfield ISD contains the third highest portion of the Grand Prairie's K–12 student population. Grand Prairie residents in the Mansfield ISD are located generally south of the intersection of Camp Wisdom and Lake Ridge, and west of Joe Pool Lake to the Tarrant and Ellis County line in southwest Grand Prairie. Three Mansfield ISD schools, Anna May Daulton Elementary; Louise Cabaniss Elementary; and Cora Spencer Elementary, are currently open within the city limits of Grand Prairie. The Mansfield ISD is the fastest growing ISD in Tarrant County, and the population growth in far southwest Grand Prairie is a major factor in the Mansfield ISD's subsequent growth.

Grand Prairie students/residents in the Mansfield ISD attend Mansfield Timberview High School, Lake Ridge High School or Mansfield High School in the Mansfield ISD or their feeder elementaries and middle schools. Timberview High School is located on State Highway 360 less than 100 yards (91 m) from the Grand Prairie city line.

Colleges and universities

Dallas County residents are zoned to Dallas College (formerly Dallas County Community College District or DCCCD). Tarrant County residents are zoned to Tarrant County Junior College. Ellis County residents are zoned to Navarro College.[30]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Water tower located next to SH 161
Main Street at dusk, looking west
Main Street, looking east

Interstate highways 20 and 30 run east–west through the northern and southern parts of the city. Texas State Highways Spur 303 (named Pioneer Parkway) and 180 (Main Street) also run east–west in the northern and central portions of the city.

SH 360 runs for almost three miles in the northwestern portion of city; most of the highway runs just west of the city limits in Arlington.

SH 161, named the President George Bush Turnpike, runs north–south through western Grand Prairie. The main lanes were opened in late 2012 with frontage roads open since 2010. Portions of the highway located north of SH 180 are depressed while the portion south of SH 180 runs at-grade then becomes elevated. Frontage roads remain at-grade throughout. The frontage road intersection at Main Street will open sometime in 2013.[31]

Belt Line Road is a major north–south thoroughfare in the city. The section of the road south of Main Street is dual-labelled as FM 1382, which travels south, past I-20 and continues south to Cedar Hill. The section of the road north of Main Street keeps its name, continuing north into Irving.

The city declined membership in 1984. In April 2022, Grand Prairie launched "Via Grand Prairie", an "on-demand, shared public transportation" which connects to DART's West Irving station.[32]

In the era of private operation of passenger trains prior to the onset of the Amtrak era in 1971, Texas and Pacific Railway trains such as the Texas Eagle and the Louisiana Eagle made stops in Grand Prairie, on trips between Fort Worth and Dallas.[33][34][35] Amtrak's Texas Eagle (Chicago-San Antonio) makes stops at Dallas Union Station 12 miles to the east.

Notable people

Notes

  1. ^ Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.[14][15]

References

  1. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  2. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 10, 2014.
  3. ^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  4. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  5. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  6. ^ "Counties - City of Grand Prairie". Gptx.org. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
  7. ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Grand Prairie city, Texas". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
  8. ^ a b c "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved May 22, 2022.
  9. ^ Texas State Historical Marker 5760
  10. ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Grand Prairie city, Texas". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
  11. ^ "Grand Prairie, Texas Travel Weather Averages (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
  12. ^ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Retrieved April 29, 2015.
  13. ^ United States Census Bureau. "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts". Retrieved June 17, 2022.
  14. ^ https://www.census.gov/ [not specific enough to verify]
  15. ^ "About the Hispanic Population and its Origin". www.census.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
  16. ^ a b City of Grand Prairie CAFR Archived 2012-03-05 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2009-07-16
  17. ^ "Clinic Sites and Services: Archived 2008-05-16 at the Wayback Machine" Parkland Health & Hospital System. Retrieved on October 25, 2012.
  18. ^ "Grand Prairie Office Complex Archived 2010-02-12 at the Wayback Machine." Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved on January 9, 2010.
  19. ^ Zych, C. "Admission and Orientation Handbook Federal Correctional Institution Milan, Michigan." Federal Bureau of Prisons. 6 (8 of 24). Retrieved on May 8, 2010.
  20. ^ "RO South Central." Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved on June 1, 2015. "US ARMED FORCES RESERVE CMPL GRAND PRAIRIE, TX 75051"
  21. ^ "Contact Us." American Eurocopter. Retrieved on December 8, 2010. "American Eurocopter 2701 N. Forum Drive Grand Prairie, TX 75052."
  22. ^ a b "American Airlines Finishes Moving into Headquarters Monday." Associated Press at Ocala Star-Banner. January 16, 1983. 6A. Google News 4 of 62. Retrieved on August 27, 2009.
  23. ^ "Prairie Lights - Texas' premier holiday drive-through park". Prairielights.org. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
  24. ^ "Traders Village Grand Prairie - Traders Village Grand Prairie - A Texas-Size Marketplace". Tradersvillage.com. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
  25. ^ "Texas Airhogs Terminate Membership in American Association". American Association. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  26. ^ "Home - Uptown Theater Grand Prairie". Uptown Theater Grand Prairie. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
  27. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Ripley's Believe It Or Not / Louis Tussaud's Palace of Wax, Grand Prairie Texas". YouTube.
  28. ^ "Louis Tussaud's Palace of Wax - Ripley's Believe It or Not!".
  29. ^ "Greetings from Grand Prairie Archived 2008-12-21 at the Wayback Machine." City of Grand Prairie. Retrieved on December 27, 2008.
  30. ^ Texas Education Code, Sec. 130.176. Sec. 130.189. NAVARRO COLLEGE DISTRICT SERVICE AREA. Sec. 130.201. TARRANT COUNTY JUNIOR COLLEGE DISTRICT SERVICE AREA. - The assigned community college depends on the county.
  31. ^ "PGBT Western Extension (PGBT WE)". Ntta.org. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
  32. ^ "Grand Prairie Launches Shared Public Transportation 'Via Rideshare'". MSN. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
  33. ^ 1967 schedule of the Texas Eagle Streamliner Schedules, from the Official Guide of the Railways
  34. ^ 1952 schedule of the Louisiana Eagle, Streamliner Schedules, from the Official Guide of the Railways
  35. ^ "Missouri Pacific Lines, Table 1". Official Guide of the Railways. 102 (12). National Railway Publication Company. May 1970.
  36. ^ Waller, Richard G.; Knight, Pamela Flynt (October 26, 2015). Legendary Locals of Grand Prairie. ISBN 9781439653791. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  37. ^ "Rodney Anderson". Texas Legislative Reference Library. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  38. ^ "Wesley Duke". databaseFootball.com. Archived from the original on June 2, 2013. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
  39. ^ Lauren Waterman (2009–05). Selena Gomez: spell bound Archived May 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Teen Vogue. Retrieved May 11, 2009.
  40. ^ "Reducing Coincidence with Mathematics: An Interview with Nets Katz". Caltech. October 17, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
  41. ^ Martindale, David. "Arlington Lamar grad Billy Miller makes a name for himself on Y&R" Archived August 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Fort Worth Star Telegram. January 7, 2011. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
  42. ^ "Charley Taylor". databaseFootball.com. Archived from the original on June 2, 2013. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
  43. ^ "Kerry Wood Stats". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
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