List of wars involving Sweden
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This is a list of wars involving the Kingdom of Sweden. There are legendary accounts of Swedish kings well into prehistory and they are mentioned by Tacitus in his Germania, but St. Olof Skötkonung (995–1022) was the first ruler documented to have been accepted by both the Swedes around Lake Mälaren and by the Geats around Lake Vättern. The modern state of Sweden considers itself to have been established on 6 June 1523 by the acclamation of Gustav Vasa as king which finally ended the Kalmar Union with Denmark, although the current Swedish constitution dates to 1974.
Military engagements since 1814 have not been formally declared wars.
Kingdom of Sweden (800–1521)
| Conflict | Sweden & its Allies | Sweden's opposition | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Swedish–Gothic wars (500–800) Location: Sweden |
Swedes (Germanic tribe) | Geats | Consolidation of Swedes and Goths into a unified kingdom. Unclear results. Beowulf's epic foreboding of the complete subjugation of Gothland by the Swedes in a final war.
|
| Swedish raids in the Mediterranean Sea (859)
Location: Mediterranean Sea, Spain, Italy Luni, Italy |
Swedes (Germanic tribe) | Islamic Spain Carolingian Empire |
Vikings led by Björn Ironside raid Spain and Italy. Capturing the town Luni, Italy and Pisa.[1][2] |
| Siege of Constantinople (860)
Location: Istanbul |
Swedes (Germanic tribe) | Byzantine Empire | Norse Vikings plunder Constantinople partially but are unable to puncture the city's defence completely. The Slavs and Norse left the city after successfully plundering most of the suburbs. Partial success and partial defeat. Of the men taking part in the expedition, almost all names are Scandinavian. At least the leaders described in the official Rus'–Byzantine Treaty (907). The partial victory in the war laid the foundation for the Varangian guard. |
| Swedish wars of conquest in Eastern Europe (850s-870) Location: Eastern Europe
|
Swedes (Germanic tribe)
|
Slavs Curonians Semigallians Finnic peoples
|
Swedes (Germanic tribe) under Eric Anundsson conquer and take control of large swaths of North Eastern Europe(Garðaríki), and make the chiefs of different tribes pay regular tribute according to the Heimskringla. Olof (Swedish king 852) a petty king makes the Curonians pay tributes to Sweden. It is uncertain if Erik Anundsson existed but archaeological findings support a Varangian presence across the Baltic. |
| Slavic revolts (860-870) Location: Eastern Europe
|
Sweden
|
Slavs
|
Slavs expel the Swedes but somehow Rurik a foreign prince retakes control over the East Slavic lands. According to the Primary Chronicle Kievan Rus almost all leaders are of Varangian origin. |
| Olof the Brashs conquest of Denmark (900s) Location: Denmark |
Swedes (Germanic tribe)
|
Denmark
|
The Danes weakened by their wars in England face an invasion by the Swedish chieftain Olaf who with the help of Swedish warriors installs himself as king over parts of Denmark or the whole of Denmark. |
| Jomsviking–Swedish War (980s) Location: Uppsala |
Sweden | Jomsviking | Swedish Victory [3] |
| Erik the Victorious invasion of Denmark
Location: Hedeby Baltic Sea
|
Sweden | Denmark | Swedish Victory Eric the Victorious invades Denmark. According to Adam of Bremen and Saxo Grammaticus Erik also conquered Denmark and ruled over it until his death. |
| Swedish raid on the Holy Roman Empire (990) |
Sweden Denmark |  Holy Roman Empire
|
Swedes and Danes under Erik the Victorius invade the Holy Roman Empire defeating a Holy Roman army and looting the city of Stade and most of Northern Duchy of Saxony. Adam of Bremen a Holy Roman historian however claims the invasion was a failure. While also mentioning several Swedish victories and successful raids. But that a smaller Viking detachment was defeated. Then the Vikings left with plenty of loot and prisoners.[6] |
| Battle of Svolder (999–1000) |
Sweden Denmark Jarls of Lade |
Norway | Death of Olav Tryggvason
|
| Swedish Norwegian war (1015-1018)
|
Sweden | Norway |
|
| Yaroslav the Wise and Sviatopolk I of Kiev civil war for Kiev Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis (1018–1019) Location: In Ukraine Kiev |
Yaroslav the Wise | Sviatopolk I of Kiev Duchy of Poland |
Decisive victory for Yaroslav the Wise Sviatopolk I of Kiev forced to flee Kiev. Swedish Varangians helped Yaroslav capture Kiev. Eymund a relative or son to Eric the Victorious led the expedition. |
| Yaroslav the Wise and Mstislav of Chernigovs civil war
Battle of Listven (1024) |
Kievan Rus' | Mstislav of Chernigov | Yaroslav the Wise faced a stalemate after the battle of Listven. The Varangian prince described as Yakun arrived to help Yaroslav. |
| Swedish-Danish war (1026–1030) |
Sweden Norway |
North Sea Empire Kingdom of England |
Battle of Helgeå According to Norse sources, Pyrrhic victory for Cnut the Great but suffering far more casualties than Sweden. Anglo-Saxon sources mention Anund Jakob as the victor. Cnut the Great might have occupied Sigtuna for 2–3 years before getting ousted by Anund. |
| (1042) Ingvar the Far-Travelleds expedition
Location: Georgia (country) |
Varangians |  Byzantine Empire
|
Defeat and failure to reestablish Swedish trade and military outposts in the East. |
| Norwegian–Swedish War (1099–1101) (1099–1101) Location: Unknown |
Sweden | Norway | Three King's Meeting (1101) |
| First Swedish Crusade (1150) Location: Unknown |
Eric IX of Sweden, Henry (bishop of Finland) | Finns | Eventual incorporation of Southwest Finland into the Swedish kingdom |
| Pillage of Sigtuna (1187) Location: Sigtuna |
Sweden | Pagans from Eastern Baltic (probably Estonians or Karelians) |
Sigtuna is sacked. Archbishop Johannes of Uppsala is killed. |
| Livonian Crusade (13th century) |
Crusade | Pagans (Indigenous peoples) | Crusader victory, Creation of Terra Mariana and Duchy of Estonia. However, the expedition lead by John I of Sweden ended in disaster in the Battle of Lihula on 8 August 1220. |
| Battle of Neva (1240) | Swedes, Norwegians, Finns and Tavastians | Novgorod Republic and Karelians | Novgorodian victory. |
| Second Swedish Crusade (1249–1250) Location: Finland |
Birger Jarl, Christians | Tavastians | Area of Tavastians and south-western Finland fall to Swedish rule, Häme Castle is founded |
| The war against Valdemar Birgersson (1257) |
Valdemar's Forces | Duke Magnus's Forces | Valdemar, King of Sweden is deposed Magnus Ladulås is crowned king of Sweden. |
| Swedish campaign against the Karelians and Izhorians (1292) Location: Unknown |
Sweden | Karelians Izhorians |
Novgorod First Chronicle: "In the same year the Svei, 800 of them, came in arms to ravage, 400 went against Korel, and 400 against the Izhera people; and the Izhera people killed them, and the Korel people killed theirs, and others they took with their hands."[8] |
| Third Swedish Crusade (1293) Location: Finland |
Uppland | Karelians | *Swedes conquer 14 hundreds from the Karelians
|
| Swedish–Novgorodian Wars (1142–1322) Location: Finland |
 Sweden
|
Novgorod Republic | Treaty of Nöteborg (1323) |
| Swedish Brother's Feud (1304–1310) Location: Sweden |
Sweden
|
Duke Eric and Valdemar's Forces | Death of Duke Eric and Valdemar. |
| Dano-Swedish War (1470–1471) (1470–1471) Location: Sweden |
 Sweden
|
 Denmark
|
Swedish Victory |
| Russo-Swedish War (1495–1497) (1495–1497)[9] Location: Sweden |
Sweden
|
Grand Duchy of Moscow | Swedish Victory, Eternal Peace of 1508 |
| Dano-Swedish War (1501–1512) (1501–1512) Location: Sweden |
Sweden Norwegian rebels (1501–1504)  Free City of Lübeck(From 1522) |
 Kalmar Union
|
Treaty of Malmö: Sweden and Lübeck agree to pay contribution to Denmark |
| Swedish War of Liberation (1521–23)[9] Location: Scandinavia |
Sweden Free City of Lübeck (1509–12) |
Kalmar Union
|
*Kingdom of Sweden proclaims independence
|
Kingdom of Sweden (1523–1611)
Swedish Empire (1611–1721)
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Age of Liberty (1718–1772)
| Conflict | Sweden & its Allies | Sweden's opposition | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)[9] | Sweden
|
 Russian Empire
|
Russian victory |
| Pomeranian War (13 September 1757 – 22 May 1762)[9]
Location: Swedish Pomerania, Prussian Pomerania, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Schwerin |
Sweden Russian Empire
|
 Prussia
|
Prussian victory
|
Gustavian era (1772-1809)
| Conflict | Sweden & its Allies | Sweden's opposition | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)[9]
Location: Finland, Baltic Sea, Sweden |
Sweden
|
Russian Empire Denmark-Norway(1788–1789)[20]
|
Status quo ante bellum |
| First Barbary War (10 May 1801 – 10 June 1805)[9] Location: Off the Mediterranean coast of Tripoli; Derna |
 United States Sweden (1801–02) Sicily[21][22]
|
 Tripolitania |
Peace Treaty |
| Franco-Swedish War (31 October 1805 – 6 January 1810)[9] Location: Swedish Pomerania |
Co-belligerents:
|
Co-belligerents:
|
French victory
|
| Finnish War (21 February 1808 – 17 September 1809)[9] Location: Scandinavia |
Supported by: |
Supported by: |
Russian victory
|
| Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809 (1808–1809) Location: Scandinavia |
Supported by: |
Status quo ante bellum |
Kingdom of Sweden (1809–1814)
| Conflict | Sweden & its Allies | Sweden's opposition | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812)[9]
Location: N/A |
Sweden
|
 United Kingdom
|
Status quo ante bellum |
| War of the Sixth Coalition (3 March 1813 – 30 May 1814)[9] Location: Central and Eastern Europe, France, Italy |
Original coalition
After the Armistice of Pläswitz After the Battle of Leipzig After January 1814 |
 France
Until January 1814
|
Coalition victory
|
| Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)[9]
Location: Norway |
Supported by:
|
 Norway
|
Swedish victory
|
United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway (1814–1905)
| Conflict | Sweden & its Allies | Sweden's opposition | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hundred Days (1815) Location: France |
Coalition victory
| ||
| First Schleswig War (1848–1851) |
Denmark
Supported by: Russian Empire United Kingdom Sweden-Norway France
|
 German Confederation
|
Danish victory |
| Second Schleswig War (1864) Location: Schleswig and Jutland |
 Kingdom of Denmark
|
 Kingdom of Prussia Austrian Empire1863 actions: German Confederation
|
Austro-Prussian victory Treaty of Vienna |
Kingdom of Sweden (1905–present)
See also
- Realm of Sweden
- Dominions of Sweden
- List of Swedish monarchs
- List of Swedish military commanders
- List of Swedish field marshals
- List of Swedish regiments
Notes
- ^ Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after July 1569.[12]
- ^ States that fought against the Emperor at some point between 1618 and 1635
- ^ "into line with army of Gabriel Bethlen in 1620"[14]
- ^ States that allied at some point between 1618 and 1635
- ^ Duchy of Warsaw as a state was in effect fully occupied by Russian and Prussian forces by May 1813, although most Poles remained loyal to Napoleon.
- ^ None of the supporters ever officially recognised either of the two states.[27]
- ^ Due to the early presence of U.S. troops in Vietnam the start date of the Vietnam War is a matter of debate. In 1998, after a high level review by the Department of Defense (DoD) and through the efforts of Richard B. Fitzgibbon's family the start date of the Vietnam War according to the US government was officially changed to 1 November 1955.[28] U.S. government reports currently cite 1 November 1955 as the commencement date of the "Vietnam Conflict", because this date marked when the U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) in Indochina (deployed to Southeast Asia under President Truman) was reorganized into country-specific units and MAAG Vietnam was established.[29]: 20 Other start dates include when Hanoi authorized Viet Cong forces in South Vietnam to begin a low-level insurgency in December 1956,[30] whereas some view 26 September 1959, when the first battle occurred between the Viet Cong and the South Vietnamese army, as the start date.[31]
References
Citations
- ^ King, Martin (6 September 2022). Blood Is Thicker than War: Brothers and Sisters on the Front Lines. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781637583531. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023 – via Google Books.
- ^ The Norse Myths: Stories of the Norse Gods and Heroes Vividly Retold. Quercus. 29 November 2018. ISBN 9781786488800. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
- ^ Thunberg, Carl L. (2012). Slaget på Fyrisvallarna i ny tolkning (The Battle of Fýrisvellir in a New Interpretation). Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ Lagerqvist, Lars O., Sveriges regenter från forntid till nutid, Norstedts förlag, Stockholm 1996. ISBN 91-1-963882-5 (andra upplagan) Lagerqvist, Lars O., Sveriges regenter från forntid till nutid, Norstedts förlag, Stockholm 1996. ISBN 91-1-963882-5 (andra upplagan) page 27-30
- ^ Erik Segersäll (1953) Sture Bolin. https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=15407
- ^ Adam av Bremen (1984) pp. 87–8 (Book II, Chapters 31-32).
- ^ "Jämtlands och Härjedalens historia". www.tacitus.nu. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ "The Chronicle of Novgorod" (PDF). London Offices of the Society, 1914. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Sundberg, Ulf (2010). Sveriges Krig, 1448–1814. SMB. ISBN 978-91-85789-62-7.
- ^ Norwegian nobles supported, fought and send troops to aid in the war.
- ^ Norwegian Catholic nobles supported Christian II.
- ^ Lukowski, Jerzy; Zawadzki, Hubert (2001). A Concise History of Poland (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 63–64. ISBN 9780521559171.
- ^ Liptai 1984, p. [page needed].
- ^ Várkonyi, Ágnes (1999). Age of the Reforms. Magyar Könyvklub. ISBN 963-547-070-3.
- ^ Croxton 2013, pp. 225–226.
- ^ a b Heitz & Rischer 1995, p. 232.
- ^ Hrushevsky (2003), pp. 327ff.
- ^ Kohn 2000, p. 186.
- ^ Aretin, Karl Otmar (1997). Das Reich und der österreichisch-preußische Dualismus (1745–1806). Das Alte Reich. Vol. 3. Klett Cotta. p. 632. ISBN 3-608-91398-X.
- ^ Zentrale Für Unterrichtsmedien. "The Swedish-Russian War of 1788–1790". Zentrale Für Unterrichtsmedien. Zentrale Für Unterrichtsmedien (ZUM). Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
- ^ "Tripolitan War". Encyclopedia.com (from The Oxford Companion to American Military History). 2000. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
- ^ "War with the Barbary Pirates (Tripolitan War)". veteranmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
- ^ Joseph Wheelan (21 September 2004). Jefferson's War: America's First War on Terror 1801–1805. PublicAffairs. pp. 128–. ISBN 978-0-7867-4020-8. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2014). The Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Early American Republic, 1783–1812: A Political, Social, and Military History [3 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 430. ISBN 978-1-59884-157-2. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
- ^ Haskin 2005, pp. 24–5.
- ^ "ONUC – Facts and Figures". peacekeeping.un.org. Archived from the original on 19 September 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
- ^ Nugent 2004, p. 97.
- ^ "Name of Technical Sergeant Richard B. Fitzgibbon to be added to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial". Department of Defense (DoD). Archived from the original on 20 October 2013.
- ^ Lawrence, A.T. (2009). Crucible Vietnam: Memoir of an Infantry Lieutenant. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-4517-2.
- ^ Olson & Roberts 2008, p. 67.
- ^ "Chapter 5, Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960". The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 1. Boston: Beacon Press. 1971. Section 3, pp. 314–346. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2021 – via International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College.
- ^ The Paris Agreement on Vietnam: Twenty-five Years Later (Conference Transcript). Washington, DC: The Nixon Center. April 1998. Archived from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2012 – via International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College.
- ^ Logevall, Fredrik (1993). "The Swedish-American Conflict over Vietnam". Diplomatic History. 17 (3): 421–445. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1993.tb00589.x. JSTOR 24912244. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
- ^ a b Moise, Edwin E. (1996). Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-0-8078-2300-2. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
- ^ "Chapter Three: 1957–1969 Early Relations between Malaysia and Vietnam" (PDF). University of Malaya Student Repository. p. 72. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
- ^ Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj (Profiles of Malaysia's Foreign Ministers) (PDF). Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia). 2008. p. 31. ISBN 978-983-2220-26-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
The Tunku had been personally responsible for Malaya's partisan support of the South Vietnamese regime in its fight against the Vietcong and, in reply to a Parliamentary question on 6 February 1962, he had listed all the used weapons and equipment of the Royal Malaya Police given to Saigon. These included a total of 45,707 single-barrel shotguns, 611 armoured cars and smaller numbers of carbines and pistols. Writing in 1975, he revealed that "we had clandestinely been giving 'aid' to Vietnam since early 1958. Published American archival sources now reveal that the actual Malaysian contributions to the war effort in Vietnam included the following: "over 5,000 Vietnamese officers trained in Malaysia; training of 150 U.S. soldiers in handling Tracker Dogs; a rather impressive list of military equipment and weapons given to Viet-Nam after the end of the Malaysian insurgency (for example, 641 armored personnel carriers, 56,000 shotguns); and a creditable amount of civil assistance (transportation equipment, cholera vaccine, and flood relief)". It is undeniable that the Government's policy of supporting the South Vietnamese regime with arms, equipment and training was regarded by some quarters, especially the Opposition parties, as a form of interfering in the internal affairs of that country and the Tunku's valiant efforts to defend it were not convincing enough, from a purely foreign policy standpoint.
- ^ Boyko, John (9 April 2021). "Canada is making the same mistakes in Yemen that it did in Vietnam". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
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- ^ Miller, Judith. "Syria Plans to Double Gulf Force." The New York Times, 27 March 1991.
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