Gallurese
| Gallurese | |
|---|---|
| gadduresu | |
| Pronunciation | [gaɖːu'rezu] |
| Native to | Italy |
| Region | Sardinia |
| Ethnicity | Sardinians from the region of Gallura |
Native speakers | (100,000 cited 1999)[1] |
| Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | sdn |
| Glottolog | gall1276 |
| ELP | Gallurese Sardinian |
| Linguasphere | 51-AAA-pd |
 Languages and dialects of Sardinia | |
Gallurese (gadduresu) is a Romance lect from the Italo-Dalmatian family spoken in the region of Gallura, northeastern Sardinia. It is often considered a dialect of southern Corsican or a transitional language between Corsican and Sardinian. Nowadays, the latter definition seems to have prevailed and not even in Corsica is it considered anymore to be a Corsican dialect, but rather a separate language, despite the Corsican influence. "Gallurese International Day" (Ciurrata Internaziunali di la Linga Gadduresa) takes place each year in Palau (Sardinia) with the participation of orators from other areas, including Corsica.[4][5][6]
Gallurese morphology and vocabulary are close to southern Corsican, especially the dialects of Sartene and Porto-Vecchio, whereas its phonology and syntax are similar to those of Sardinian.[7] One third of Gallurese vocabulary is also influenced by Logudorese Sardinian, Catalan, and Spanish.[7]
The Sassarese language, spoken in the area of Sassari, shares similar transitional traits between Tuscan, Corsican and Sardinian but, in comparison with Gallurese, is definitely closer to the Logudorese dialects of Sardinian.
History
The most ancient literary sources in Gallurese date back to the early 17th century, mainly as poetry and religious odes. Some late Middle Age fragments suggest that the formation of the language could be dated to the early 15th century. The origin and the development of Gallurese are debated. Max Leopold Wagner and Maurice Le Lannou argued that successive migration waves from Southern Corsica, promoted under the Aragonese rule to repopulate an area devastated by famine and pandemics, were crucial in the formation of a transitional language.
Typical constitutional elements of Gallurese
- the plural form of nouns in -i (ghjanni or polti 'doors') are like in Corsican and Italian, and not as in -s like in Sardinian (jannas, portas), French, Spanish, Catalan, etc.
- Latin 'll' has become -dd- (like casteddu, coraddu 'castle', 'coral'), the same as in Sardinian, southern Corsican and Sicilian (but castellu, corallu in northern Corsican);
- -r- modified to -l- (poltu 'port', while portu in Corsican and Sardinian);
- -chj- and -ghj- sounds (ghjesgia 'church', occhji 'eyes'), like in Corsican, while Sardinian is cresia, ogros.
- articles lu, la, li, like in ancient Corsican dialects (u, a, i in modern Corsican, su, sa, sos, sas in Sardinian);
Relation to Corsican
Gallurese is classified by some linguists as a dialect of Corsican,[8][9][10] and by others as a dialect of Sardinian.[11] In any case, a great deal of similarity exists between Southern Corsican dialects and Gallurese, while there is relatively more distance from the neighbouring Sardinian varieties.
Concluding the debate speech, the Sardinian linguist Mauro Maxia stated as follows:
From a historical and geographic point of view, Gallurese might be classed either under Corsican or Sardinian, in light of its presence specific to Sardinia for the last six-seven centuries. From a linguistic point of view, Gallurese might be defined as:
- Predominantly Corsican on a phono-morphological level;
- Predominantly Sardinian on a syntactic level;
- Predominantly Corsican on a lexical level, with a lot of Sardinian, Catalan, and Spanish words, making up around 1/3 of the total vocabulary.
Gallurese is less Corsican than many scholars make it out to be. What makes Gallurese a different language from Corsican, rather than a Corsican dialect, are many grammatical features, especially related to syntax, and the significant number of Sardinian, Catalan and Spanish loanwords.
It can be therefore claimed that, from a grammatical and lexical point of view, Gallurese is a transitional language between Corsican and Sardinian.
— Mauro Maxia, Seminar on the Gallurese language, Palau 2014
The Regional Government of Sardinia has recognized Gallurese, along with Sassarese as separate languages, distinct from Sardinian.[12]
Sample of text
An excerpt from a hymn dedicated to the Virgin Mary.[13]
| Standard Italian | Southern Corsican | Gallurese | Sassarese | Logudorese Sardinian | English translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Tu sei nata per incanto Sei tanto bella che ogni cuore Io sono vecchio e canuto Quanto campi devo fare La patrona di Gallura |
Tu sè nata par incantu Sè bedda chì ugni cori Ié socu vechju canutu Quantu campu devu fà A Patrona di Gaddura |
Tu sei nata par incantu Sei bedda chi dugna cori E socu vecchju canutu Cantu campu decu fà La Patrona di Gaddura |
Tu sei nadda pà incantu Sei bedda chi dugna cori E soggu vecciu canuddu Cantu campu aggiu da fà La Patrona di Gaddura |
Tue ses naschida pro incantu Ses bella gai chi dontzi coro E soe betzu e pilicanu Pro cantu bivo apo a fàghere Sa patrona de Gallura |
You were born of enchantment You are so beautiful that every heart I am old and grey No matter how many fields I must till The Patron of Gallura |
See also
References
- ^ Gallurese at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
- ^ "Legge Regionale 15 ottobre 1997, n. 26". Regione autonoma della Sardegna – Regione Autònoma de Sardigna.
- ^ "Legge Regionale 3 Luglio 2018, n. 22". Regione autonoma della Sardegna – Regione Autònoma de Sardigna.
- ^ "Ciurrati Internaziunali di la Linga Gadduresa 2014" (PDF). (in Gallurese).
- ^ "Ciurrata Internaziunali di la Linga Gadduresa 2015" (PDF). (in Gallurese).
- ^ "Ciurrata Internaziunali di la Linga Gadduresa 2017".
- ^ a b Atti Convegno Lingua Gallurese, Palau 2014
- ^ Blasco Ferrer 1984: 180–186, 200
- ^ Contini 1987: 1°, 500–503
- ^ Dettori 2002
- ^ Loporcaro 2009: 159–167
- ^ Autonomous Region of Sardinia (1997-10-15). "Legge Regionale 15 ottobre 1997, n. 26" (in Italian). pp. Art. 2, paragraph 4. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
- ^ "Accademia della lingua gallurese".
External links
- Maxia, Mauro. Studi sardo-corsi: Dialettologia e storia della lingua tra le due isole. Accademia della Lingua Gallurese; Istituto di Filologia (2010).
- Elementi di grammatica gallurese, Antoninu Rubattu
- Von Wartburg, Walther. La fragmentation linguistique de la Romania. Paris, Librairie C. Klincksieck, 1967.
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