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Yum cha

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"Drink tea" redirects here. For the general practice of drinking tea, see Tea culture.
Yum cha
Yum cha at Hong Kong City Hall
Traditional Chinese飲茶
Simplified Chinese饮茶
Literal meaningdrink tea
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinyǐn chá
IPA[ìn.ʈʂʰǎ]
Hakka
Romanizationyim tsa
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanizationyám chà
Jyutpingjam2 caa4
IPA[jɐm˧˥.tsʰa˩]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJím-tê

Yum cha is the Cantonese tradition of brunch involving Chinese tea and dim sum.[1][2] The practice is popular in Cantonese-speaking regions, including Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, and Macau.[3] It is also carried out in other regions worldwide where there are overseas Chinese communities. Yum cha generally involves small portions of steamed, pan-fried, and deep-fried dim sum dishes served in bamboo steamers, which are designed to be eaten communally and washed down with hot tea.[4][5] People often go to yum cha in large groups for family gatherings and celebrations.

Description

Founded in 1889 and in its present location since 1980, Lin Heung Teahouse serves traditional dim sum in Central, Hong Kong

Yum cha (simplified Chinese: 饮茶; traditional Chinese: 飲茶; pinyin: yǐn chá[6]; Jyutping: jam2 caa4; Cantonese Yale: yám chà; lit. "drink tea"), also known as going for dim sum (Cantonese: 食點心), is the Cantonese tradition of brunch involving Chinese tea and dim sum.[1][2] The practice is popular in Cantonese-speaking regions, including Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, and Macau.[3] It is also carried out in other regions worldwide where there are overseas Chinese communities, like Vietnam, Australia and the United States.

Yum cha generally involves small portions of steamed, pan-fried, and deep-fried dim sum dishes served in bamboo steamers, which are designed to be eaten communally and washed down with hot tea.[4][5] Traditionally, the elderly gather to eat dim sum after morning exercises.[7] Many have yum cha with family during weekends and holiday gatherings.[7][8][9]

Overhead view of yum cha at Dim Sum City in Hong Kong

Etymology

Yum cha in the Cantonese language, both literary and vernacular, literally means "drink tea".[4] "飲" means "to drink", and "茶" means "tea". In Cantonese, yum cha refers to having a meal with dim sum dishes. Dim sum is the English word based on a Cantonese pronunciation of 點心. In colloquial Mandarin dialects and Standard Vernacular Chinese based on one form of colloquial Mandarin, this character (喝) is often used to mean 飲 for the verb "drink". In the Chinese language, 點心 refers to a variety of foods, including European-style cakes and pastries, and has no equivalent in English. In the English language, dim sum refers to the small-dish appetizers and desserts. In Australia, the term "yum cha" is specifically used to describe Cantonese restaurants serving dim sum from pushable carts, rather than à la carte.[10]

Breakfast at yum cha in Hong Kong. From left to right and top to bottom: shrimp dumplings (ha gau), jasmine tea, chicken and vegetable 'congee' (two bowls with spoons), hot sauce dip (red), steamed dumplings, rice noodle rolls with soy sauce ('cheong fun', on plate), steamed buns with pork filling (three, 'char siu bau').

Service

An introductory video on yum cha and dim sum

Traditionally, yum cha is practiced in the morning or early afternoon,[11] hence the terms chow cha (早茶, "morning tea") or ha ng cha (下午茶, "afternoon tea") when appropriate. The former is also known as yum zou cha (饮早茶), which literally means "drinking morning tea". Some restaurants now offer dim sum during dinner hours and even late at night, though most venues still generally reserve the serving of dim sum for breakfast and lunch periods.[12] The combination of morning tea, afternoon tea, evening tea, lunch and dinner is known as sam cha leung fan (三茶两饭, "three tea, two meal").[13][14]

The history of the tradition can be traced back to the period of Xianfeng Emperor, who first referred to establishments serving tea as yi li guan (一厘馆, "1 cent house"). These offered a place for people to gossip, which became known as cha waa (茶话, "tea talk"). These tea houses grew to become their own type of restaurant and the visits became known as yum cha.[15][16]

A server pushing a dim sum cart at a yum cha restaurant in Hong Kong

The traditional methods of serving dim sum include using trays strung around servers' necks or using push carts.[5] The teoi ce (推車, "push-cart") method of serving dim sum, dates back to the early 1960s and includes dim sum items cooked in advance, placed into steamer baskets, and brought out on push carts into the dining area.[17][18] Employees call out the items they are serving, customers notify the server about the items they would like to order, and the server places the desired items on the table.[4] The general yum cha atmosphere is a loud, festive one due to the servers calling out the dishes and the groups of diners having conversations.[19]

Many dim sum restaurants now use a paper-based à la carte ordering system.[20][21] This method provides fresh, cooked-to-order dim sum while managing the real estate and resource constraints involved with push cart service.[22][23]

Tea cup, tea pot, and bill card.

The cost of a meal was traditionally calculated by the number, size and type of dishes left on the patron's table at the end. In modern yum cha restaurants, servers mark orders by stamping a card or marking a bill card on the table.[24][25][26] Servers in some restaurants use distinctive stamps to track sales statistics for each server.

Customs and etiquette

A tea-drinker tapping the table with her fingers to show gratitude to the member of the party who has filled her cup.

The customs associated with the tea served at yum cha include:

  • Selecting the type of tea to be served immediately after being seated by the server.[27][28]
  • Pouring tea for others before filling one's own tea cup as a sign of politeness.[29]
  • Filling tea cups to about 80% because of the Chinese proverb "茶满欺客，酒满敬人",[30] which is translated literally as "it is fraud for the guest if the tea cup is full, but it is a sign of respect when it is alcohol."
  • Tapping the table with two (occasionally one) fingers of the same hand in a gesture known as 'finger kowtow', symbolising thanks after receiving tea.[29] This gesture can be traced to the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty, who used to travel incognito.[31][32] While visiting the Jiangnan region, he once went into a teahouse with his companions. In order to maintain his anonymity, he took his turn at pouring tea. His companions wanted to kowtow, but to do so would have revealed the identity of the emperor. Finally, one of them tapped three fingers on the table (one finger representing their bowed head and the other two representing their prostrate arms).
  • Flipping open the lid (of hinged metal tea pots) or offset the tea pot cover (on ceramic tea pots) to signal an empty tea pot.[33] Servers will then refill the pot.[34]
  • Following a traditional practice of washing the utensils with the first round of tea.[2][35][36] A basin is available for disposing of the rinse tea. The taste of the first round of tea is considered not the finest yet, and will be richer afterwards.[37]

For the diners, some typical customs include:

  • Selecting the tables closest to the kitchen because the dim sum carts exit from there and the diners closest to the kitchen have first choice of the fresh dishes.[38]
  • Ordering desert dishes on the dim sum carts at any time since there is not a set sequence for the meal.[39]
  • Feeling comfortable with declining dishes being offered by servers pushing the dim sum carts, regardless of the reasons (dietary, food preference, budgetary, or other reasons).[40]
Lazy susan at yum cha lunch in Hong Kong with dim sum and lunch dishes

While eating, some of the manners include:

  • Spinning the lazy susan such that the oldest person at the table has the opportunity to have the first serving when the meal starts or when an additional dish is served, as a show of respect.[41][42] The lazy susan should not be spun when someone is taking food from a dish.[42]
  • Refraining from standing chopsticks straight up vertically, such as in rice or buns, due to the resemblance of incense offerings for the deceased.[40]
  • Offering dining companions the final serving when there is one last piece or final serving remaining on a dish.[40]
  • Insisting on paying the bill as it is common to treat one another to meals .[43]
A video showing yum cha at Lin Heung Teahouse

Status and future

Yum cha continues in both traditional and modern forms, including restaurants serving both traditional and modern fusion dim sum.[44] Modern dim sum can include dishes like abalone siu mai and barbecued wagyu beef bun.[45] Dim sum chefs for yum cha continue to be trained at leading culinary institutes.[44] One restaurant in Hong Kong creates social media-friendly dishes by preparing dumplings and buns shaped to resemble animals.[46] Whether traditional or modern-day, yum cha is to be shared with friends and loved ones.[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Yum Cha – Cantonese Tea Brunch Tradition". www.travelchinaguide.com. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
  2. ^ a b c Gao, Sally. "6 Things You Should Know Before Eating Dim Sum In Hong Kong". Culture Trip. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
  3. ^ a b "The Culture Cantonesa - Yum Cha". China Agenda. 2019-03-13. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
  4. ^ a b c d Fallon, Stephen. (2002). Hong Kong & Macau. Harper, Damian. (10th ed. ed.). Melbourne, Vic.: Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-86450-230-4. OCLC 48153757. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  5. ^ a b c Law, Kenneth. (2012). Authentic Recipes from China. Meng, Lee., Zhang, Max. New York: Tuttle Pub. ISBN 978-1-4629-0534-8. OCLC 792688550.
  6. ^ "饮茶 - Entry in Chinese dictionary". Yellow Bridge. Yellow Bridge. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
  7. ^ a b "Entertaining from ancient Rome to the Super Bowl: an encyclopedia". Choice Reviews Online. 46 (08): 46–4201-46-4201. 2009-04-01. doi:10.5860/choice.46-4201. ISSN 0009-4978.
  8. ^ "How to Order Dim Sum, According to the Head Chef of the First Chinese Restaurant in North America to Receive a Michelin Star". Time. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
  9. ^ "Dim Sum: A tradition that's anything but dim". South China Morning Post. 3 April 2013. Retrieved 2020-07-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ "What is Yum Cha in Australia". Allianz Assistance Health. Allianz Global Assistance.
  11. ^ "What is Dim Sum?". Dim Sum Central. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
  12. ^ a b "History of dim sum". Yauatcha Life. 2015-03-22. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
  13. ^ 贾, 思航. "说说能增进彼此感情的广式下午茶". Food Report.
  14. ^ "去广州喝早茶 做一回地道的广州人". Lotour.com. 乐途社区.
  15. ^ Tribune, Leslie Gourse, Special to The. "DIM SUM HAS COME A LONG WAY, FROM ESOTERIC TO MASS POPULARITY". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2020-08-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ "Dim Sum Is the Original Brunch". MyRecipes. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
  17. ^ Phillips, C. (2016). The Dim Sum Field Guide: A Taxonomy of Dumplings, Buns, Meats, Sweets, and Other Specialties of the Chinese Teahouse. Ten Speed Press. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-1-60774-956-1. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  18. ^ Chan, David R. (2016-11-07). "Dim Sum: Cart or No Cart?". Menuism Dining Blog. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
  19. ^ Anderson, E. N., 1941-. The Food of China. New Haven. ISBN 0-300-03955-7. OCLC 16925192.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ James, Trevor (2019-08-09). "What is Dim Sum + The Ultimate Ordering Guide". The Food Ranger. Retrieved 2020-07-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  21. ^ "Six rules for eating dim sum like a pro". South China Morning Post. 2017-12-10. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
  22. ^ Embiricos, George (2015-06-16). "Dim Sum Has Gotten The Hell Out Of Chinatown". Food Republic. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
  23. ^ "Britain's Dim Sum Trolleys Are Making Their Last Rounds". Vice. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
  24. ^ "Entertaining from ancient Rome to the Super Bowl: an encyclopedia". Choice Reviews Online. 46 (08): 46–4201-46-4201. 2009-04-01. doi:10.5860/choice.46-4201. ISSN 0009-4978.
  25. ^ "Your Complete Guide to Dim Sum, the Traditional Chinese Brunch". The Spruce Eats. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
  26. ^ "What Is Dim Sum? The Beginner's Guide to South China's Traditional Brunch Meal". Asia Society. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
  27. ^ "The Serious Eats Guide to Dim Sum". www.seriouseats.com. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  28. ^ "Entertaining from ancient Rome to the Super Bowl: an encyclopedia". Choice Reviews Online. 46 (08): 46–4201-46-4201. 2009-04-01. doi:10.5860/choice.46-4201. ISSN 0009-4978.
  29. ^ a b Chiang, Karen. "The yum cha rules you need to know". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
  30. ^ 邹, 全荣. ""酒满敬客 茶满欺人" 茶桌上倒茶礼仪你知道吗". 幸禠. 中国网.
  31. ^ "Tea Drinking Etiquette —'Finger Tapping Salute'". Vision Times. 2015-08-01. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
  32. ^ "Hong Kong's Symbolic Tea Etiquette". The Loop HK. 2016-10-10. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
  33. ^ "The Ultimate Guide to Dim Sum!". Dim Sum Guide. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  34. ^ Chiang, Karen. "The yum cha rules you need to know". BBC. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
  35. ^ "The Rituals of Dim Sum". Hong Kong Food Crawlers. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  36. ^ Insiders, CityUnscripted and all the City. "How to eat dim sum like a local in Hong Kong". www.cityunscripted.com. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  37. ^ China Times(15 December 2014). "香港「飲茶禮儀」 先熱茶先洗碗洗筷子" [Video file]. Retrieved from https://tube.chinatimes.com/20141215004427-261402
  38. ^ "How to be a yum cha master". Food. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  39. ^ "Dim Sum Etiquette - Chinese/Lunar New Year | Epicurious.com". Epicurious. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  40. ^ a b c "How to be a yum cha master". Food. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  41. ^ Daniel A. Gross. "The Lazy Susan, the Classic Centerpiece of Chinese Restaurants, Is Neither Classic nor Chinese". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2020-07-06.
  42. ^ a b Insiders, CityUnscripted and all the City. "How to eat dim sum like a local in Hong Kong". www.cityunscripted.com. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  43. ^ "Defending Your Honor: How to Fight for a Bill in China". The World of Chinese. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  44. ^ a b Falkowitz, Max (2020-03-05). "The Changing World of Dim Sum". Medium. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
  45. ^ "The Evolution of Hong Kong's Yum Cha Culture". MICHELIN Guide. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
  46. ^ Schulman, Amy. "Hungerlust: One Man Is Reshaping Yum Cha in Hong Kong". Culture Trip. Retrieved 2020-08-06.

Further reading

  • Everything You Want to Know about Chinese Cooking by Pearl Kong Chen, Tien Chi Chen, and Rose Tseng. Woodbury, New York: Barron's, 1983.
  • How to Cook and Eat in Chinese by Buwei Yang Chao. New York: The John Day Company, 1945.
  • Dim Sum: The Delicious Secrets of Home-Cooked Chinese Tea Lunch by Rhoda Yee. San Francisco: Taylor & Ng, 1977.
  • Classic Deem Sum by Henry Chan, Yukiko, and Bob Haydock. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1985.
  • Chinese Dessert, Dim Sum and Snack Cookbook edited by Wonona Chong. New York: Sterling, 1986.
  • Tiny Delights: Companion to the TV series by Elizabeth Chong. Melbourne: Forte Communications, 2002.
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