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Khandesh

Coordinates: 21°N 75°E / 21°N 75°E / 21; 75
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Khandesh
Historical region
Landscape of the Tapi River in Dhule district.
Landscape of the Tapi River in Dhule district.
Blue: Khandesh in Maharashtra Light Blue: Khandesh in Madhya Pradesh (Burhanpur)
Blue: Khandesh in Maharashtra Light Blue: Khandesh in Madhya Pradesh (Burhanpur)
CountryIndia
StateMaharashtra and Madhya Pradesh
LanguagesKhandeshi
Elevation
240 m (790 ft)
DemonymKhandeshi
Area comprising the Khandesh region of Maharashtra.

Khandesh is a geographic region in Central India, which forms the northwestern portion of Maharashtra state.[1]

Geography

Khandesh lies in Central India on the northwestern corner of the Deccan Plateau, in the valley of the Tapi River. It is bounded to the north by the Satpura Range, to the east by the Berar (Varhad) region, to the south by the Hills of Ajanta (belonging to the Marathwada region of Maharashtra), and to the west by the northernmost ranges of the Western Ghats.

The principal natural feature is the Tapi River.[2] Unlike the rest of the Deccan, whose rivers rise in the Western Ghats and flow eastward to the Bay of Bengal, the Tapi flows westward from headwaters in southern Madhya Pradesh to empty into the Arabian Sea. The Tapi receives thirteen principal tributaries in its course through Khandesh. None of these rivers is navigable, and the Tapi flows in a deep bed which historically made it difficult to use for irrigation. Most of Khandesh lies south of the Tapi and is drained by its tributaries: the Girna, Bori and Panjhra. The alluvial plain north of the Tapi contains some of the richest tracts in Khandesh, and the land rises towards the Satpuda hills. In the centre and east, the country is level, save for some low ranges of barren hills. To the north and west, the plain rises into rugged hills, thickly wooded, and inhabited by the tribal Bhil people.[3]

History

Delhi dynasties

In 1295, Khandesh was under the Chauhan ruler of Asirgarh when Ala-ud-din Khilji of Delhi wrested control.[4]: 418  Various Delhi dynasties controlled Khandesh over the next century.[4]: 418  From 1370 to 1600, the Faruqi dynasty ruled Khandesh with the capital at Burhanpur.[4]: 418  The foundation of Khandesh as an independent kingdom was laid by Malik Raja, son of Khanjahan Faurki. Firuz Shah Tughlaq (1309 – 20 September 1388) had initially appointed Malik Raja as the commander-in-chief of Khandesh region, but he declared himself independent after the death of Firoz Tughlaq and ruled until 1399.[5]

Mughal rule

The Mughals arrived in 1599, when Akbar's army overran Khandesh and captured Asirgarh.[4]: 418  For a period of time, Khandesh was renamed as Dandesh in recognition of Akbar's son Daniyal.[6]: 248  c. 1640, Todar Mal's revenue settlement system was introduced in Khandesh by Shah Jahan (this system was used until British rule in 1818).[6]: 250  The mid-17th century has been described as the time of Khandesh's "highest prosperity" owing to trade in cotton, rice, indigo, sugarcane, and cloth.[6]: 250  Mughal rule lasted until the Marathas captured Asirgarh in 1760.[4]: 418 

Maratha rule

Maratha raids into Khandesh began in 1670 and the following century was a period of unrest as Mughals and Marathas competed for control.[4]: 418  In 1760, the Peshwa ousted the Mughal ruler and gained control of Khandesh, following which portions were granted to Holkar and Scindia rulers.[4]: 418  Baji Rao II surrendered to the British in June 1818, but sporadic war continued in Khandesh which was among the last of the Peshwa's former territories to come under complete British control.[7]: 9 

British rule

Khandesh District (1878)

Khandesh was a district in the Bombay Presidency.[8] In 1906, the district was divided into two districts: East Khandesh, headquartered at Jalgaon, had an area of 11,770 km2 (4,544 sq mi), while West Khandesh, headquartered at Dhule, had an area of 14,240 km2 (5,497 sq mi); their respective populations were 957,728 and 469,654 in 1901.[9]

Independent India

After India's independence in 1947, Bombay province became Bombay State, and in 1960 was divided into the linguistic states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. East Khandesh became Jalgaon district, and West Khandesh became Dhule district, both in Maharashtra state.[10] The latter was further divided into Dhule and Nandurbar districts.[2]

Culture

Khandesh has a rich cultural and literary heritage.

Geographic elements

Cities

Column-generating template families

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"columns-start" Yes Yes {{columns-start}} {{column}} {{columns-end}}
Columns "div col" Yes Yes {{div col}} – {{div col end}}
"columns-list" No Yes {{columns-list}} (wraps div col) – –
Flexbox "flex columns" No Yes {{flex columns}} – –
Table "col" Yes No {{col-begin}},
{{col-begin-fixed}} or
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† Can template handle the basic wiki markup {| | || |- |} used to create tables? If not, special templates that produce these elements (such as {{(!}}, {{!}}, {{!!}}, {{!-}}, {{!)}})—or HTML tags (<table>...</table>, <tr>...</tr>, etc.)—need to be used instead.

Rivers

Dams

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See also

References

  1. ^ "Welcome to Khandesh!". Khandesh.com. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
  2. ^ a b Patil, M.V. (2015). An Inventory on Agrobiodiversity and Homestead Gardens in Tribal Tehsils of Khandesh Maharashtra. North Maharashtra University. pp. Chapter 6–1. hdl:10603/136532.
  3. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Khandesh, East and West". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 771.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. Provincial Series: Bombay Presidency Vol. 1. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing. 1909.
  5. ^ Goyal, S. P. Historical Atlas. Agra: Upkar. p. 68. ISBN 978-81-7482-752-4.
  6. ^ a b c Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. Vol. Volume XII: Khandesh. Bombay: Government Central Press. 1880. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  7. ^ Deshpande, Arvind M. (1987). John Briggs in Maharashtra: A Study of District Administration Under Early British Rule. Delhi: Mittal Publications.
  8. ^ Census of India, 1911 (PDF). Vol. Volume VII, Bombay: Part 1, Report. Bombay: Government Central Press. 1912. p. 1. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  9. ^ "Khandesh". Khandesh. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
  10. ^ Jamkar, A.G. (1988). "Origin and Evolution of Periodic Market Places in Dhule District (Maharashtra)". In Shrivastava, V.K. (ed.). Commercial Activities and Rural Development in South Asia: A Geographical Study. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. p. 134. ISBN 81-7022-194-3.

21°N 75°E / 21°N 75°E / 21; 75

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