Aragonese language

"Aragonés" redirects here. For people with the surname Aragonés, see Aragonés (surname).

Aragonese
[aragonés] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
Pronunciation	Template:IPA-an
Native to	Spain
Region	Aragon; center and north of the province of Huesca and north of province of Zaragoza
Native speakers	54,000, including speakers not living in the native area (2011) 20,000 use it as L2 (1993 Counsel of the Aragonese Language); 500 older adult monolinguals (1993)
Language family	Indo-European Italic Romance Ibero-Romance Aragonese
Early form	Navarro-Aragonese
Writing system	Latin (Aragonese alphabet)
Official status
Regulated by	Academia d'a Luenga Aragonesa
Language codes
ISO 639-1	an
ISO 639-2	arg
ISO 639-3	arg
Glottolog	arag1245
ELP	Aragonese
Linguasphere	51-AAA-d
Map of Aragon with the Aragonese dialects of Northern Aragon in gray, blue, and light orange

Aragonese (/ˌærəɡɒˈniːz/; aragonés [aɾaɣoˈnes] in Aragonese) is a Romance language spoken today in several local varieties by between 10,000 and 30,000 people throughout the valleys of the Pyrenees in Aragon, Spain, mainly in the comarcas of Somontano de Barbastro, Jacetania, Alto Gállego, Sobrarbe, and Ribagorza. It is the only modern language that survived from medieval Navarro-Aragonese in a form distinctly different from Spanish.

While informally known as fabla ("talk" or "speech"), Aragonese is also commonly referred to by the names of its numerous local dialects, such as cheso (from Valle de Hecho) or patués (from the valley of Benasque).

History

Aragonese, one of many Latin dialects developed in areas of the Ebro basin, can be traced back to the High Middle Ages. It spread throughout the Pyrenees to areas where languages similar to Basque are supposed to have been spoken before. The original Kingdom of Aragon (formed by the counties of Aragon, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza) was progressively expanded from the mountain ranges towards the South, pushing the Moors farther south in the Reconquista, thereby spreading the Aragonese language.

The dynastic union of the Catalan Counties and the Kingdom of Aragon, which formed the Crown of Aragon in the twelfth century, did not result in a merger of the languages of the two territories; Catalan continued to be spoken in the east and Navarro-Aragonese in the west, although with blurred boundaries because of dialectal continuity. The Aragonese Reconquista in the south ended with the kingdom of Murcia, which was ceded by James I of Aragon to the Kingdom of Castile as a dowry for an Aragonese princess.

The most prominent proponent of the Aragonese language was Johan Ferrandez d'Heredia, founder of the lineage and Grand Master of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem based in Rhodes. He wrote an extensive catalog of works in Aragonese and also several works translated from Greek into Aragonese, the first in medieval Europe.

The spread of Castilian (the language today known as "Spanish"), the Castilian origin of the Trastámara dynasty, and a strong similarity between Castilian and Aragonese meant that further recession was to follow. One of the key moments in the history of Aragonese was when a king of Castilian origin was appointed in the fifteenth century: Ferdinand I of Aragon, also known as Ferdinand of Antequera.

The union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile and the progressive suspension of all capacity of self-rule from the sixteenth century meant that Aragonese, while still widely spoken, was limited to a rural and colloquial use, as the nobility chose Castillian as their language.

In modern times, Aragonese was regarded as a mere group of rural dialects of Spanish, while the spread of compulsory schooling further undermined its position; the language was frowned upon: for example, pupils were punished in schools for using it.

The Spanish transition to democracy in 1978 heralded the debut of literary works and studies concerning the Aragonese language.

Modern Aragonese

Today, Aragonese is still the native language within a core area: the Aragonese mountain ranges of the Pyrenees, in the comarcas of Somontano, Jacetania, Sobrarbe, and Ribagorza.

The major cities and towns in which Aragonese speakers can still be found are as follows: Huesca, Graus, Monzón, Barbastro, Bielsa, Chistén, Fonz, Echo, Estadilla, Benasque, Campo, Sabiñánigo, Jaca, Plan, Ansó, Ayerbe, Broto, and El Grado.

Aragonese is also learned as a second language by other inhabitants of the country in such areas as Huesca, Zaragoza, Ejea de los Caballeros, and Teruel. According to recent polls they only make up around 10,000 active speakers and about 30,000 passive speakers.

In 2009, the Languages Act of Aragon gave recognition of "native language, original and historic" of Aragon. There are now a number of linguistic rights, such as the use of Aragonese in the public administrations of Aragon.

Geographic distribution

• Western dialect: Ansó, Echo, Chasa, Berdún, Chaca towns
• Central dialect: Panticosa, Biescas, Torla, Broto, Bielsa, Yebra, L'Ainsa
• Eastern dialect: Benás, Plan, Bisagorri, Campo, Perarruga, Graus, Estadilla
• Southern dialect: Agüero, Ayerbe, Rasal, Bolea, Lierta, Uesca, Almudébar, Nozito, Labata, Alguezra, Angüés, Pertusa, Balbastro, Nabal

Phonology

Phonological characteristics

The Aragonese language expanded into new territories of the Kingdom of Aragon, from the 12th century until the 16th century.

Aragonese has many historical traits that join it to Catalan rather than to Spanish. Some of these are conservative features that are also shared with Astur-Leonese and Galician-Portuguese, where Spanish innovated in ways that did not spread to nearby languages.

Traits shared with Catalan

• Romance initial F- is preserved, e.g. FILIUM > [fillo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ("son", Sp. [hijo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Cat. [fill] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Pt. [filho] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)).
• Romance yod (GE-, GI-, I-) consistently became medieval [dʒ], as in medieval Catalan and Portuguese. This becomes modern ch [tʃ], as a result of the devoicing of sibilants (see below). In Spanish, the medieval result was either [dʒ] (modern [x]), [ʝ] or nothing, depending on the context. E.g. IUVENEM > [choven] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ("young man", Sp. [joven] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) /ˈxoβen/, Cat. [jove] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) /ˈʒoβǝ/), GELARE > [chelar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ("to freeze", Sp. [helar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) /eˈlaɾ/, Cat. [gelar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) /ʒǝˈla/).
• Romance groups -LT-, -CT- result in [jt], e.g. FACTUM > [feito] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ("done", Sp. [hecho] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Cat. [fet] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Gal./Port. [feito] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), MULTUM > [muito] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ("many"/"much", Sp. [mucho] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Cat. [molt] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Gal. [moito] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Port. [muito] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)).
• Romance groups -X-, -PS-, SCj- result in voiceless palatal fricative ix [ʃ], e.g. COXU > [coixo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ("crippled", Sp. [cojo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Cat. [coix] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)).
• Romance groups -Lj-, -C'L-, -T'L- result in palatal lateral ll [ʎ], e.g. MULIERE > [muller] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ("woman", Sp. [mujer] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Cat. [muller] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), ACUT'LA > [agulla] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ("needle", Sp. [aguja] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Cat. [agulla] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)).

Traits shared partly with Catalan, partly with Spanish

• Open O, E from Romance result systematically in diphthongs [we], [je], e.g. VET'LA > [viella] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ("old woman", Sp. [vieja] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Cat. [vella] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)). This includes before a yod, e.g. octō > [ueito] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ("eight", Sp. [ocho] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Cat. [vuit] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)). Spanish diphthongizes except before yod, whereas Catalan only diphthongizes before yod.
• Loss of final unstressed -E but not -O, e.g. GRANDE > [gran] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ("big"), FACTUM > [feito] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ("done"). Catalan loses both -O and -E; Spanish preserves -O and sometimes -E.

Traits shared with Spanish but not Catalan

• Former voiced sibilants become voiceless ([z] > [s], [dʒ] > [tʃ]).

Conservative traits not found in either Spanish or Catalan

• Latin -B- is maintained in past imperfect endings of verbs of the second and third conjugations: [teneba, teniba] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ("he had", Sp. [tenía] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Cat. [tenia] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), [dormiba] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ("he was sleeping", Sp. [dormía] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Cat. [dormia] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)).
• High Aragonese dialects (alto aragonés), along with some dialects of Gascon, have preserved the voicelessness of many intervocalic stop consonants, e.g. CLETAM > [cleta] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ("sheep hurdle", Cat. [cleda] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Fr. [claie] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), CUCULLIATAM > cocullata ("crested lark", Sp. [cogujada] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Cat. [cogullada] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)).
• A few Aragonese dialects maintain Latin -ll- as geminate /ll/.

Vowels

Vowel phonemes

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	e		o
Open		a

Consonants

Consonant phonemes

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal		m		n	ɲ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t		t͡ʃ	k
	voiced	b	d			g
Fricative		f	θ	s	ʃ
Approximant	central				j	w
	lateral			l	ʎ
Flap				ɾ
Trill				r

Orthography

In 2010, the Academia de l'Aragonés, formed in 2006, established a single orthographic standard in order to modernize medieval orthography and to make it more etymological. This new orthography is used by the Aragonese Wikipedia.

Previously, Aragonese had two orthographic standards:

• The grafía de Uesca codified in 1987 by the Consello d'a Fabla Aragonesa (CFA) at a convention in Huesca is used by a majority of Aragonese writers. It uses a more uniform system when assigning letters to phonemes with less regard to etymology. For example, words traditionally written with ⟨v⟩ and ⟨b⟩ are uniformly written with ⟨b⟩ in the Uesca system. Likewise, ⟨ch⟩, ⟨j⟩, and ⟨g⟩ before ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ are all written ⟨ch⟩. In addition, it uses letters more strongly associated with Spanish, such as ⟨ñ⟩.
• The grafía SLA devised in 2004 by the Sociedat de Lingüistica Aragonesa (SLA) is used by a minority of Aragonese writers. It uses more etymological forms that are closer to Catalan, Occitan, and medieval Aragonese sources. In the SLA system, ⟨v⟩ and ⟨b⟩ as well as ⟨ch⟩, ⟨j⟩, and ⟨g⟩ before ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ are all distinct. Also, the digraph ⟨ny⟩ is used instead of ⟨ñ⟩.

In the sixteenth century, Aragonese Moriscos wrote some aljamiado texts (Romance texts in Arabic writing), probably because of their inability to write in Arabic; the language in these texts shows a mixture of Aragonese and Castilian traits, and they can be considered among the last written examples of the Aragonese formerly spoken in Central and Southern Aragon.

Comparison between the three Aragonese orthographies

Sounds and Features	Academia de l'Aragonés	Grafía de Uesca (1987)	Grafía SLA
/a/	a	a	a
/b/	b, v according to Latin etymology Ex: bien, servicio, val, activo, cantaba, debant	b Ex: bien, serbizio, bal, autibo, cantaba, debán	b, v according to Romance etymology, as in Catalan and Occitan Ex: bien, servício, val, activo, cantava, devant
/k/	c qu before e, i	c qu before e, i	c qu before e, i
/kw/	If there is an etymological q, as in Catalan and a bit in Occitan: qu before a, o qü before e, i Ex: quan, qüestión	cu as in Spanish Ex: cuan, cuestión	If there is an etymological q, as in Catalan and a bit in Occitan: qu before a, o qü before e, i Ex: quan, qüestion
/tʃ/	ch Ex: chaminera, minchar, chusticia, cheografía	ch Ex: chaminera, minchar, chustizia, cheografía	ch j (g before e, i) according to etymology, as in Catalan and Occitan Ex: chaminera, minjar, justícia, geografia
/d/	d	d	d
/e/	e	e	e
/f/	f	f	f
/ɡ/	g gu before e, i	g gu before e, i	g gu before e, i
/ɡw/	gu before a, o gü before e, i	gu before a, o gü before e, i	gu before a, o gü before e, i
Etymological h (rendered silent after Latin)	Written according to etymology Ex: historia, hibierno	Not written Ex: istoria, ibierno	Written as in Medieval Aragonese and in Catalan Ex: história, hivierno
/i/	i	i	i
/l/	l	l	l
/ʎ/	ll	ll	ll
/m/	m	m	m
/n/	n	n	n
/ɲ/	ny as in Medieval Aragonese and Catalan Ex: anyada	ñ as in Spanish Ex: añada	ny as in Medieval Aragonese and Catalan Ex: anyada
/o/	o	o	o
/p/	p	p	p
/ɾ/	r	r	r
/r/	rr r- (word-initially)	rr r- (word-initially)	rr r- (word-initially)
/s/	s (also between two vowels, never *ss)	s (also between two vowels, never *ss)	s (also between two vowels, never *ss)
/t/	t	t	t
Etymological final -t (silent in Modern Aragonese)	Written as in Medieval Aragonese, Catalan and Occitan Ex: sociedat, debant, chent	Not written Ex: soziedá, debán, chen	Written as in Medieval Aragonese, Catalan and Occitan Ex: sociedat, devant, gent
/u, w/	u	u	u
/jʃ/ (Eastern dialects) /ʃ/ (Western dialects)	ix as unifying grapheme for all dialects Ex: baixo	x Ex: baxo	ix (Eastern dialects) x (Western dialects) Ex: baixo (Eastern) = baxo (Western)
/j/	y initial and between vowels i in other cases	y initial and between vowels i in other cases	y initial and between vowels i in other cases
/θ/	z before a, o, u c before e, i (in non-international words and in certain words of Greek or Arabic origin) z in final position (but tz as a grapheme reflecting the t+s that became ts in Benasquese in various plurals and verb forms Ex: zona, Provenza, fetz, centro, servicio, realizar, verdatz	z Ex: zona, Probenza, fez, zentro, serbizio, realizar, berdaz	z before e a, o, u, in initial position ç before a, o, u, in inner position z in final position c before e, i z in international formations (learned Greek words and loans that have z in their etyma) Ex: zona, Provença, fez, centro, servício, realizar, verdaz
Learned Greco-Roman words	Assimilatory tendencies not written Ex: dialecto, extension y lexico	Assimilatory tendencies written Ex: dialeuto, estensión pero lecsico	Not all assimilatory tendencies written Ex: dialecto, extension y lexico
Accent mark for stress (accented vowel in bold)	Spanish model, but with the possibility for oxytones to not be accented Ex: historia, gracia, servicio mitolochía, cheografía, María, río atención choven, cantaban	Spanish model Ex: istoria, grazia, serbizio mitolochía, cheografía, María, río atenzión choben, cantaban	Portuguese, Catalan and Occitan model Ex: história, grácia, servício mitologia, geografia, Maria, rio atencion joven, cantavan

Grammar

Aragonese grammar is similar to the grammar of other Iberian Romance languages, such as Spanish and Catalan.

Article

Definite article

The definite article in Aragonese has undergone certain changes that have become characteristics of dialectal differentiation. The definite articles in Old Aragonese were similar to their present-day Spanish equivalents. The most widespread articles in Aragonese are similar to those found in Galician and Portuguese, as they lack the initial l:

	Masculine	Feminine
Singular	o	a
Plural	os	as

The second article, auxiliary, after a vowel, is used with an r, whose pronunciation is [ɾ].

	Masculine	Feminine
Singular	ro	ra
Plural	ros	ras

Lexicology

Examining the Aragonese lexicon shows the origin of Aragonese words from different languages that have influenced it.

The influence of other Romance languages on Aragonese is evident, especially from neighboring languages. Catalan and Occitan influenced Medieval Aragonese, and the Catalan influence continued, under the Crown of Aragon, in the territory where the languages are in contact (Ribagorça), a fact that explains the main characteristics of Eastern Aragonese. Since the 15th century, the Romance language which has influenced Aragonese the most is Spanish, having been adopted in almost all of Aragon as the first language and reducing Aragonese to the northern region around the Pyrenees.

Another Romance language with certain influence is French, the only official language in the neighboring country. Italian loans have come in through other languages such as Catalan, while words from Portuguese have come in through Spanish.

Germanic words came through the conquest of the region by Germanic peoples in the 5th century AD.

Aragonese also has loans from Arabic and Mozarabic due to the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in the 8th century, and in turn, Arabic brought words from other languages, such as Persian and Sanskrit.

English, with its international importance, has introduced a lot of new words into the language.

Gender

Words that derive from the second declension or assimilated to the second declension are usually masculine:

• FILIU(M) > fillo (son).
• SCIURU + OLU(M) > esquiruelo (squirrel).

Words derived from the first declension are usually feminine:

• FILIA(M) > filla (daughter).

There are neutral plurals assimilated to the first declension that become feminine-gender singular:

• FOLIA(M) > fuella (leaf).

Words that end in -or are feminine:

• a honor, a calor, a color, and (in Medieval Aragonese) la amor.

The names of fruit trees usually end in -era, a suffix derived from Latin -ARIA and they are usually feminine:

• a perera, a manzanera, a nuquera, a castanyera, a tellera / o tilero, a olivera, a ciresera, l'almendrera

The genders of river names vary according to the river:

• Many of them that end in -a are feminine: a Cinca/a Cinga, a Cinqueta, a Garona, L'Arba, a Noguera, a Isuela, La Uecha, La Uerva, etc. The last one was called in the 16th century río de la Uerba.
• Many that come from the second and the third declension are masculine: L'Ebro, O Galligo, O Flumen, L'Alcanadre.

Pronouns

Aragonese preserves the system of clitic pronouns derived from the Latin forms inde and ibi, as en'/ne and bi/i/ie.

This feature is shared with other Romance languages (cf., Catalan en and hi, Occitan ne and i, French en and y, and Italian ne and ci), thus making Aragonese different from other Ibero-Romance languages, which lack such clitics (e.g., Spanish, Asturian, and Portuguese).

En/ne is used for:

• Partitive objects: No n'he visto como aquello (I haven't seen anything like that, literally Not (of it) I have seen like that).
• Partitive subjects: En fa tanto de mal (it hurts so much, literally (of it) it causes so much of pain)
• Ablatives, places from which movements originate: Se'n va ra memoria (memory goes away, literally It (away from here) memory goes)

Bi/i/ie is used for:

• Locative, place where: N'ibi heba uno (there was one of them), literally (Of them) there was one
• Allative, movement towards a place: Vés-be ((you) go there (imperative))

Dialects

Francho Nagore's proposal

Main article: Aragonese dialects

There are about 25–30 dialectal variants of Aragonese, the majority of which are in the province of Huesca, where natural isoglosses have developed around valley enclaves. Ribagorçan, is one such variant: a transitional eastern Aragonese dialect between Gascon Occitan, Catalan, and Spanish.

There is a proposal to classify the language varieties into four main dialects:

• Central
• Western
• Eastern
• Southern

For certain linguists, these groups are complex dialects formed by various varieties. For others, these four groups are Aragonese dialects and Hecho Aragonese and Chistau Valley Aragonese are comarcal varieties.

Literature

Main article: Aragonese language literature

Medieval Ages

At no point in its history did the Aragonese language acquire the prestige literature developed in other Romance languages from the Iberian Peninsula.

Not until the 12th - 13th centuries did Aragonese begin to be used in written documents. From this period are featured Liber Regum' (a book of general history), Razón feita d'amor, Libre dels tres reys d'orient and Vida de Santa María Egipcíaca.

Early modern period literature

Spanish was from 1500 the first language of culture in Aragon: a lot of Aragonese stood out with writings in the Spanish language, to the point that in the 17th century the Argensola brothers went to Castile to teach Spanish.

Aragonese became a familiar and village language and each century acquired popular traces. The 16th was obscure: there is no document in Aragonese, just in Aljamia. In the 17th century certain texts appeared that used the language to characterized popular characters.

In a literary contest held in Huesca in 1650, there were three poems submitted in Aragonese, respectively, by Matías Pradas, Isabel de Rodas and "Fileno, montañés".

The first pastoradas come from the 16th and the 17th century.

Contemporary literature

The 19th and 20th centuries have seen a renaissance of the Aragonese literature; however, due to the lack of a standard language, authors write about local topics, each using his own variety of the language. In 1844, the novel Vida de Pedro Saputo, by Braulio Foz, appeared in Almudévar Aragonese. In the 20th century the costumbrist comedies written by Domingo Miral gained importance, as well as the poetry of Veremundo Méndez Coarasa, both in Hecho Aragonese; in Graus Aragonese, one can highlight Cleto Torrodellas' verses and Tonón de Baldomera's popular writings; in Somontano Aragonese, there are Pedro Arnal Cavero's costumbrist narrations, as well as Juana Coscujuela' novel, A Lueca, historia d'una moceta d'o Semontano.

See also

• Academia de l'Aragonés
• Aragonese dialects
• Aragonese language literature
• Aragonese writing systems
• Arredol, digital newspaper written in Aragonese

Further reading

• Mott, Brian (2007), "Chistabino (Pyrenean Aragonese)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 103–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002842

External links

• [1], Catalogue of not periodical unitary publications in Aragonese.
• Academia de l'Aragonés, Cultural association.
• Consello d'a Fabla Aragonesa, Cultural association and language academy.
• Ligallo de Fablans de l'Aragonés, Cultural association and language academy.
• A.C. Nogará, Cultural association and language academy.
• Sociedat de Lingüistica Aragonesa, Cultural association.
• Aragonese language