Cyclic ADP-ribose
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3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEBI | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.162.252 |
| MeSH | Cyclic+ADP-Ribose |
PubChem CID
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C15H21N5O13P2 | |
| Molar mass | 541.301 |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Cyclic ADP Ribose, frequently abbreviated as cADPR, is a cyclic adenine nucleotide (like cAMP) with two phosphate groups present on 5' OH of the adenosine (like ADP), further connected to another ribose at the 5' position, which, in turn, closes the cycle by glycosidic bonding to the nitrogen 1 (N1) of the same adenine base (whose position N9 has the glycosidic bond to the other ribose).[1][2] The N1-glycosidic bond to adenine is what distinguishes cADPR from ADP-ribose (ADPR), the non-cyclic analog. cADPR is produced from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) by ADP-ribosyl cyclases (EC 3.2.2.5) as part of a second messenger system.
Function
cADPR is a cellular messenger for calcium signaling.[3] It stimulates calcium-induced calcium release at lower cytosolic concentrations of Ca2+. Primary target of cADPR is the ER Ca2+ uptake mechanism. Potentiation of Ca2+ release by cADPR is mediated by increased accumulation of Ca2+ in the SR and subsequent luminal Ca2+-dependent activation of ryanodine receptors (RyRs).[4] Some reports suggest that cADPR binding makes FKBP12.6, which normally binds RyR2, to fall off the RYR2.
Metabolism
cADPR and ADPR are synthesized from NAD+ by the bifunctional ectoenzymes of the CD38 family (also includes the GPI-anchored CD157 and the specific, monofunctional ADP ribosyl cyclase of the mollusc Aplysia).[5][6][7] The same enzymes are also capable of hydrolyzing cADPR to ADPR. Catalysis proceeds via a covalently bound intermediate. The hydrolysis reaction is inhibited by ATP, and cADPR may accumulate. Synthesis and degradation of cADPR by enzymes of the CD38 family involve, respectively, the formation and the hydrolysis of the N1-glycosidic bond. In 2009, the first enzyme able to hydrolyze the phosphoanhydride linkage of cADPR, i.e. the one between the two phosphate groups, has been reported.[8]
See also
References
- ^ Lee HC, Walseth TF, Bratt GT, Hayes RN, Clapper DL (1989). "Structural determination of a cyclic metabolite of NAD+ with intracellular Ca2+-mobilizing activity". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (3): 1608–15. PMID 2912976.
- ^ Lee HC, Aarhus R, Levitt D (1994). "The crystal structure of cyclic ADP-ribose". Nat. Struct. Biol. 1 (3): 143–4. doi:10.1038/nsb0394-143. PMID 7656029.
- ^ Guse AH (2004). "Regulation of calcium signaling by the second messenger cyclic adenosine diphosphoribose (cADPR)". Curr. Mol. Med. 4 (3): 239–48. doi:10.2174/1566524043360771. PMID 15101682.
- ^ Lukyanenko V, Györke I, Wiesner TF, Györke S. 2001. Potentiation of Ca(2+) release by cADP-ribose in the heart is mediated by enhanced ER Ca2+ uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Circ Res. 89(7):614-22. PMID 11577027; 10.1161/hh1901.098066
- ^ Prasad GS, McRee DE, Stura EA, Levitt DG, Lee HC, Stout CD (1996). "Crystal structure of Aplysia ADP-ribosyl cyclase, a homolog of the bifunctional ectozyme CD38". Nat. Struct. Biol. 3 (11): 957–64. doi:10.1038/nsb1196-957. PMID 8901875.
- ^ Liu Q, Kriksunov IA, Graeff R, Munshi C, Lee HC, Hao Q (2005). "Crystal structure of the human CD38 extracellular domain". Structure. 13 (9): 1331–9. doi:10.1016/j.str.2005.05.012. PMID 16154090.
- ^ Guse AH (2004). "Biochemistry, biology, and pharmacology of cyclic adenosine diphosphoribose (cADPR)". Curr. Med. Chem. 11 (7): 847–55. doi:10.2174/0929867043455602. PMID 15078169.
- ^ Canales J, Fernández A, Rodrigues JR, Ferreira R, Ribeiro JM, Cabezas A, Costas MJ, Cameselle JC (2009). "Hydrolysis of the phosphoanhydride linkage of cyclic ADP-ribose by the Mn2+-dependent ADP-ribose/CDP-alcohol pyrophosphatase". FEBS Lett. 583 (10): 1593–8. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2009.04.023. PMID 19379742.