Jump to content

Far-right politics in Israel

Page extended-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Far right in Israel)

Part of a series on the
Politics of Israel
Basic Laws
Presidency
Executive
Legislature
Elections
Judiciary
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations
flag Israel portal

Far-right politics in Israel encompasses ideologies such as ultranationalism, Jewish supremacy, Jewish fascism, Jewish fundamentalism, Anti-Arabism,[1] and ideological movements such as Neo-Zionism and Kahanism.[2]

In recent times, the term "far-right" has been mainly used to describe advocates of policies such as the expansion of Israeli settlements in the West Bank, opposition to Palestinian statehood, and imposition of Israeli sovereignty over the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, and East Jerusalem.

Mandatory Palestine (1920–1948)

History of Revisionist Zionism: The British included Transjordan within the borders of the British Mandate for Palestine, at the same time excluding it from Jewish settlement.
See also: Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine

Revisionist Zionism

See also: Revisionist Zionism

Revisionist Zionism's ideological and cultural roots were influenced by Italian fascism. Ze'ev Jabotinsky, the founder of Revisionist Zionism, believed that Britain could no longer be trusted to advance Zionism, and that Fascist Italy, as a growing political challenger to Britain, was therefore an ally.[3][4]

Betar (founded 1925)

Ze'ev Jabotinsky, the founder and first leader of Betar, shown here in Jewish Legion uniform.
Main articles: Betar and Ze'ev Jabotinsky

Ze'ev Jabotinsky was a secular Zionist and an extremist nationalist.[5][better source needed] He was exiled from the British Mandate for supporting armed struggle against the British.[5]

In 1923, Jabotinsky established the Revisionist Zionist youth movement Betar at a meeting in Riga, Latvia.[6] 2 years later in 1925, the Revisionist "Hatzohar" Party was established,[7][8] as a movement that existed separate from the main Zionist movement, the World Zionist Organization.[9] The term "revisionist" referred to a revision of the World Zionist Organization's policies at the time. The Irgun, a Revisionist Zionist paramilitary organization, established by Avraham Tehomi in 1931, opposed British rule over Palestine, and was engaged in acts of terrorism against British officers and Arabs, in an attempt to expel them from the land and achieve Jewish sovereignty.[10][11][12][13] The Irgun joined forces with Betar and Hatzohar in 1937.[14]

Revisionist Maximalism

Abba Ahimeir, the founder of Revisionist Maximalism.
See also: Revisionist Maximalism and Jewish fascism

Revisionist Maximalism was a short-lived right-wing militant political ideology that was a part of the Brit HaBirionim faction of the Zionist Revisionist Movement created by Abba Ahimeir.[citation needed] Abba Ahimier was born in Russia in 1897 and migrated to Palestine at the age of fifteen. In 1928 Ahimier joined Jabotinsky's Revisionist movement and became one of the movement's important activists.[15][verification needed]

In 1930, Brit HaBirionim under Ahimeir's leadership publicly declared their desire to form a fascist state.[16] The Revisionist Maximalist movement borrowed principles from totalitarianism and fascism and it also drew inspiration from Józef Piłsudski's Poland and Benito Mussolini's Italy.[17] Revisionist Maximalists strongly supported the Italian fascist regime of Benito Mussolini and wanted the creation of a Jewish state based on fascist principles.[18]

The goal of the Maximalists was to "extract Revisionism from its liberal entrapment", because they wanted Ze'ev Jabotinsky's status to be elevated to the status of a dictator,[19] and desired to forcably assimilate the population of Palestine into Hebrew society.[15] The Maximalists believed that authoritarianism and national solidarity was necessary to have the public collaborate with the government, and to create total unity in Palestine.[15]

Irgun (1931–1949)

Propaganda poster of the Irgun. In the picture—a map showing a future Jewish state defined in the borders of both Mandatory Palestine and the Emirate of Transjordan.
See also: Irgun, Ze'ev Jabotinsky, and Menachem Begin
This section is an excerpt from Irgun.[edit]
Irgun emblem. The map shows both Mandatory Palestine and the Emirate of Transjordan, which the Irgun claimed in its entirety for a future Jewish state. The acronym "Etzel" is written above the map, and "raq kach" ("only thus") is written below.

The Irgun (Hebrew: ארגון), officially the National Military Organization in the Land of Israel (Hebrew: הארגון הצבאי הלאומי בארץ ישראל, romanized: HaIrgun HaTzvaʾi Ha-Leumi b-Eretz Israel; abbr. אצ״ל, romanized: Etzel or IZL), was a Zionist paramilitary organization that operated in Mandatory Palestine between 1931 and 1948. It was an offshoot of the older and larger Jewish paramilitary organization Haganah.[20] The Irgun has been viewed as a terrorist organization or organization which carried out terrorist acts.[21][22][23][24]

The Irgun policy was based on what was then called Revisionist Zionism founded by Ze'ev Jabotinsky.[25] Two of the most infamous operations for which the Irgun were known; the bombing of the British administrative headquarters for Mandatory Palestine in Jerusalem on 22 July 1946 and the Deir Yassin massacre that killed at least 107 Palestinian Arab villagers, including women and children, carried out with Lehi on 9 April 1948.

The organization committed acts of terrorism against Palestinian Arabs, as well as against the British authorities, who were regarded as illegal occupiers.[26] In particular the Irgun was described as a terrorist organization by the United Nations, British, and United States governments; in media such as The New York Times newspaper;[27][28] as well as by the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry,[29][30] the 1946 Zionist Congress[31] and the Jewish Agency.[32] Albert Einstein, in a letter to The New York Times in 1948, compared Irgun and its successor Herut party to "Nazi and Fascist parties" and described it as a "terrorist, right wing, chauvinist organization".[33]

Following the establishment of the State of Israel during the 1948 Palestine war, the Irgun began to be absorbed into the newly created Israel Defense Forces. Conflict between the Irgun and the IDF escalated into the 1948 Altalena affair, and the Irgun formally disbanded on January 12, 1949. The Irgun was a political predecessor to Israel's right-wing Herut (or "Freedom") party, which led to today's Likud party.[34] Likud has led or been part of most Israeli governments since 1977.

The White Paper of 1939

Main article: White Paper of 1939

The White Paper's publication also intensified the conflict between the Zionist militias and the British Army; a Jewish general strike was called, attacks were launched against Arabs and British police, telephone services and power lines were sabotaged, and violent speeches of protest were held for several months.[35] A week after the publication of the White Paper of 1939, the Irgun planted an explosive device in the Rex cinema in Jerusalem, injuring 18 people, including 13 Arabs and 3 British police officers. On that same day, 25 Irgun members attacked the Arab village Biyar 'Adas, forced their way into 2 houses, and shot 5 Arab civilians to death.[36]

Lehi (founded 1940)

The hand represents the Lehi salute, with only two raised fingers on the right hand to represent the "If I forget thee / O Jerusalem...may my right hand forget its skill" (Ps. 137:5) pledge. The acronym "Lehi" is written below the hand.[37]
Main article: Lehi (militant group)

The Lehi, also known as the Stern Gang, was a Revisionist Zionist militant group, founded by Avraham Stern in Mandatory Palestine in 1940. The group split from the Irgun, and sought a similar alliance with Fascist Italy.[14] Lehi also believed that Nazi Germany was less of an enemy of the Jews than Britain was, and attempted to form an alliance with the Nazis, proposing a Jewish state based on "nationalist and totalitarian principles, and linked to the German Reich by an alliance".[38][39][verification needed] Avraham Stern, then commander of the Lehi, objected to the White Paper of 1939, British plans to restrict Jewish immigration and Jewish land purchase in Palestine, and proposed the creation of a binational Jewish-Arab Palestine. calling for an armed struggle against the British instead.[40][41]

History in Israel

After the 1967 Six-Day War

See also: Six-Day War, Revisionist Zionism (main page), and Revisionist Zionism (above)

In the aftermath of the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel captured the Golan Heights, the West Bank, the Sinai Peninsula, and the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip.[42] This victory resulted in the revival of "territorial maximalism", with aspirations to annex and settle these new territories.[43] leading some Israeli political leaders to argue for the redefinition of the country's borders in accordance with the vision of Greater Israel.[44] The Movement for Greater Israel, which emerged about a month after the Six-Day War ended, advocated for the control over all of the territories captured during the war, including the Sinai Peninsula, West Bank, and Golan Heights. The members of the movement demanded immediate imposition of Israeli sovereignty over the territories. The supporters of the movement were united by a territorial maximalist ideology.[44] During the summer of 1967, far-right nationalists began to establish settlements in the occupied West Bank to establish a Jewish presence on the land.[45] Menachem Begin's agreement to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, as well as his initiation of the Autonomy Plan, caused parts of the political right to radicalise and adopt far-right political ideologies.[46]

Kach party (1971–1994)

Flag of Kach, a former ultranationalist political party in Israel
See also: Kach (political party) and Kahanism

The Kach party, founded by Meir Kahane in 1971, was a far-right Orthodox Jewish, Religious Zionist political party in Israel. The party's ideology, known as Kahanism, advocated the transfer of the Arab population from Israel, and the creation of a Jewish theocratic state, in which only Jews have voting rights.[47] Kach additionally argued that Israel should annex the 1967 Israeli-occupied territories because of their religious significance.[48][49] The party's motto, "Rak Kach" lit. 'Only thus', was derived from the motto of the Irgun, a Zionist militant organization active in the 1940s.[48][50] In the 1973 Israeli legislative election, Kach won 0.81% of the total votes, falling short to pass the electoral threshold, which was 1% at the time. In the next elections in 1977, Kach failed once again to win enough votes for parliamentary presence.[51] Kach earned a single seat in the Knesset in the 1984 Israeli legislative election.[52][53]

Shortly after Meir Kahane was sworn in as a member of the Knesset, he made his first media-oriented provocation by announcing his plan to open an emigration office in the Arab village of Umm al-Fahm. He stated that his plan was to offer residents of the village financial incentives to leave their homes and the country.[54] The town declared a general strike shortly after, and roughly 30,000 people, including liberal Jews, arrived at Umm-al-Fahm to prevent Kahane from entering the town. The Israel Police initially decided to accompany Kahane with 1000 police officers as he marched, but later decided to cancel Kahane's march altogether, in concern of negative consequences.[55]

Kach activists frequently entered Arab localities in Israel, distributing propaganda leaflets in demonstrations, provocatively raising the Israeli flag, making Arabs sign the Israeli Declaration of Independence, threatening them against moving to majority-Jewish towns, and convincing Arabs to leave the country.[56] Some of Meir Kahane's legislative initiatives were mostly related to the "Arab problem" in Israel, intending to separate Jews and Arabs in public swimming pools, banning romantic relations between Jews and Arabs, and revoking the citizenship of Arabs in Israel.[57] In his book, "They Must Go", Kahane wrote: "There is only one path for us to take: the immediate transfer of Arabs from Eretz Yisrael. For Arabs and Jews in Eretz Yisrael there is only one answer: separation, Jews in their land, Arabs in theirs. Separation. Only separation."[58]

One bill which he proposed required the imposition of a mandatory death penalty on any non-Jew who either harmed or attempted to harm a Jew, as well as the automatic deportation of the perpetrator's family and the perpetrator's neighbors from Israel and the West Bank.[59] The Supreme of Israel struck down his initiatives, on the grounds that there was no precedent and provision for them in the Basic Laws of Israel.[60] To limit the potential influence of anti-democratic parties such as Kach, the Knesset, in 1985, proposed a new amendment to exclude parties that negate the democratic character of Israel.[60] Kach was later barred from the 1988 elections, and its appeal was denied by the Supreme Court.[60] 1994, following Baruch Goldstein's massacre of 29 Palestinians at the Cave of the Patriarchs, Israel designated Kach, for which Goldstein previously stood as a Knesset Candidate,[61] as a terror organization.[62][63]

The Oslo Accords and the 1995 assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

See also: Oslo Accords and Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin
Rabin delivering his speech at the 4 November 1995 rally, shortly before his assassination

The far-right in Israel opposed the Oslo Accords, with Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin being assassinated in 1995 by a right-wing Israeli extremist for signing them.[64] Yigal Amir, Rabin's assassin, had opposed Rabin's peace process, particularly the signing of the Oslo Accords, because he felt that an Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank would deny Jews their "biblical heritage which they had reclaimed by establishing settlements".[45] Rabin was also criticized by right-wing conservatives and Likud leaders who perceived the peace process as an attempt to forfeit the occupied territories and a surrender to Israel's enemies.[65][66] After the murder, it was revealed that Avishai Raviv, a well-known right-wing extremist at the time, was a Shin Bet agent and informant.[67] Prior to Rabin's murder, Raviv was filmed with a poster of Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin in an SS uniform.[68][69][70] His mission was to monitor the activities of right-wing extremists, and he allegedly knew of Yigal Amir's plans to assassinate Rabin.[71]

2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza

Protest against the evacuation of the Israeli settlement Kfar Darom
Main article: Israeli disengagement from Gaza

The Israeli disengagement from Gaza, headed by Ariel Sharon, included the removal of all Jewish settlements in the Gaza Strip as well as several West Bank settlements, and resulted in protests and riots from Jewish settlers.[72][73][74] Posters covering the streets stated that "Ariel Sharon had no right to give up parts of the Land of Israel". The settlers managed to secure the support of Ovadia Yosef, then-leader of Shas party, who instructed Shas members of the Knesset to vote against the disengagement plan.[75][76] Three settlers burned themselves alive in protest of the disengagement.[77][78][79] By September 12, 2005, the eviction of all settlers from the Gaza Strip and demolition of their houses was completed,[80][81] bringing Israel's 38 years of military rule over the Gaza Strip to a halt.

Far right political parties in 21st century Israel

Moledet (1988–2013)

See also: Moledet and Abu Ali Mustafa

Moledet (Hebrew: מולדת, lit. 'Homeland') was a minor party established by Rehavam Ze'evi in 1988.[82] Prior to the 1999 elections, the party joined the National Union alliance alongside Herut – The National Movement and Tkuma. The alliance joined the government formed by Ariel Sharon on 7 March 2001 after he won the election for Prime Minister, and Ze'evi was appointed Minister of Tourism. However, Ze'evi was assassinated by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) on 17 October 2001. Prior to the 2006 elections, the National Union formed an alliance with the National Religious Party.[83] In the lead up to the 2013 elections, Tkuma merged with the Jewish Home.[84]

Religious Zionist Party (1998–2023)

See also: Bezalel Smotrich
This section is an excerpt from Religious Zionist Party.[edit]
This article is part of a series on
Conservatism in Israel
Ideologies
Principles
Intellectuals
Politicians
Literature
Parties
Active

Defunct

Alliances
Organisations
Active

Defunct

Media
Related topics
The Religious Zionist Party (Hebrew: הציונות הדתית, romanized: HaTzionut HaDatit, lit. 'The Religious Zionism'), known as Tkuma (Hebrew: תקומה, lit. 'Revival')[85] until 2021 and officially known as National Union–Tkuma (Hebrew: האיחוד הלאומי-תקומה, HaIchud HaLeumi–Tkuma),[86] was a far-right,[87][88] ultra-nationalist,[88] Jewish supremacist,[88] and religious Zionist[87][88] political party in Israel.[89] In all the elections since its founding in 1998, the party had joined other factions and competed as part of a united list. In 2023, the Religious Zionist Party and The Jewish Home agreed to merge to become National Religious Party–Religious Zionism.[90]

Otzma Yehudit (founded 2012)

See also: Otzma Yehudit and Itamar Ben Gvir
red-orange six-pointed star with navy blue text in Herew: עוצמה יהודית "Otzma Yehudit"
Otzma Yehudit Party logo

Otzma Yehudit was founded in 2012 by Michael Ben-Ari, a former member of Kach. In the 2021 Israeli legislative election, Itamar Ben-Gvir, a follower of Kach, was elected to the Knesset as a representative of the Otzma Yehudit party.[91] Since 2022, Ben-Gvir has served as a Minister of National Security, and the party presently holds six seats in the Knesset. Lehava, one of the largest far-right organizations in Israel, advocates for the segregation and oppression of Palestinians. It has also been involved in acts of violence against Palestinians, LGBT individuals, and Christians. Both the United States and the United Kingdom have imposed sanctions on Lehava.[92][93]

Noam (founded 2019)

See also: Noam (political party), Rabbi Zvi Thau, and Pinkwashing (LGBT)

Noam is a far-right Orthodox Jewish, Religious Zionist political party in Israel, established in July 2019 by a conservative faction in the Religious Zionist community inspired by Rabbi Zvi Thau and his Har Hamor Yeshiva. The party's main goal is to advance policies against LGBT rights, and against what its backers call "the destruction of the family".[94] Avi Maoz, the party's leader, was elected to the Knesset in 2021, and is the party's sole representative.[95][96]

Far-right politics in Israel in the 2020s

2022 Likud-led coalition

Main article: Thirty-seventh government of Israel

The 37th Cabinet of Israel, formed on December 29, 2022, following the Knesset election on November 1, 2022, has been described as the most right-wing government in Israeli history,[97][98][99][100] as well as Israel's most religious government.[101][102] The coalition government consists of seven parties—Likud, United Torah Judaism, Shas, Religious Zionist Party, Otzma Yehudit, Noam, and National Unity—and is led by Benjamin Netanyahu.[103]

Criticism

Several journalists and human rights groups such as B'Tselem, Amnesty International, and Human Rights Watch claim that the ideology advocated by the Israeli far-right are fascist and racist towards Palestinians, Arab citizens of Israel and immigrants. They see it as a danger to democracy, and claim that it uses violence and encourages violation of human rights.[104][105][106][107] President of the United States Joe Biden said Benjamin Netanyahu's government contained "some of the most extreme" members he had ever seen.[108]

In 2023, the Likud-led coalition was described in authoritarian terms by Haaretz, such as "Fascist", "a dictatorship", and "Stalinist" (for Stalinism's authoritarian aspects).[109]

Far-right Israeli politicians and the Al Aqsa Mosque

The Al-Aqsa Mosque compound and surrounding area of Jerusalem.

The Al-Aqsa mosque compound[a] (which Israelis refer to as the "Temple Mount") is the third holiest site in Islam and a Palestinian national symbol.[110]

In 2023 and 2024, National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir initiated at least four marches to the Al-Aqsa compound in East Jerusalem, each of up to a thousand ultra nationalist Israeli settlers.[110] During the visits, Ben Gvir stated that his he intends to convey a political message. The Palestinian Authority's spokesman, Nabil Abu Rudeineh, described his visits as "blatant attacks" on the Al-Aqsa Mosque, while Jordan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs described them as "a provocative step that is condemned, and a dangerous and unacceptable escalation".[111]

February 2023 Huwara rampage

a burnt car in Hawara
Map of the surrounding area, showing Nablus and Balata Camp nearby, and several Israeli settlements.
See also: Huwara rampage, Israeli settler violence, and Targeted mob violence against civilians § Huwara

On 26 February 2023, in retaliation for the shooting of two Israeli settlers earlier the same day by an unidentified attacker,[112][113] hundreds of Israeli settlers went on a violent late-night rampage in Huwara and other Palestinian villages in the Israeli-occupied West Bank, leaving one civilian dead and 100 other Palestinians injured, four critically, and the town ablaze.[113][114] It was the worst attack stemming from Israeli settler violence in the northern West Bank in decades.[115][116][117]

Israeli soldiers were in the area while the rampage by the settlers unfolded and did not intervene.[114] The rampage was called a pogrom by an Israeli commander in charge of the area.[118]

Israeli and Palestinian officials issued a joint declaration in Aqaba, Jordan to counter the recent round of Israeli–Palestinian violence.[115][116][119]

Smotrich's call for Huwara to be "wiped out"

In the rampage's aftermath, Israeli Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich, a far-right politician partly in charge of the administration of the West Bank,[120] called for Huwara to be "wiped out" by the Israeli army.[121][122] Condemnations from the United States, European Union, and Arab countries led to Smotrich retracting his comments and claiming they were said in the heat of the moment.[118][123]

Far-right politics in Israel during the Israel–Hamas war

See also: 7 October attacks, Israel–Hamas war, and South Africa's genocide case against Israel

Statements from far right ministers

Israel's far-right ministers have made controversial comments during the Israel–Hamas war.

  • Agriculture Minister Avi Dichter (Likud) told Israeli Channel 12 in November 2023 that the war would be "Gaza's Nakba", using the Arabic word for "catastrophe" that many use to describe the 1948 displacement of roughly 700,000 Palestinians.[124][125]
  • Heritage Minister Amihai Eliyahu (Otzma Yehudit) said in an interview in November 2023 that dropping a nuclear bomb on the Gaza Strip was "one of the possibilities".[126][127]
  • Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich (National Religious Party–Religious Zionism) said in a November 2023 letter that Palestinians should be excluded from "security zones" in the occupied West Bank even to "harvest olives". He has also called for the creation of "sterile security zones" around settlements in the West Bank to "prevent Arabs from entering".[128][129]
  • Minister for the Advancement of Women May Golan (Likud) said in a speech in February 2024 "I am personally proud of the ruins of Gaza, and that every baby, even 80 years from now, will tell their grandchildren what the Jews did."[130]

General strategy and courses of action

The far-right in Israel have used a variety of ways over the years to achieve their political goals. These include far-right parties such as Kach, Otzma Yehudit, and Eretz Yisrael Shelanu being represented in the Knesset, Israel's parliament.[131] Establishment of unauthorized Israeli outposts in the West Bank is also common among far-right extremist groups, such as the Hilltop Youth.[132][133][134] Jewish extremist terrorism was carried out by extremists within Judaism, including the assassination of Palestinian mayors by the Jewish Underground group, the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre, the murder of the boy Mohammed Abu Khdeir, and the Duma arson attack.[135][136] Further, "price tag attacks" have been committed in the occupied West Bank by extremist Israeli settler youths against Palestinian Arabs, and to a lesser extent against left-wing Israelis, Israeli Arabs, Christians, and Israeli security forces.[137][138] Finally, political violence committed by far-right extremists, such as the murder of Emil Grunzweig, the attempted assassination of Zeev Sternhell, and the Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin.[139][140]

Notable political figures

  • Meir Kahane
    Meir Kahane
  • Itamar Ben-Gvir
    Itamar Ben-Gvir
  • Bezalel Smotrich
    Bezalel Smotrich
  • Bentzi Gopstein
    Bentzi Gopstein

See also

Notes

  1. ^ There are two buildings in the Al-Aqsa compound, the large prayer hall that is formally referred to in English as "Al-Aqsa mosque" and the ornate central building known in English as the "Dome of the Rock", but colloquially both are referred to as "Al-Aqsa Mosque" or simply "Al-Aqsa". Muslims believe the site is the location where the prophet Mohammed (the founder of Islam) ascended to heaven in the 7th century AD. Israelis refer to the location as the Temple Mount, because it is thought to be the location of the second temple, which was destroyed by the Romans in the 1st century AD.

References

  1. ^ Sprinzak, Ehud (1993). The Israeli Radical Right: History, Culture, and Politics (1st ed.). Routledge. pp. 2, 22–23. ISBN 9780429034404.
  2. ^ Ghazi-Bouillon, Asima A. (2009). Understanding the Middle East peace process: Israeli academia and the struggle for identity. Routledge studies on the Arab-Israeli conflict. London: Routledge. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-415-77597-7.
  3. ^ Kaplan, Eran (2005). The Jewish radical right: Revisionist Zionism and its ideological legacy. Studies on Israel. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 21, 149–150, 156. ISBN 978-0-299-20380-1.
  4. ^ Brenner, Lenni (1983). "Zionism-Revisionism: The Years of Fascism and Terror". Journal of Palestine Studies. 13 (1): 66–92. doi:10.2307/2536926. JSTOR 2536926 – via JSTOR.
  5. ^ a b "Part One: What the Netanyahu Family Did to Palestine". Spotify.
  6. ^ Puchalski, P. (2018). "Review: Jabotinsky's Children: Polish Jews and the Rise of Right-Wing Zionism". The Polish Review. 63 (3). University of Illinois Press: 88–91. doi:10.5406/polishreview.63.3.0088. JSTOR 10.5406/polishreview.63.3.0088.
  7. ^ Revisionist Zionists, YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
  8. ^ Ze'ev (Vladimir) Jabotinsky Jewish Virtual Library.
  9. ^ Tzahor, Zeev (1988). "The Struggle between the Revisionist Party and the Labor Movement: 1929–1933". Modern Judaism. 8 (1): 15–25. doi:10.1093/mj/8.1.15. ISSN 0276-1114. JSTOR 1396118.
  10. ^ Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur, Religious fundamentalism and political extremism, Routledge, p. 101, 2004.
  11. ^ J. Bowyer Bell, Moshe Arens, Terror out of Zion, p. 39, 1996 edition
  12. ^ (in Hebrew)Y. 'Amrami, A. Melitz, דברי הימים למלחמת השחרור ("History of the War of Independence", Shelach Press, 1951. (a sympathetic account of events, mostly related to Irgun and Lehi).
  13. ^ Ben-Yehuda, Nachman (1993). Political Assassinations by Jews: A Rhetorical Device for Justice. Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press. p. 204.
  14. ^ a b Sofer, Sasson; Shefer-Vanson, Dorothea (1998). Zionism and the foundations of Israeli diplomacy. Cambridge, U.K.; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 253–254. ISBN 978-0-521-63012-2.
  15. ^ a b c Tamir, Dan (2014). "From a Fascist's Notebook to the Principles of Rebirth: The Desire for Social Integration in Hebrew Fascism, 1928–1942". The Historical Journal. 57 (4): 1062–1063. doi:10.1017/S0018246X14000053. ISSN 0018-246X. JSTOR 24531975.
  16. ^ Larsen, p377.
  17. ^ Shlaim, Avi (1996). Shindle, Colin; Shamir, Yitzhak; Arens, Moshe; Begin, Ze‘ev B.; Netanyahu, Benjamin (eds.). "The Likud in Power: The Historiography of Revisionist Zionism". Israel Studies. 1 (2): 279. doi:10.2979/ISR.1996.1.2.278. ISSN 1084-9513. JSTOR 30245501.
  18. ^ Larsen, Stein Ugelvik (ed.). Fascism Outside of Europe. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-88033-988-8. pp. 364–365.
  19. ^ Naor, Arye (2006). "Review of The Triumph of Military Zionism: Nationalism and the Origins of the Israeli Right". Israel Studies. 11 (3): 176. doi:10.1353/is.2006.0029. ISSN 1084-9513. JSTOR 30245655.
  20. ^ Jacob Shavit, Jabotinsky and the Revisionist Movement 1925–1948 p. 97 Routledge 1988 ISBN 978-0-7146-3325-1
  21. ^ Dr. Yvonne Schmidt (May 2008). Foundations of Civil and Political Rights in Israel and the Occupied Territories. GRIN Verlag. p. 254. ISBN 978-3-638-94450-2. No 33 of 5708-1948 – 23 September 1948
  22. ^ Bell, J. Bowyer (1979). Terror out of Zion : Irgun Zvai Leumi, LEHI, and the Palestine underground, 1929-1949. Dublin: Academy Press. ISBN 978-0-906187-11-1.
  23. ^ Whittaker, David (2012). The Terrorism Reader (4th ed.). Routledge. p. 29. ISBN 978-0415687317.
  24. ^ Kushner, Harvey W. (2002). Encyclopedia of Terrorism. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. p. 181. ISBN 145226550X.
  25. ^ Howard Sachar: A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time, pp. 265–266
  26. ^ "Irgun Zvai Leumi | Jewish right-wing underground movement". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
  27. ^ Pope Brewer, Sam. Irgun Bomb Kills 11 Arabs, 2 Britons. New York Times. December 30, 1947.
  28. ^ Irgun's Hand Seen in Alps Rail Blast. New York Times. August 16, 1947.
  29. ^ W. Khalidi, 1971, 'From Haven to Conquest', p. 598
  30. ^ Terry, Janice (2008). Encyclopedia of world history Vol 5 pg 20. Infobase Publishing.
  31. ^ "Jewish Terrorism and Jewish Resistance". The Jewish Plan for Palestine—Memoranda and Statements presented by The Jewish Agency for Palestine to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. The Jewish Agency for Palestine, Jerusalem. 1947. pp. 20–26.
  32. ^ "Major Political Developments". The Jewish Plan for Palestine—Memoranda and Statements presented by The Jewish Agency for Palestine to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. The Jewish Agency for Palestine, Jerusalem. 1947. p. 32.
  33. ^ Einstein, Albert (2007). Rowe, David E. (ed.). Einstein on Politics: His Private Thoughts and Public Stands on Nationalism, Zionism, War, Peace, and the Bomb. Princeton University Press. p. 350. ISBN 9780691120942.
  34. ^ Eisenstadt, S.N. (1985). The Transformation of Israeli Society. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 173–174. ISBN 0-297-78423-4. One of the main developments in the initial period of the State was the growth of the Herut party.... It developed from the older Revisionist groups, the 'terrorist' groups of the Irgun Zvai Leumi and members of the Revisionist party ... in 1965 Herut founded, together with the great part of the Liberals, a parliamentary bloc ... in 1973, with the addition of other small groups, it became transformed into Likud
  35. ^ Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry on Jewish Problems in Palestine and Europe; United Nations, eds. (1991). A Survey of Palestine. Washington, D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-88728-211-9.
  36. ^ "Eighteen Injured by Bombs in Jerusalem Cinema House. 3 Britons, 13 Arabs, 2 Jews in Hospital. Jewish Cinemas Ordered Closed Indefinitely". ⁨The Palestine Post⁩. May 30, 1939. p. 1. Retrieved April 17, 2024 – via The National Library of Israel.
  37. ^ "סמל לח״י". Archived from the original on May 18, 2020. Retrieved September 12, 2019.
  38. ^ Leslie Stein,The Hope Fulfilled: The Rise of Modern Israel, Greenwood Publishing Group 2003 pp. 237–238.
  39. ^ Stein, Leslie (2003). The hope fulfilled : the rise of modern Israel. Westport, Conn. USA: Praeger. Archived from the original on September 17, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2024. Donor: Boston Public Library
  40. ^ Medoff, Rafael; Waxman, Chaim I. (2013). Historical dictionary of Zionism. Taylor & Francis. p. 183. ISBN 9781135966492.
  41. ^ Colin Shindler (1995). The Land beyond Promise: Israel, Likud and the Zionist dream. I.B. Tauris. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-86064-774-1.
  42. ^ "Milestones: 1961–1968". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on October 23, 2018. Retrieved November 30, 2018. Between June 5 and June 10, Israel defeated Egypt, Jordan, and Syria and occupied the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights
  43. ^ Sprinzak, Ehud (1991). The Ascendance of Israel's Radical Right. Oxford University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-19-505086-8.
  44. ^ a b Pedahzur, Ami (2012). The Triumph of Israel's Radical Right. Oxford University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-19-974470-1.
  45. ^ a b Smith, Charles D. Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict A History with Documents, ISBN 0-312-43736-6, pp. 458
  46. ^ Sprinzak, Ehud (1989). "The Emergence of the Israeli Radical Right". Comparative Politics. 21 (2): 172–173. doi:10.2307/422043. ISSN 0010-4159. JSTOR 422043.
  47. ^ Martin, Gus; Kushner, Harvey W., eds. (2011). The Sage encyclopedia of terrorism (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE Publications. p. 321. ISBN 978-1-4129-8016-6.
  48. ^ a b Medoff, Rafael; Chaim, I. Waxman (2000). Historical Dictionary of Zionism. Taylor & Francis. p. 100. ISBN 9781135966423.
  49. ^ Meir Kahane (1987). Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews. Lyle Stuart. p. 270. ISBN 978-0818404382. The Jew is forbidden to give up any part of the Land of Israel, which has been liberated. The land belongs to the G-d of Israel, and the Jew, given it by G-d, has no right to give away any part of it. All the areas liberated in 1967 will be annexed and made part of the State of Israel. Jewish settlement in every part of the land, including cities that today are sadly Judenrein, will be unlimited.
  50. ^ Čejka, Marek; Roman, Kořan (October 16, 2015). Rabbis of Our Time: Authorities of Judaism in the Religious and Political Ferment of Modern Times. Taylor & Francis. p. 89. ISBN 9781317605447.
  51. ^ Weinberg, Leonard; Pedahzur, Ami (2003). Political parties and terrorist groups. Routledge. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-415-26871-4.
  52. ^ Peled, Yoav (June 1992). "Ethnic Democracy and the Legal Construction of Citizenship: Arab Citizens of the Jewish State". American Political Science Review. 86 (2): 438. doi:10.2307/1964231. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 1964231.
  53. ^ "Parliamentary Groups in the Knesset". August 15, 2014. Archived from the original on August 15, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  54. ^ Cohen-Almagor, Raphael (2002). "The Offense to Sensibilities Argument as Grounds for Limiting Free Expression: The Israeli Experience". International Journal of Politics and Ethics. 2: 13. SSRN 304568 – via Social Science Research Network.
  55. ^ Amara, Muhammad Hasan (2018). Arabic in Israel: language, identity and conflict. Routledge studies in language and identity. Abingdon, Oxon, New York: Taylor & Francis. pp. 124, 126. ISBN 978-1-138-06355-6.
  56. ^ Smooha, Sammy (1992). Arabs and Jews in Israel. 2: Change and continuity in mutual intolerance. Westview Press. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-8133-0756-5.
  57. ^ Cohen-Almagor, Raphael (1994). The Boundaries of Liberty and Tolerance: The Struggle Against Kahanism in Israel. University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-1258-2.
  58. ^ Kahane, Meir (1981). They Must Go. Grosset & Dunlap. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-448-12026-3.
  59. ^ Pedahzur, Ami (2002). The Israeli response to Jewish extremism and violence. Manchester University Press. JSTOR j.ctt155j609.
  60. ^ a b c Seltzer, Nicholas A.; Wilson, Steven Lloyd, eds. (2023). Handbook on democracy and security. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-83910-020-8.
  61. ^ "בחירות 1984". Israel Democracy Institute (in Hebrew). Retrieved May 17, 2024.
  62. ^ Shah, Syed Adrian Ali (2005). "Religious Terrorism in Other Faiths". Strategic Studies. 25 (2): 135. ISSN 1029-0990. JSTOR 45242597.
  63. ^ Lewis, Neil (October 18, 2006). "Appeals Court Upholds Terrorist Label for a Jewish Group". The New York Times.
  64. ^ Rabin, Leah (1997). Rabin: His Life, Our Legacy. G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 7, 11–12. ISBN 0-399-14217-7.
  65. ^ Newton, Michael (2014). "Rabin, Yitzhak". Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia, Volume 2. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 450. ISBN 978-1-61-069285-4.
  66. ^ Tucker, Ernest (2016). The Middle East in Modern World History. Routledge. pp. 331–32. ISBN 978-1-31-550823-8.
  67. ^ Ephron, Dan (2015). Killing a king: the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin and the remaking of Israel (1st ed.). New York London: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-393-24209-6.
  68. ^ Barnea, Avner (January 2, 2017). "The Assassination of a Prime Minister–The Intelligence Failure that Failed to Prevent the Murder of Yitzhak Rabin". The International Journal of Intelligence, Security, and Public Affairs. 19 (1): 37. doi:10.1080/23800992.2017.1289763. ISSN 2380-0992.
  69. ^ Hellinger, Moshe; Hershkowitz, Isaac; Susser, Bernard (2018). Religious Zionism and the settlement project: ideology, politics, and civil disobedience. Albany: SUNY Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-4384-6839-6.
  70. ^ Ex-Undercover Agent Charged as a Link in Rabin Killing, The New York Times, April 26, 1999
  71. ^ Cohen-Almagor, Raphael (2006). The scope of tolerance: studies on the costs of free expression and freedom of the press. New York: Routledge. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-415-35758-6.
  72. ^ Kumaraswamy, P. R. (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Historical dictionaries of war, revolution, and civil unrest (2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-4422-5169-4. 4 August: Security forces prevent thousands of Israeli protesters from marching into Gaza settlements
  73. ^ "Thousands protest Israel's Gaza withdrawal". NBC News. June 27, 2005. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
  74. ^ Lis, Jonathan (January 25, 2010). "Israel to expunge criminal records of 400 Gaza pullout opponents". Haaretz. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
  75. ^ Milton-Edwards, Beverley (2009). The Israeli-Palestinian conflict: a people's war. London; New York: Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-415-41044-1. OCLC 166379384.
  76. ^ Reichner, Elyashiv (2010). Katom ha-maʼavaḳ: Gush Ḳaṭif be-maʻarakhah. Tel-Aviv: Yediʻot aḥaronot : Sifre ḥemed. p. 64. ISBN 978-965-545-165-8. OCLC 651600751.
  77. ^ "מת גבר ששרף עצמו בגלל הפינוי" [Man who set himself on fire in protest of the disengagement – pronounced dead]. Makor Rishon. Retrieved April 13, 2024.
  78. ^ Hasson, Nir (August 18, 2005). "מפגינת ימין הציתה עצמה; מצבה קשה". הארץ (in Hebrew). Retrieved April 13, 2024.
  79. ^ וייס, אפרת (September 6, 2005). "מת מפצעיו הצעיר שהצית עצמו בגלל ההתנתקות". Ynet (in Hebrew). Retrieved February 16, 2024.
  80. ^ Rynhold, Jonathan; Waxman, Dov (2008). "Ideological Change and Israel's Disengagement from Gaza". Political Science Quarterly. 123 (1): 11. doi:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2008.tb00615.x. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 20202970.
  81. ^ "Demolition of Gaza Homes Completed". Ynetnews. September 1, 2005. Retrieved May 5, 2007.
  82. ^ Moledet Israeli Democracy Institute
  83. ^ Meranda, Amnon (November 3, 2015). "Right-wing parties unite". Ynetnews. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  84. ^ "Moledet Strengthens Unity in Religious Camp". Arutz Sheva. November 8, 2012. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
  85. ^ "Tkuma (Revival: The First 50 Years) 22 Chapters". Amazon.com.
  86. ^ "הציונות הדתית בראשות בצלאל סמוטריץ'". Central Election Committee for the Knesset.
  87. ^ a b Oren, Neta; Waxman, Do (2022–2023). "King Bibi" and Israeli Illiberalism: Assessing Democratic Backsliding in Israel during the Second Netanyahu Era (2009–2021)". The Middle East Journal. 76 (3). Washington, D.C.: Middle East Institute: 303–326. doi:10.3751/76.3.11. ISSN 1940-3461. LCCN 48002240. OCLC 1607025. S2CID 256106816. ... a political backlash that helped a militantly anti-Arab, far-right Religious Zionist Party to become the third-largest faction ...
  88. ^ a b c d Rosenberg, David E. (October 30, 2022). "What Makes Israel's Far Right Different". Foreign Policy. Washington, D.C.: Graham Holdings Company. ISSN 0015-7228. Archived from the original on November 8, 2022. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  89. ^ Hoffman, Gil (January 7, 2021). "'Post' poll shows mergers capable of bringing down Netanyahu". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  90. ^ "Religious Zionism and Jewish Home parties merge". Israel National News. August 3, 2023. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
  91. ^ "Itamar Ben-Gvir: Israeli far-right leader set to join new coalition". BBC News. November 25, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  92. ^ "UK sanctions extremist groups and individuals for settler violence in the West Bank". GOV.UK. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
  93. ^ "US sanctions Lehava leader, fundraisers for violent settlers". The Jerusalem Post. April 19, 2024. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
  94. ^ Sharon, Jeremy (July 17, 2019). "Anti-LGBT Noam Party set to run in September election". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
  95. ^ "אודות אבי מעוז". Noam (in Hebrew). Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  96. ^ "חברי הכנסת ה-25 לפי סיעות" (in Hebrew). Knesset. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  97. ^ * Kershner, Isabel; Kingsley, Patrick (November 1, 2022). "Israel Election: Exit Polls Show Netanyahu With Edge in Israel's Election". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
  98. ^ * "Israel Swears in New Parliament, Most Right-Wing in History". U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press (AP). 2022. Archived from the original on March 11, 2023. Retrieved March 11, 2023. Israel has sworn in its most religious and right-wing parliament
  99. ^ Carrie Keller-Lynn (December 21, 2022). ""I've done it": Netanyahu announces his 6th government, Israel's most hardline ever". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
  100. ^ Picheta, Rob; Gold, Hadas; Tal, Amir (December 29, 2022). "Benjamin Netanyahu sworn in as leader of Israel's likely most right-wing government ever". CNN. Archived from the original on February 28, 2023. Retrieved December 29, 2022.
  101. ^ * Maltz, Judy (November 3, 2022). "Will Israel Become a Theocracy? Religious Parties Are Election's Biggest Winners". Haaretz. Archived from the original on November 7, 2022. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
  102. ^ Gross, Judah Ari (November 4, 2022). "Israel poised to have its most religious government; experts say no theocracy yet". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on November 6, 2022. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
  103. ^ "Elections and Parties". en.idi.org.il. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  104. ^ Guyer, Jonathan (January 20, 2023). "Israel's new right-wing government is even more extreme than protests would have you think". Vox. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  105. ^ Shakir, Omar (April 27, 2021). "A Threshold Crossed". Human Rights Watch.
  106. ^ "Who is Israel's far-right, pro-settler Security Minister Ben-Gvir?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  107. ^ Nechin, Etan (January 9, 2024). "The far right infiltration of Israel's media is blinding the public to the truth about Gaza". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  108. ^ Gritten, David (July 10, 2023). "Biden criticises 'most extreme' ministers in Israeli government". BBC News. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  109. ^ Klein, Yossi (January 12, 2023). "Netanyahu's Stalinist purge threatens Israeli democracy". Haaretz.
  110. ^ a b Najjar, Farah; Harb, Ali (July 27, 2023). "Israeli far-right minister leads incursion of Al-Aqsa compound". Al Jazeera. Retrieved May 17, 2024.
  111. ^ Staff, Toi; Magid, Jacob (May 22, 2023). "US flogs Ben Gvir for 'provocative, inflammatory' tour on tense Temple Mount". The Times of Israel.
  112. ^ Gritten, David (February 27, 2023). "Settlers rampage in West Bank villages after Israelis killed". BBC News. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
  113. ^ a b Kingsley, Patrick; Kershner, Isabel (February 27, 2023). "Revenge Attacks After Killing of Israeli Settlers Leave West Bank in Turmoil". The New York Times. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
  114. ^ a b Breiner, Josh (February 28, 2023). "The Chaos in Hawara Didn't End on the Night of the Riots, nor Did the Israeli Army's Incompetence". Haaretz. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
  115. ^ a b McKernan, Bethan (February 27, 2023). "Israeli settlers rampage after Palestinian gunman kills two". The Guardian. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
  116. ^ a b Mohammed, Majdi; Ben Zion, Ilan (February 27, 2023). "Israel beefs up troops after unprecedented settler rampage". Associated Press. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
  117. ^ Bateman, Tom (February 27, 2023). "Hawara: 'What happened was horrific and barbaric'". BBC News. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
  118. ^ a b Scharf, Isaac; Bentov, Ami (March 2, 2023). "Israeli campaign raises funds for torched Palestinian town". Associated Press News. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
  119. ^ McKernan, Bethan (February 26, 2023). "Israeli and Palestinian officials express 'readiness' to work to stop violence". The Guardian. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
  120. ^ Rubin, Shira (February 28, 2023). "Emboldened by Israel's far right, Jewish settlers fan the flames of chaos". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
  121. ^ Maanit, Chen; Samuels, Ben (March 1, 2023). "Palestinian 'Village of Hawara Needs to Be Wiped Out': Israel's Far-right Finance Minister Justifies 'Disproportionate' Response to Terrorism". Haaretz. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  122. ^ Magid, Jacob (March 2, 2023). "US prods Netanyahu to condemn Smotrich 'incitement' after call to wipe out Huwara". The Times of Israel. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
  123. ^ Magid, Jacob (March 3, 2023). "Smotrich's DC visit still on amid uproar, but US officials not planning to meet him". The Times of Israel. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  124. ^ Tov, Michael Hauser (November 12, 2023). "'We're rolling out Nakba 2023,' Israeli minister says on northern Gaza Strip evacuation". Haaretz. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  125. ^ Da Silva, Chantal (November 14, 2023). "Israel right-wing ministers' comments add fuel to Palestinian fears". NBC News. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  126. ^ Lederer, Edith M. (November 14, 2023). "China, Iran, Arab nations condemn Israeli minister's statement about dropping a nuclear bomb on Gaza". Associated Press. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  127. ^ Staff Reporter. "Extremist Israeli minister renews call to hit Gaza with 'nuclear bomb'". TRT World. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  128. ^ "Far-right minister Smotrich calls for 'sterile zones' free of Palestinians near settlements". Middle East Eye. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  129. ^ Burke, Jason; Taha, Sufian (November 30, 2023). "'No work and no olives': harvest rots as West Bank farmers cut off from trees". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  130. ^ Bhat, Sadiq. "'Proud of ruins of Gaza': Israeli minister rejoices at Palestine's distress". TRT World. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  131. ^ Weinblum, Sharon (January 30, 2015). Security and Defensive Democracy in Israel: A Critical Approach to Political Discourse. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-58450-6.
  132. ^ Pietromarchi, Virginia; Haddad, Mohammed. "How Israeli settlers are expanding illegal outposts amid Gaza war". Al Jazeera. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  133. ^ Magid, Jacob (July 23, 2017). "Work starts on new outpost outside Halamish after deadly terror attack". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on July 23, 2017. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
  134. ^ "Hilltop Youth push to settle West Bank". August 18, 2009. Retrieved March 31, 2024.
  135. ^ Pedahzur, Ami (2009). Jewish terrorism in Israel. Internet Archive. New York : Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-15446-8.
  136. ^ Burgess, Mark (May 20, 2004). "Explaining Religious Terrorism Part 1". studies.agentura.ru. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  137. ^ Gavlak, Dale (May 13, 2014). "'Price Tag' Israeli Extremists Target Christians". Christianity Today. Retrieved March 15, 2019.
  138. ^ Yifa Yaakov, 'Arab Israeli complains of Galilee price tag attack,' The Times of Israel 21 April 2014,
  139. ^ Hasson, Nir (February 10, 2013). "Daughter of slain peace activist Grunzweig: Israel imposes terror on its citizens". Haaretz. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  140. ^ Rabin, Lea (1997). Rabin : our life, his legacy. Internet Archive. New York : G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-399-14217-8.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Israel&oldid=1263693729"