The New Freedom

The New Freedom has three meanings. The first two comprise the campaign speeches and promises of Woodrow Wilson in the 1912 presidential campaign calling for limited government, and Wilson's 1913 book of the same name. The more common meaning comprises the Progressive programs enacted by Wilson as president during his first term (1913-1916), when the Democrats controlled Congress. Wartime policies are not generally considered part of the New Freedom; and after the 1918 elections the Republicans took control of Congress, and were generally hostile to the New Freedom. As President, Wilson focused on three types of reform:

1. Tariff Reform: This came through the passage of the Underwood Tariff Act of 1913, which lowered tariffs for the first time since 1857 and went against the protectionist lobby.
2. Business Reform: This was established in 1914 through the passage of the Federal Trade Act, which established the Federal Trade Commission to investigate and halt unfair and illegal business practices by issuing "cease and desist" orders, and the Clayton Anti-Trust Act.
3. Banking Reform: This came in 1913, through the creation of the Federal Reserve System, and in 1916, through the passage of the Federal Farm Loan Act, which set up Farm Loan Banks to support farmers.

Campaign slogan in 1912

Wilson's position in 1912 stood in opposition to Progressive party candidate Theodore Roosevelt's ideas of New Nationalism, particularly on the issue of antitrust modification. According to Wilson, "If America is not to have free enterprise, he can have freedom of no sort whatever." In presenting his policy, Wilson warned that New Nationalism represented collectivism, while New Freedom stood for political and economic liberty from such things as trusts (powerful monopolies). Wilson was strongly influenced by his chief economic advisor Louis D. Brandeis, an enemy of big business and monopoly.

Although Wilson and Roosevelt agreed that economic power was being abused by trusts, Wilson ideas split with Roosevelt on how the government should handle the restraint of private power as in dismantling corporations that had too much economic power in a large society.

Wilson in office

Once elected, Wilson seemed to abandon his "New Freedom" and adopted policies that were more similar to those of Roosevelt's New Nationalism. Wilson appointed Brandeis to the US Supreme Court in 1916. He worked with Congress to give federal employees worker's compensation, outlawed child labor with the Keating-Owen Act (though this act was ruled unconstitutional in 1918) and passed the Adamson Act, which secured a maximum eight-hour workday for railroad employees. Most important was the Clayton Act of 1914, which largely put the trust issue to rest by spelling out the specific unfair practices that business were not allowed to engage in.

By the end of the Wilson Administration, a significant amount of progressive legislation had been passed, affecting not only economic and constitutional affairs, but farmers, labor, veterans, the environment, and conservation as well. The reform agenda actually put into legislation by Wilson, however, did not extend as far as what Roosevelt had called for but had never actually passed, such as a standard 40-hour work week, minimum wage laws, and a federal system of social insurance.

This was arguably a reflection of Wilson's own ideological convictions, who according to Elizabeth Warren and Herbert Hoover, was an adherent of Jeffersonian Democracy (although Wilson did champion reforms such as agricultural credits later in his presidency, and championed the right of Americans to earn a living wage and to live and work "in sanitary surroundings" in his 1919 State of the Union Address). While seemingly supportive of benefits for workers such as pensions, injury compensation, and profit-sharing plans (noting in his book "The New Freedom" how various companies had introduced such benefits "in good faith" to their employees), Wilson and his administration never pushed legislation through Congress extending these benefits to the entire workforce, while a national health insurance system of the kind advocated by Roosevelt was never established, despite the fact that Wilson, according to one study, “promoted Roosevelt’s policy of universal health insurance coverage when he was elected president.” Despite this, the New Freedom did much to extend the power of the federal government in social and economic affairs, and arguably paved the way for future reform programs such as the New Deal and the Great Society.

Legislation and programs

Note: This listing contains reforms drawn up by the Wilson Administration as part of its New Freedom program together with wartime reforms and reforms drawn up by individual Congressmen. The latter two have been included because it is arguable that the progressive nature of these reforms was compatible with the liberalism of the New Freedom.

Farmers

• The 1914 Smith-Lever Act tied vocational education in home economics and agriculture to the land-grant college system. It also led to the support of the federal government to support farm cooperatives, bringing about a system of country agents to assist farmers in conducting more efficient and scientific stock-raising and crop-growing.
• The Cotton Warehouse Act (1914) authorized the federal government to license warehouses. The intention of this legislation was to ensure that the better handling of crops “would make warehouse receipts more readily acceptable by banks as collateral for loans.”
• The Agricultural Extension Act (1914) authorized federal grants-in-aid to the state agricultural colleges for the purpose of supporting a program of extension work in farm areas.
• The Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916 provided federal credit to small farmers via cooperatives.
• The Smith-Hughes Vocational Education Act extended the Smith-Lever provisions of 1914 and supported teacher training and other instruction in industrial occupations, home economics, and agriculture.
• The Warehouse Act of 1916.
• The Stock-Raising Homestead Act of 1916.
• The Grain Standards Act of 1916 mandated the grading and inspection of grains under federal license.

Labor

• The LaFollette-Peters Act (1914) mandated an eight-hour workday for most women workers in the District of Columbia.
• The Seamen's Act of 1915 aimed to protect merchant seamen. It outlawed their exploitation by officers and ship owners by practices such as indefinite hours, inadequate food, poor wages, and abandonment in overseas ports with back pay owing.
• The Adamson Act gave railroad workers on interstate runs an eight-hour workday.
• The Clayton Act strengthened anti-trust regulation while exempting agricultural cooperatives and labor unions, thus putting an end to the court’s habitual rulings that boycotts and strikes were “in restraint of trade.”
• A National War Labor Board was established, which improved working conditions in factories by insisting on an eight-hour workday, no child labor, and better safety conditions.
• A law was passed fixing minimum wages for women and children in the District of Columbia (1918).
• The Women's Bureau Act of 1920 established a Women’s Bureau to “formulate standards and policies which shall promote the welfare of wage-earning women, improve their working conditions, increase their efficiency, and advance their opportunities for profitable employment.”
• A Child Labor Tax Law (1919) assessed a 10% tax on the net profits of factories and mines employing children “to offset any competitive advantage employers thereby gained. The legislation introduced a minimum age of 14 for workers in most jobs, and of 16 for mining and night work. The legislation also required documentary proof of age and, like the previous Keating-Owen Act, limited working hours for minors. From 1919 to 1922 (the year when the Supreme Court declared the legislation to be unconstitutional), arguably as a result of, or partly because of, this legislation, the number of working children fell by 50%.
• The Workingmen's Compensation Act (Kern–McGillicuddy Act).
• The Keating-Owen Act
• The Kern Resolution of 1913.
• The Saboth Act of 1913.
• The Newlands Labor Act of 1913.
• The Federal Boiler Inspection Act of 1915.
• The Occupancy Permits Act of 1915.
• The Fraudulent Advertising Act of 1916.
• The Merchant Marine Act of 1920.
• The Esch–Cummins Act of 1920.

Health and welfare

• The Cutter Service Act of 1914.
• The Federal Aid Road Act of 1916.
• The Rural Post "Good" Roads Act of 1916.
• The Sundry Civil Appropriations Act authorized $200,000 for the newly formed Division of Scientific Research for the United States Public Health Service.
• An Act was passed (1916) authorizing hospital and medical services to government employees injured at work.
• An anti-narcotics law was passed (1914).
• A federal bill setting minimum housing standards in the District of Columbia was passed (1914), the result of efforts by President Wilson’s first wife Ellen Wilson.
• Health benefits and disability insurance were introduced for lighthouse keepers (1916).
• A cooperative Federal-State program of cash grants for public health services was established (1917).
• The United State Housing Corporation was established (1918) to build housing projects for wartime workers.
• A system of life insurance and medical care for federal employees was initiated.
• The Harrison Narcotic Act (1914) required prescriptions for products exceeding the allowable limit of narcotics and mandated “increased record-keeping for physicians and pharmacists who dispense narcotics.”
• In 1918, the first Federal grants to States for public health services were made available.
• A retirement plan for lightkeepers was introduced (1918)
• In 1918, the first federal loans were offered to shipbuilding companies to house their workers.
• A federal leprosy hospital was authorized (1917).
• The Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Relief Act of 1918.
• The Civil Service Retirement System was established (1920) to provide pensions to retired civilian federal employees.
• The Civilian Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1920 (Smith-Fess Act) authorized a joint federal-state vocational rehabilitation program for handicapped civilians.
• The Death on the High Seas Act (1920) aimed at compensating the wives of sailors who had lost their lives at sea. The legislation enabled survivors “to recover pecuniary damages, or the lost wages of their relatives on whom they depended upon financially.”
• Under the Industry Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1920 (Smith-Bankhead Act), Congress began providing federal funds for cooperation with the states in the vocational rehabilitation of persons disabled in industry.
• Corporate welfare work was encouraged by the Wilson Administration.
• On the anniversary of the United States’ entry into the war (the 6th of April 1918), the Children’s Bureau, funded with $150,000 from the President’s Defense Appropriation, launched a national health education program called “Children’s Year.” This campaign, which was repeated the following year, provided information “on the feeding and care of babies for their mothers and involved the weighing and measuring of some six million infants.” The effects of the campaign were not temporary, as various states set up child hygiene divisions in their public health departments, and the state of California itself established 22 permanent health centres as a result of the bureau’s initiative. This program led to the postwar passage of the 1921 Sheppard-Towner Act.

Veterans

• The War Risk Insurance Act of 1914.
• The War Risk Insurance Act of 1917.
• The Rehabilitation Law of 1919 provided disabled veterans with tuition, books, and a monthly subsistence allowance of between $90 and $145.
• The Public Health Service was made directly responsible for the hospitalization of veterans under the War Risk Insurance Act (1919).
• The Smith-Sears Vocational Rehabilitation Act (1918) supported programs to help veterans with disabilities return to civilian employment following the end of the First World War.
• The Bureau of War Risk Insurance was set up to provide direct assistance to the families of soldiers. By the end of the First World War, the bureau was sending regular checks to 2.1 million families.

Constitutional

• The Jones Act (Philippines) of 1916
• The Jones-Shafroth Act 1917 bestowed US citizenship upon the people of Puerto Rico.
• The Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution created the federal income tax.
• The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provided for the direct election of senators, who had previously been chosen by their state legislatures.
• The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed (1920), granting women the right to vote.
• Mother’s Day was made an official national holiday (1914).

Environment and public works

• The River and Harbors Act of 1914
• The River and Harbors Act of 1915.
• The River and Harbors Act of 1916.
• The Irrigation District Act of 1916 (Smith Act).
• The Flood Control Act of 1917 (Ransdell-Humphreys Act).
• The Federal Water Power Act of 1920 (Esch Act).

Conservation

• A federal act established the National Park Service, bringing together the many historical sites, monuments, and national parks into one agency.
• The Glacier National Park Act of 1914.
• The Wildlife Game Refuges Act of 1916.
• The Acadia National Park Act of 1919.
• The Grand Canyon Park Act of 1919.

Book

In 1913 Woodrow Wilson's book The New Freedom was released, detailing his thoughts about the concepts and program.

See also

• New Nationalism

Further reading

• Chace, James. 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft and Debs--The Election that Changed the Country (2005) excerpt and text search
• Flehinger, Brett, ed. The 1912 Election and the Power of Progressivism: A Brief History with Documents (2002)
• Gould, Lewis L. Four Hats in the Ring: The 1912 Election and the Birth of Modern American Politics (2008) excerpt and text search
• Grantham, Dewey W. "Southern congressional leaders and the new freedom, 1913-1917." The Journal of Southern History (1947) 13#4 pp: 439-459. in JSTOR
• Link, Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson and the progressive era, 1910-1917 (1954)
• Link, Arthur S. "The South and the" New Freedom": An Interpretation." The American Scholar (1951): 314-324. in JSTOR
• Link, Arthur Stanley. Wilson: The Road to the White House (1947); Wilson: The New Freedom (1956); Wilson: Campaigns for progressivism and peace, 1916-1917 (1965)
• Walworth, Arthur. Woodrow Wilson 2 Vol. (1958), Pulitzer prize winning biography.
• Wilson, Woodrow. The New Freedom, A Call For the Emancipation of the Generous Energies of a People, (1913).

External links

• The New Freedom at Project Gutenberg
• The New Freedom public domain audiobook at LibriVox