Jump to content

Trump tariffs

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Bradv (talk | contribs) at 22:01, 29 November 2018 (Reverted edits by HelpIAmStuckPlz (talk) to last version by Branog). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This article is part of
a series about
Donald Trump
Business and personal
45th & 47th President of the
United States
Tenure
Policies
Appointments
Presidential campaigns
Impeachments
Civil and criminal prosecutions
COVID-19 pandemic
Donald Trump's signature
Seal of the President of the United States

The Trump tariffs are a series of tariffs imposed during the presidency of Donald Trump as part of his economic policy. In January 2018, Trump imposed tariffs on solar panels and washing machines of 30 to 50 percent.[1] Later the same year he imposed tariffs on steel (25%) and aluminum (10%) from most countries.[2][3] On June 1, 2018, this was extended on the European Union, Canada, and Mexico.[3] The only countries which remain exempted from the steel and aluminum tariffs are Australia and Argentina.[4] Separately, on July 6, the Trump administration set a tariff of 25% on 800 categories of goods imported from China worth $50 billion.[5]

Morgan Stanley estimated that Trump's tariffs on steel, aluminum, washing machines, and solar panels, as of March 2018, covered 4.1% of U.S. imports.[6] The tariffs angered trading partners, which implemented retaliatory tariffs on U.S. goods.[7] Canada imposed matching retaliatory tariffs on July 1, 2018.[8][9] China accused the U.S. of starting a trade war[10] and on July 6[11] implemented tariffs equivalent to the $34 billion tariff imposed on it by the U.S. India plans to recoup trade penalties of $241 million on $1.2 billion worth of Indian steel and aluminium.[12] Other countries, such as Australia, are concerned of the consequences of a trade war.[11]

The actions were poorly received by the vast majority of economists; almost 80% of 60 economists surveyed by Reuters believed that tariffs on steel and aluminum imports would be a net harm to the U.S. economy, with the rest believing that the tariffs would have little or no effect; none of the economists surveyed believed that the tariffs would benefit the U.S. economy.[13] In July 2018, the Trump administration announced it would use a Great Depression-era program, the Commodity Credit Corporation, to pay farmers up to $12 billion. This government assistance program aims to make up a shortfall as farmers lose sales abroad due to the trade war with China, the European Union, and other states.[14]

Background

See also: Tariffs in United States history and Protectionism in the United States
Average tariff rates (France, UK, US)
Average Tariff Rates in US (1821–2016)

Trump adopted his current views on trade issues in the 1980s.[15] During the 2016 presidential campaign, Trump repeatedly favored policy proposals that renegotiate trade agreements for the United States. During a meeting with the New York Times Editorial Board in January 2016, Trump said that he would tax Chinese imports into the United States by 45%.[16] Trump frequently criticized the North American Free Trade Agreement calling it "the worst trade deal the U.S. has ever signed."[17] He also called Trans-Pacific Partnership "the death blow for American manufacturing" and that it would "put the interests of foreign countries above our own."[18]

On November 21, 2016, in a video message, Trump introduced an economic strategy of "putting America first", stating that he would negotiate "fair, bilateral trade deals that bring jobs and industry back onto American shores." On January 23, 2017, three days after becoming president, Trump withdrew the United States from the politically divisive Trans-Pacific Partnership believing that the agreement would "undermine" the U.S. economy and sovereignty.[19][20][21][22]

Trump has also indicated a desire to end the North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Mexico. His administration has been in the process of renegotiating the terms of the agreement. Although vague on the exact terms he seeks in a renegotiated NAFTA, Trump threatened to withdraw from it if negotiations fail.[23] He has specifically criticized the Ford Motor Co.,[24] Carrier Corporation,[24] and Mondelez International for having operations based in Mexico.[24][25][26] In August 2015, in response to Oreo maker Mondelez International's announcement that it would move manufacturing to Mexico, Trump said that he would boycott Oreos.[26]

Similar to his approach to trade deals, Trump also pledged, as part of the Contract with the American Voter, to impose tariffs to discourage companies from laying off workers or relocating to other countries, through an "End the Offshoring Act".[27][28][29] No such act has been introduced in Congress,[30][31][32] but Trump has moved to impose tariffs on solar panels, washing machines, steel, and aluminum. The enforcement of the tariffs falls primarily within the purview of the Department of Commerce and Office of the United States Trade Representative.

Steel and aluminum

On March 1, 2018 Trump announced his intention to impose a 25% tariff on steel and a 10% tariff on aluminum imports.[33] In a tweet the next day, Trump asserted, "Trade wars are good, and easy to win."[34] On March 8, he signed an order to impose the tariffs effective after 15 days.[2] The EU, Canada, Mexico, Australia, Argentina, Brazil and South Korea were temporarily exempted from the order under a carve-out provision.[35] But Canada, Mexico and the EU became subject to the steel and aluminium tariffs later in an announcement on May 31, 2018.[2][36][37]

Exemption from the Steel Tariff

While the 25% steel tariff as a rule applies to all countries worldwide, there are nevertheless four countries that have successfully negotiated a permanent exemption from the steel tariff with the Trump administration.[38][39][40] Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull successfully lobbied President Trump to get an exemption at the 2017 G20 Hamburg summit, arguing that "[w]e do this steel that’s specialty steel. We’re the only one that produces it in the world. You’ve got to let us out. You’ve got a $40 billion trade surplus with us. We’re military allies with you. We’re in every battle with you.”[41]

Country Date granted
 South Korea March 28, 2018
 Argentina May 2, 2018
 Australia May 2, 2018
 Brazil May 2, 2018

The legal basis cited in Trump's tariff order is Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 which under certain circumstances allows the president to impose tariffs based on the recommendation from the U.S. Secretary of Commerce if "an article is being imported into the United States in such quantities or under such circumstances as to threaten or impair the national security."[42] This section is rarely used,[42] and has never been invoked since the World Trade Organization was established in 1995.[43]

China initiated a WTO complaint against the U.S. steel and aluminum tariffs on April 9, 2018.[44] The EU opened a similar WTO case on June 1, 2018.[45]

On June 9, 2018, Trump tweeted a statement addressing Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau in which he said that American tariffs targeting Canada "are in response to his [tariffs] of 270% on dairy!"[46] In the tweet, Trump did not cite national security, the legal basis for implementing the tariff.[47][48]

Economic and trade analysis

Opening trade to imports lowers the price from Pa to Pw and increases the quantity from Qa to Ct. This increases consumer surplus (the area under the demand curve but above price) by X+Z as consumers can purchase more goods at lower prices. However, it also reduces producer surplus (the area above the supply curve but below the price) by X, as domestic producers supply fewer goods at lower prices. Domestic producers will choose to produce at Qt, with the quantity gap between Qt and Ct filled by imports. This overall gain from free trade is area Z, although there are winners (consumers) and losers (domestic firms and their employees).[49]
Diagram showing effects of an import tariff, which hurts domestic consumers more than domestic producers are helped. Higher prices and lower quantities reduce consumer surplus (the area above price but under the demand curve) by areas A+B+C+D, while expanding producer surplus (the area below price but above the supply curve) by A and government revenue by C (the import quantity times the tariff price.) Areas B and D are dead-weight losses, surplus lost by consumers and overall.[49]
U.S. Trade Balance and Trade Policy (1895–2015)
Real GDP, Real Wages and Trade Policy in the US (1947–2014)[50][51]
U.S. Productivity, Real Hourly Compensation and Trade Policy (1948-2013)[52]
U.S. Balance of Trade Deficit by Country (2014)
Average Tariff Rates on manufactured products

A survey of leading economists by the Initiative on Global Markets at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business showed a consensus that imposing new US tariffs on steel and aluminum will not improve Americans’ welfare.[53] Economists say that the tariffs will lead to more harm than gains, as the price for steel increases, which will harm consumers and Americans working in manufacturing industries that use steel (these jobs outnumber those who work in steel-producing sectors by 80 to 1).[54][55][56] The big winners of the tariffs are some American steel- and aluminum-producing industries; some of the producers (especially small- and middle-sized ones) who are reliant on foreign inputs may struggle as a result of the tariffs.[56][57][58] A study of the proposal indicated that it would lead to an estimated loss of 146,000 jobs.[59] Studies of the 2002 steel tariffs enacted by the Bush administration show that they caused more job losses than job gains.[54] Jobs losses could be even greater if other countries retaliate against the United States with their own tariffs on various American products.[60]

Scholars warned that the Trump administration's use of "national security" rationales[61] (these have not been commonly used by past administrations) for the tariffs could undermine the international trading order, as other states could use the same rationales for their own tariffs.[54][62][56][63] The WTO allows states to take actions necessary to ensure their national security, but this provision has been sparsely used, given that it could be abused.[64] Whereas national security reasons were cited for the tariffs, it has been noted that tariffs primarily harm American allies, not enemies; the United States imports very little steel and aluminum from China directly.[65] Trade experts furthermore noted that the United States already produces more than two-thirds of its own steel.[63]

Forty-five U.S. trade associations are urging Trump not to impose tariffs on China, warning it would be "particularly harmful" to the U.S. economy and consumers.[66]

The National Retail Federation has been vocal in its opposition of the tariffs. The NRF also launched an ad campaign with Ben Stein, who reprised his role as the economics teacher from “Ferris Bueller’s Day Off” arguing that tariffs are bad economics and hurt consumers.[67][68][69]

Domestic political response

Domestically, reactions from elected officials often varied among regional lines rather than ideological lines.[70] The tariffs have seen widespread criticism from conservatives and Republicans.[71][72][73] However, the Republican-controlled Congress has thus far declined to take any action to counter Trump's imposition of tariffs.[74][75] Speaker Paul Ryan said that Congress would not pass any tariff legislation that Trump would veto.[74]

Reception was mixed among Democratic officials,[76] with Democrats from Rust Belt states voicing support for tariffs on steel and aluminum imports.[77]

The AFL-CIO, the largest labor union in the U.S., praised Trump for the tariffs, as did Democratic Ohio Senator Sherrod Brown, who said that the action would be a boon for "steel plants across Ohio." Many congressional Republicans expressed fear that the tariffs might damage the economy or lead to retaliatory tariffs from other countries. Speaker of the House Paul Ryan and Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell urged Trump to rethink his proposal or to target the tariffs more narrowly so as to avoid "unintended consequences and collateral damage."[78] House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, while calling for strategic and targeted actions against "trade cheaters," criticized Trump's rollout of the tariffs, calling it "chaotic" and that it was "maximizing the collateral damage to American workers, consumers and our international alliances."[79] The proposal drew comparisons to a tariff imposed by his Republican presidential predecessor, George W. Bush;[80] in 2002 the U.S. imposed heavy steel tariffs that were largely seen as ineffectual or even harmful to the U.S., and were withdrawn after 18 months.[81]

On March 6, 2018, Gary Cohn, chair of the National Economic Council, announced his intention to resign; the announcement followed Trump's cancellation of a meeting with end-users of steel and aluminum that Cohn had arranged in an attempt to dissuade the president from the planned tariffs.[82]

A March 2018 Quinnipiac University poll showed widespread disapproval of the tariffs, with only 29% of Americans agreeing with a "25% tariff on steel imports and a 10% tariff on aluminum imports" if it raised their cost of living.[83]

Response from trade partners

China, Canada, and the European Union responded negatively to the initial announcement (which did not mention any temporary exemptions). Canada supplies 16% of U.S. demand for steel, followed by Brazil at 13%, South Korea at 10%,[84] Mexico at 9%, and China at 2%.[80]

Canadian retaliatory tariffs

From 2013 to 2016, Canada was the largest source of aluminum imports to the U.S.[85][86]

Trump invoked national security grounds as justification for imposing tariffs on Canada. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said that this was "absurd" and stated: "That Canada could be considered a national security risk to the United States is inconceivable...Let me be clear, these tariffs are totally unacceptable." He announced $16.6 billion in retaliatory tariffs, stating that "American people are not the target ... We hope eventually that common sense will triumph. Unfortunately the actions taken today by the United States government do not appear headed in that direction."[87]

From July 1, 2018, Canada implemented retaliatory tariffs on U.S. imports.[8] The value of the Canadian tariffs will match the value of the U.S. tariffs dollar-for-dollar and cover 299 U.S. goods, including steel, aluminum, and a variety of other products, including inflatable boats, yogurt, whiskies, candles, and sleeping bags.[9]

European Union retaliatory tariffs

Jean-Claude Juncker, the president of the European Commission, condemned U.S. steel and aluminum tariffs and announced that a legal challenge at the World Trade Organization would follow.[88] The EU filed the WTO challenge against the United States on June 1, once the tariffs took effect.[89]

European Union retaliatory tariffs took effect on June 22, 2018, imposing tariffs on 180 types of products, over $3 billion of U.S. goods. Affected products include steel and aluminum, agricultural goods (including orange juice and cranberry juice), clothing, washing machines, cosmetics, and boats.[90] European Commissioner for Trade Cecilia Malmström stated: "The rules of international trade, which we have developed ... with our American partners, cannot be violated without a reaction from our side. Our response is measured, proportionate and fully in line with WTO rules."[90] Among the U.S. manufacturers affected by the EU's responsive tariffs is Harley-Davidson, which announced that it would move some of their manufacturing out of the United States.[91]

Chinese retaliatory tariffs

Main article: 2018 China–United States trade war

China said that it will retaliate for the tariffs imposed on $50 billion of Chinese goods that came into effect on July 6.[11] China threatened to curb imports of U.S. soybeans.[92]

Mexican retaliatory tariffs

In response to the imposition of U.S. tariffs, Mexico implemented retaliatory tariffs on around $3 billion worth of U.S. goods. These Mexican tariffs, which went into effect on June 5, are imposed on U.S. steel, pork, cheese, whiskey, and apples, among other goods.[8][93]

Solar panels

On January 23, 2018, news outlets announced that Trump had imposed tariffs on solar panels produced outside the United States. The tariffs initially start at 30% and will gradually fall to 15% in four years.[94][95] The first 2.5 gigawatts of solar cells imported each year will be exempted from the tariff.[96]

Tariffs on Solar Panels[96]
Components Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
Safeguard Tariff on Modules and Cells 30% 25% 20% 15%
Cells Exempted from Tariff 2.5 gigawatts 2.5 gigawatts 2.5 gigawatts 2.5 gigawatts

China is currently the world leader in solar panel manufacture, and has decried the tariffs.[97] Zhong Shan, the Chinese Ministry of Commerce said in a statement, "With regard to the wrong measures taken by the United States, China will work with other W.T.O. members to resolutely defend our legitimate interests."[98]

Environmentalists and animal rights advocates have expressed concern that the new tariffs will hurt the growth of sustainable energy and the species which are on the endangered list due to climate change.[99]

Washing machines

On January 23, 2018, in conjunction with the tariffs placed on solar panels, the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative announced tariffs on washing machines.[96] According to the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC), imports of large residential washers increased "steadily" from 2012 to 2016, and that domestic producers' financial performance "declined precipitously".[100] In the first year, the tariffs start at 20% for the first 1.2 million units of imported finished washers, and all subsequent washers within that year will have a 50% tariff. By the third year initial tariff will go down to 16-40%, following the same pattern.

The tariffs came after a petition was filed by Whirlpool, a U.S.-based washing machine manufacturer facing tough competition from LG Electronics and Samsung both based in South Korea.[101]

Tariffs on washing machines[96]
Components Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
First 1.2 million units of imported finished washers 20% 18% 16%
All subsequent imports of finished washers 50% 45% 40%
Tariff on covered parts 50% 45% 40%
Covered parts excluded from tariff 50,000 units 70,000 units 90,000 units

In 2016, China exported $425 million worth of washers to the United States, followed by Mexico with $240 million, and South Korean companies $130 million.[100] Samsung and LG are among the top exporters of washers to the United States. Two weeks before the tariff announcement, Samsung had moved its production of washing machines to a new plant in South Carolina. In response Samsung said U.S. consumers will "pay more, with fewer choices." Mexican officials said they would respond to the tariffs during the ongoing NAFTA renegotiations.[102]

Chinese products

Main article: 2018 China–United States trade war

On March 22, 2018, Trump signed a memorandum under the Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, instructing the United States Trade Representative (USTR) to apply tariffs of $50 billion on Chinese goods. Trump stated that the tariffs would be imposed due to Chinese theft of U.S intellectual property.[103] Trump said that his planned tariffs on Chinese imports would make the United States "a much stronger, much richer nation."[104] However, the steps toward imposing the tariffs led to increased concerns of a global trade war.[103]

The Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 724 points, or 2.9%, after the tariffs were announced due to concerns over a trade war.[105] Corporations that traded with China, such as Caterpillar Inc.and Boeing suffered large losses in their stock price.[106]

In response, the Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China announced plans to implement its own tariffs on 128 U.S. products. 120 of those products, such as fruit and wine, will be taxed at a 15% duty while the remaining 8 products, including pork, will receive a 25% tariff.[107][108] China implemented their tariffs on April 2, 2018.[109][110]

On April 3, 2018, the U.S. Trade Representative's office published an initial list of 1,300+ Chinese goods to impose levies upon, including products like flat-screen televisions, weapons, satellites, medical devices, aircraft parts and batteries.[111][112][113] Chinese Ambassador Cui Tiankai responded by warning the US that they may fight back, saying "We have done the utmost to avoid this kind of situation, but if the other side makes the wrong choice, then we have no alternative but to fight back."[114]

On April 4, 2018, China's Customs Tariff Commission of the State Council decided to announce a plan of additional tariffs of 25% on 106 items of products including automobiles, airplanes, and soybeans.[115] Soybeans are the top U.S. agricultural export to China.[116][117]

The increased tit-for-tat tariff announcements stoked fears that the two countries are inching closer to a trade war.[118][119][120] On April 4, 2018, President Trump responded to speculation tweeting: "We are not in a trade war with China, that war was lost many years ago by the foolish, or incompetent, people who represented the U.S. Now we have a Trade Deficit of $500 Billion a year, with Intellectual Property Theft of another $300 Billion. We cannot let this continue!"[121] The next day Trump directed the USTR to consider $100 billion in additional tariffs.[122][123]

On May 9, 2018, China cancelled soybean orders exported from United States to China. Zhang Xiaoping, Chinese director for the U.S. Soybean Export Council, said that Chinese buyers simply stopped buying from the U.S.[124]

On June 15, Donald Trump released a list of $34 billion of Chinese goods to face a 25% tariff, starting on July 6. Another list with $16 billion of Chinese goods was released, with an implementation date of August 23.[125]

On July 10, the United States Trade Representative, in reaction to China's retaliatory tariffs that took effect July 6, requested comments, gave notice of public hearings and issued a proposed list of Chinese products amounting to an annual trade value of about $200 billion that would be subjected to an additional 10% in duties on top of what those imported articles would normally pay.[126]

South Korea - US

See also: South Korea–United States relations § Economic relations

On March 28, 2018 the United States and South Korea announced major changes to the bilateral United States–Korea Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA) in response to the numerous tariffs and the proposed North Korean-United States diplomatic meeting.[127] The 25 percent tariff on South Korean trucks will be extended until 2041, adding twenty years to the current 2021 target phase out date. No South Korean auto manufacturer exports trucks to the United States. The United States exempted South Korea from its steel tariffs, but imposed an import quota of about 2.68 million tonnes.[128][129] South Korea was temporarily exempted from aluminum tariffs as well, but the exemption was removed effective May 1, 2018.[130]

Proposed tariffs

Automobiles

During the campaign, Trump said he would impose tariffs — in the range of 15 to 35% — on companies that move their operations to Mexico.[25] Trump proposed a 35% tariff on "every car, every truck and every part manufactured in Ford's Mexico plant that comes across the border."[131] Tariffs at that level would be far higher than the international norms (which are around 2.67% for the U.S. and most other advanced economies and under 10% for most developing countries).[132]

After the European Union threatened to impose retaliatory tariffs should a tariff on steel and aluminum be imposed, on March 3, 2018 Trump countered with a threat to impose tariffs on European car manufacturers.[133]

See also

References

  1. ^ Richard Gonzales (January 22, 2018). "Trump Slaps Tariffs On Imported Solar Panels and Washing Machines". NPR.
  2. ^ a b c Horsley, Scott (March 8, 2018). "Trump Formally Orders Tariffs on Steel, Aluminum Imports". NPR.
  3. ^ a b Long, Heather (May 31, 2018). "Trump has officially put more tariffs on U.S. allies than on China". The Washington Post.
  4. ^ "Australia exempted from US tariffs on steel and aluminium". SBS News. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
  5. ^ Lawder, David. "Trump sets tariffs on $50 billion in Chinese goods; Beijing strikes..." U.S. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
  6. ^ David Chance (March 5, 2018). "Trump's trade tariffs: Long on rhetoric, short on impact?". Reuters.
  7. ^ "US tariffs a dangerous game, says EU". BBC News. June 1, 2018.
  8. ^ a b c Kate Rooney, Canada makes retaliatory tariffs official: 'We will not back down', CNBC (June 29, 2018).
  9. ^ a b Daniel Wolfe, The full list of 229 US products targeted by Canada’s retaliatory tariffs, Quartz (June 29, 2018).
  10. ^ https://www.facebook.com/danielle.paquette.58; https://www.facebook.com/emilyrauhala?fref=ts. "As Trump's trade war starts, China retaliates with comparable tariffs of its own". Washington Post. Retrieved July 6, 2018. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help); External link in |last2= and |last= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ a b c "Australia vulnerable to 'full-blown trade war' as US-China tension deepens". The Age.
  12. ^ "India moves ahead with tariffs on US goods". CNN. June 17, 2018.
  13. ^ Shrutee Sarkar (March 13, 2018). "Economists united: Trump tariffs won't help the economy". Reuters.
  14. ^ "Trump wants $12 billion in aid to U.S. farmers suffering from trade war". Reuters. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
  15. ^ Schlesinger, Jacob M. (November 15, 2018). "Trump Forged His Ideas on Trade in the 1980s—And Never Deviated". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 15, 2018. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  16. ^ "Donald Trump Says He Favors Big Tariffs on Chinese Exports". The New York Times. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  17. ^ "Donald Trump Says NAFTA Was the Worst Trade Deal the U.S. Ever Signed". Fortune Magazine. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  18. ^ "Read Donald Trump's Speech on Trade". Time. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
  19. ^ "Donald Trump vows to cancel Trans-Pacific Partnership as president, puts NAFTA on notice". The Washington Times. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  20. ^ "TPP's Death Won't Help the American Middle Class". The Atlantic. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  21. ^ "Presidential Memorandum Regarding Withdrawal of the United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership Negotiations and Agreement". The White House. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
  22. ^ "Trump executive order pulls out of TPP trade deal". BBC News. Retrieved January 23, 2017. Mr Trump's executive order on TPP is seen as mainly symbolic since the deal was never ratified by a divided US Congress.
  23. ^ "What Is Nafta, and How Might Trump Change It?". The New York Times. Retrieved April 5, 2017.
  24. ^ a b c Appelbaum, Binyamin (March 10, 2016). "On Trade, Donald Trump Breaks With 200 Years of Economic Orthodoxy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
  25. ^ a b Needham, Vicki (July 24, 2016). "Trump suggests leaving WTO over import tax proposal". Retrieved July 24, 2016.
  26. ^ a b Michael Daly (August 8, 2015). "Donald Trump Won't Eat Oreos Because They're Too Mexican Now". Daily Beast. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
  27. ^ "Donald Trump's Contract with the American Voter" (PDF). donaldjtrump.com.
  28. ^ "Here Is What Donald Trump Wants To Do In His First 100 Days". NPR.org. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  29. ^ "Chipping away at Lighthizer's confirmation". POLITICO. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  30. ^ "Search Bills in Congress - GovTrack.us". GovTrack.us. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  31. ^ "Trump's talk big, act small White House". Axios. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  32. ^ Golshan, Tara. "Why Trump Can Raise Tariffs Without Congress". Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  33. ^ "Trump declares his trade war: targets steel, aluminum". Axios. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
  34. ^ Damian Paletta, Trump insists ‘trade wars are good, and easy to win’ after vowing new tariffs, Washington Post (March 2, 2018).
  35. ^ Jim Brunsden and Shawn Donnan, US grants last-minute exemptions to looming steel tariffs, Financial Times (March 22, 2018).
  36. ^ "Trump imposes steel and aluminum tariffs on the E.U., Canada and Mexico". Washington Post. May 31, 2018.
  37. ^ Lynch, David J. "Trump imposes tariffs on closest allies; Mexico and Europe announce retaliation". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
  38. ^ "Roy Green: The first shots of a broad international trade war?".
  39. ^ "Subscribe to read". Financial Times. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  40. ^ "Subscribe to The Australian - Newspaper home delivery, website, iPad, iPhone & Android apps". www.theaustralian.com.au.
  41. ^ 1943-, Woodward, Bob,. Fear : Trump in the White House (First Simon & Schuster hardcover ed.). New York. p. 249. ISBN 9781501175510. OCLC 1046982157. {{cite book}}: |last= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  42. ^ a b Shannon Togawa Mercer & Matthew Kahn, America Trades Down: The Legal Consequences of President Trump's Tariffs, Lawfare (March 13, 2018).
  43. ^ Tom Miles, Trump's extraordinary tariffs, Reuters (March 5, 2018).
  44. ^ "China initiates WTO dispute complaint against US tariffs on steel, aluminium products". www.wto.org. April 9, 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  45. ^ Rankin, Jennifer (June 1, 2018). "EU opens WTO case against Trump's steel and aluminium tariffs". the Guardian. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
  46. ^ Trump, Donald J. [@realDonaldTrump] (June 9, 2018). "PM Justin Trudeau of Canada acted so meek and mild during our @G7 meetings only to give a news conference after I left saying that, "US Tariffs were kind of insulting" and he "will not be pushed around." Very dishonest & weak. Our Tariffs are in response to his of 270% on dairy!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  47. ^ Sanchez, Luis. "Trump rips 'meek and mild' Trudeau for criticizing US tariffs". The Hill. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
  48. ^ Chait, Jonathan. "Trump Confesses Illegal Motive, Blows Up Legal Basis for His Trade War". New York. Retrieved June 11, 2018.
  49. ^ a b Krugman, Paul and, Wells, Robin (2005). Microeconomics. Worth. ISBN 0-7167-5229-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  50. ^ http://www.epi.org/publication/charting-wage-stagnation/
  51. ^ [1]
  52. ^ Ravikumar, B.; Shao, Lin. "Labor Compensation and Labor Productivity: Recent Recoveries and the Long-Term Trend". Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  53. ^ "Steel and Aluminum Tariffs". www.igmchicago.org. Retrieved March 12, 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  54. ^ a b c "President Donald Trump wants tariffs on steel and aluminium". The Economist. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
  55. ^ "Will Steel Tariffs Put U.S. Jobs at Risk? | Econofact". Econofact. February 26, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018. ...because steel is an input into so many other products, the measures more likely will trade off jobs saved in steel industry against job losses in other manufacturing industries. The losses could be substantial because the number of jobs in U.S. industries that use steel or inputs made of steel outnumber the number of jobs involved in the production of steel by roughly 80 to 1. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  56. ^ a b c "The Real Risks of Trump's Steel and Aluminum Tariffs". The New York Times. March 1, 2018. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
  57. ^ Kitroeff, Natalie; Swanson, Ana (March 3, 2018). "Trump's Tariff Plan Leaves Blue-Collar Winners and Losers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
  58. ^ "Struggling US steel mills fear hammer blow to jobs". Financial Times. Retrieved March 9, 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  59. ^ Timmons, Heather (March 5, 2018). "Five US jobs will be lost for every new one created by Trump's steel tariffs". Quartz (publication). Retrieved March 7, 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  60. ^ Lynch, David J.; Dewey, Caitlin (March 2, 2018). "Trump finally gets his tariffs — and much of the world recoils". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
  61. ^ the rationales are named in Trump's Presidential proclamation (www.whitehouse.gov)
  62. ^ Bown, Chad P. (March 1, 2018). "Analysis | Trump has announced massive aluminum and steel tariffs. Here are 5 things you need to know". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
  63. ^ a b Goodman, Peter S. (March 23, 2018). "Trump Just Pushed the World Trade Organization Toward Irrelevance". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  64. ^ "Donald Trump, Steel Tariffs, and the Costs of Chaos". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
  65. ^ "What We Do and Don't Know After Trump's Tariff Announcement". Harvard Business Review. March 9, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
  66. ^ Pete Schroeder, Forty-five U.S. trade groups urge Trump to avoid tariffs against China, Reuters (March 18, 2018).
  67. ^ Lucas, Amelia (July 11, 2018). "National Retail Federation CEO says Trump's tariffs 'aren't going to work,' will raise prices". CNBC. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
  68. ^ Thomas, Lauren (April 4, 2018). "Trump tariffs on appliances, electronics will hit American consumers, retailers warn". CNBC. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
  69. ^ "Terms of Service Violation". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
  70. ^ "Trump's steel tariffs are earning him cheers from Democrats and unions". Associated Press.
  71. ^ Haley Britzky (March 1, 2018). "The response to Trump's tariffs, from Congress, businesses, and abroad". Axios.
  72. ^ Berman, Russell (March 6, 2018). "Republicans can't stop Trump's left-wing drift on trade". The Atlantic.
  73. ^ Williams, Joe. "Republican Reaction To Trade Taxes: Fast, Furious, Negative". Roll Call. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  74. ^ a b Lindsey McPherson, Ryan: Congress Won’t Pass Tariff Legislation Trump Wouldn't Sign, Roll Call (June 6, 2018).
  75. ^ Susan Davis, Congressional Republicans Unlikely To Act To Counter Trump On Tariffs, All Things Considered (March 8, 2018).
  76. ^ Amie Parnes & Jordain Carney (March 9, 2018). "Dems tread cautiously on Trump's tariffs". The Hill.
  77. ^ Susan Cornwell (March 2, 2018). "Rust-belt Democrats praise Trump's threatened metals tariffs". Reuters.
  78. ^ Decker, Cathleen (March 6, 2018). "Republican congressional leaders push Trump to cancel or narrow his tariff plan, but president appears unmoved". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
  79. ^ "Pelosi Statement on President Trump's Steel & Aluminum Tariffs". Congresswoman Nancy Pelosi. March 8, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
  80. ^ a b Schlesinger, Jacob M.; Nicholas, Peter; Radnofsky, Louise (March 2, 2018). "Trump to Impose Steep Aluminum and Steel Tariffs". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
  81. ^ Palmer, Doug (March 7, 2018). "Why steel tariffs failed when Bush was president". Politico. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
  82. ^ Mangan, Dan; Pramuk, Jacob (March 6, 2018). "Gary Cohn resigns as Trump's top economic advisor". CNBC. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
  83. ^ "U.S. Voters Oppose Steel, Aluminum Tariffs". Quinnipiac University Polling Institute. March 7, 2018. Retrieved March 7, 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  84. ^ see also Economy of South Korea#Trade statistics
  85. ^ Wang, Christine (March 1, 2018). "Canada, European Union pledge countermeasures against US steel, aluminum tariffs". CNBC. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
  86. ^ "Trump Expected to Announce Stiff Steel, Aluminum Tariffs". Bloomberg.com. March 1, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
  87. ^ Spangler, Todd. "Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau slams Trump on tariffs". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
  88. ^ "European Commission responds to the US restrictions on steel and aluminium affecting the EU" (Press release). European Commission. March 1, 2018.
  89. ^ Emre Peker, European Union Launches WTO Challenge to U.S. Tariffs, Wall Street Journal (June 1, 2018).
  90. ^ a b Shannon Van Sant & Bill Chappell, EU Tariffs Take Effect, Retaliating For Trump's Tariffs on Steel and Aluminum, NPR (June 22, 2018).
  91. ^ "Harley-Davidson, Blaming E.U. Tariffs, Will Move Some Production Out of U.S." New York Times. Retrieved June 25, 2018.
  92. ^ "Trump to impose steep tariffs on steel, aluminum; stokes trade war..." Reuters. March 2, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
  93. ^ Ana Swanson & Jim Tankersley, Mexico, Hitting Back, Imposes Tariffs on $3 Billion Worth of U.S. Goods, New York Times (June 5, 2018).
  94. ^ "President Trump Slaps Tariffs on Solar Panels in Major Blow to Renewable Energy". Time Magazine. January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
  95. ^ "Trump's solar tariffs could put the brakes on rapid job growth in renewable energy". CNBC. January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
  96. ^ a b c d "President Trump Approves Relief for U.S. Washing Machine and Solar Cell Manufacturers" (Press release). Office of the United States Trade Representative. January 2018.
  97. ^ "China blasts Trump's new trade tariffs". CNNMoney. January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
  98. ^ Swanson, Ana; Plumer, Brad (2018). "Trump Slaps Steep Tariffs on Foreign Washing Machines and Solar Products". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
  99. ^ "TRUMP TARIFFS WILL FURTHER ENDANGER SPECIES ON THE CLIMATE CHANGE HIT LIST". AnimalRightsChannel.com. January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
  100. ^ a b "Large Residential Washers: Investigation No. TA-201-076" (PDF). usitc.gov. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
  101. ^ Kline, Daniel B. "Trump Tariffs: Is Now the Time to Buy a Washing Machine?". The Motley Fool. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
  102. ^ Gillespie, Patrick. "Washing machines are going to get more expensive". CNNMoney. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
  103. ^ a b Jeremy Diamond. "Trump hits China with tariffs, heightening concerns of global trade war". CNN. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  104. ^ "Trump takes 1st step on tariffs on Chinese imports, says penalties will make US 'a much stronger, much richer nation'". CNBC. March 22, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  105. ^ Egan, Matt (March 22, 2018). "Dow plunges 724 points as trade war fears rock Wall Street". CNN Money. Retrieved March 23, 2018. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  106. ^ "Stocks dive as sanctions on China fuel trade-war fears; Dow drops 700-plus points". Los Angeles Times. March 22, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018. {{cite news}}: Check |archive-url= value (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  107. ^ "All 128 U.S. Products China Is Enacting Tariffs On". Fortune. April 2, 2018. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  108. ^ "China Slaps Tariffs on 128 U.S. Products, Including Wine, Pork and Pipes". New York Times. April 1, 2018. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  109. ^ Merelli, Annalisa. "China tariffs: The complete list of 128 affected good class of goods — Quartz". qz.com. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
  110. ^ Kuo, Lily (April 2, 2018). "China retaliates against Trump tariffs with levy on US food imports". the Guardian. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
  111. ^ hermesauto (April 4, 2018). "US publishes list of 1,300 Chinese goods worth US$50b set to be targeted by tariffs". The Straits Times. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
  112. ^ Swanson, Ana (April 3, 2018). "White House Unveils Tariffs on 1,300 Chinese Products". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
  113. ^ "Notice of Determination and Request for Public Comment Concerning Proposed Determination of Action Pursuant to Section 301: China's Acts, Policies, and Practices Related to Technology Transfer, Intellectual Property, and Innovation" (PDF). ustr.gov. April 3, 2018. {{cite web}}: |first= missing |last= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  114. ^ Mody, Huileng Tan, Seema (April 4, 2018). "China's ambassador to the US explains why the country is striking back". Retrieved April 7, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  115. ^ "China imposes additional tariffs on U.S. products worth 50 bln USD". www.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
  116. ^ "As China Fires Back in Trade War, Here Are the Winners And Losers". Bloomberg.com. April 4, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
  117. ^ Rauhala, Emily (April 4, 2018). "China fires back at Trump with the threat of tariffs on 106 U.S. products, including soybeans". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
  118. ^ CNN, Maegan Vazquez and Abby Phillip,. "Trump pushes back against market fears of trade war". CNN. Retrieved April 4, 2018. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  119. ^ Tobey, John S. "The Trade War Is Here - Prepare For A Bear Market". Forbes. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
  120. ^ Noack, Rick (April 4, 2018). "Analysis | How trade wars end and why Trump's will be different". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
  121. ^ "Donald J. Trump on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
  122. ^ Aiello, Chloe (April 5, 2018). "Trump proposes $100 billion in additional tariffs on Chinese products". CNBC. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
  123. ^ "Trump Escalates Trade Tensions With Call for New China Tariffs". Bloomberg.com. April 5, 2018. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
  124. ^ "Facing threat of tariffs, China buyers cancel orders for U.S. soybeans". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
  125. ^ http://business.financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/trumps-tariffs-what-they-are-and-how-china-is-responding
  126. ^ "Statement By U.S. Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer on Section 301 Action | United States Trade Representative". ustr.gov. Retrieved July 12, 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  127. ^ "President Donald J. Trump is Fulfilling His Promise on The U.S. - Korea Free Trade Agreement and on National Security". The White House. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
  128. ^ CNBC (March 25, 2018). "US exempts South Korea from steel tariffs, but imposes import quota". CNBC. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
  129. ^ Shear, Michael D.; Rappeport, Alan (March 27, 2018). "Trump Secures Trade Deal With South Korea Ahead of Nuclear Talks". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
  130. ^ "83 FR 25849 - ADJUSTING IMPORTS OF ALUMINUM INTO THE UNITED STATES" (PDF). Retrieved September 11, 2018. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  131. ^ Lane, Charles (October 21, 2015). "Donald Trump's contempt for the free market". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
  132. ^ Rosenfeld, Everett (March 10, 2016). "Trump trade plan is dangerous: Economists". CNBC. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
  133. ^ Trump, Donald J. (March 3, 2018). "If the E.U. wants to further increase their already massive tariffs and barriers on U.S. companies doing business there, we will simply apply a Tax on their Cars which freely pour into the U.S. They make it impossible for our cars (and more) to sell there. Big trade imbalance!". @realDonaldTrump. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trump_tariffs&oldid=871257095"