List of founders of religious traditions: Difference between revisions
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This article lists historical figures credited with founding [[religion]]s or [[religious philosophy|religious philosophies]] or people who first codified older known religious traditions. It also lists those who have founded a specific major [[Religious denomination|denomination]] within a larger religion. |
This article lists historical figures credited with founding [[religion]]s or [[religious philosophy|religious philosophies]] or people who first codified older known religious traditions. It also lists those who have founded a specific major [[Religious denomination|denomination]] within a larger religion. |
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In many cases, one can regard a religion as a continuous tradition extending to prehistoric times without a specific founder ([[Vedic religion]] or Dharmic religion, [[folk religion]], [[animism]]), or with legendary founding-figures whose historicity |
In many cases, one can regard a religion as a continuous tradition extending to prehistoric times without a specific founder ([[Vedic religion]] or Dharmic religion, [[folk religion]], [[animism]]), or with legendary founding-figures whose historicity cannot be established (such as [[Abraham]] or [[Rishabha]]). This notwithstanding, the various historical denominations of such religions will still have founders, such as [[St. Peter]] and [[Paul of Tarsus|St. Paul]] (who formed what is now known as [[Pauline Christianity]]), [[Nestorius]] (who codified [[Nestorianism]]), or [[Martin Luther]] (who taught [[Lutheranism]]) – all exemplifying denominations of [[Christianity]]. Religion often [[development of religion|develops]] by means of [[Schism (religion)|schism]] and [[reform]] (motivated by [[theology|theological]] speculation), and it becomes a matter of subjective judgement at what point such a schism or reform assumes the quality of a "foundation" of a new religion. |
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Chronologically, foundations of religious traditions may sub-divide into: |
Chronologically, foundations of religious traditions may sub-divide into: |
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==Ancient (before AD 500)== |
==Ancient (before AD 500)== |
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:''See [[culture hero]] for legendary founders of doubtful historicity.'' |
:''See [[culture hero]] for legendary founders of doubtful historicity.'' |
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| [[Ur-Nammu]] ||built the [[Ziggurat of Ur]] to [[Sin (mythology)|Nanna]] || 21st century BC ([[short chronology]]) |
| [[Ur-Nammu]] ||built the [[Ziggurat of Ur]] to [[Sin (mythology)|Nanna]] || 21st century BC ([[short chronology]]) |
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| [[Abraham]] || Blood-right of inheritance{{clarify}} for [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], and more recently [[Baha'i]] || c. 2000-1800 BC |
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| [[Akhenaten]] || [[Atenism]] || 14th century BC ([[conventional Egyptian chronology]]) |
| [[Akhenaten]] || [[Atenism]] || 14th century BC ([[conventional Egyptian chronology]]) |
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| [[Moses]] || [[Judaism]] || c. 12th century BC |
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| Various [[Saptarshi|Rishi]]s || composed the hymns of the [[Rigveda]] foundational to [[historical Vedic religion]] || second half of 2nd millennium BC |
| Various [[Saptarshi|Rishi]]s || composed the hymns of the [[Rigveda]] foundational to [[historical Vedic religion]] || second half of 2nd millennium BC |
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| [[Solomon]] || [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Israelite king]] who built the first [[Solomon's Temple|Temple in Jerusalem]]. || 10th century BC (For Solomon's historicity, see [[Solomon#Historical figure]]) |
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| [[Parshva]] || The penultimate (23rd) [[Tirthankara]] in [[Jainism]] || 877–777 BC<ref>{{cite book | last =Fisher | first =Mary Pat | title =Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths | publisher = I.B.Tauris | year =1997 | location =London | isbn =1-86064-148-2 }} p. 115</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title =Parshvanatha | encyclopedia =Encyclopædia Britannica | volume =Encyclopædia Britannica Online | year =2007 | url =http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9058576 | accessdate =2007-10-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | last =Bowker | first =John | title =Parsva | encyclopedia =The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions | publisher =Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press | year =2000 | url =http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t101.e5504 | accessdate =2007-10-22 }}</ref><ref name="Charpentier">{{cite encyclopedia | title=The History of the Jains | encyclopedia=The Cambridge History of India | accessdate=September 11, 2011 | author=Charpentier, Jarl | year=1922 | volume=1 | location=Cambridge | pages=153}}</ref> |
| [[Parshva]] || The penultimate (23rd) [[Tirthankara]] in [[Jainism]] || 877–777 BC<ref>{{cite book | last =Fisher | first =Mary Pat | title =Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths | publisher = I.B.Tauris | year =1997 | location =London | isbn =1-86064-148-2 }} p. 115</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title =Parshvanatha | encyclopedia =Encyclopædia Britannica | volume =Encyclopædia Britannica Online | year =2007 | url =http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9058576 | accessdate =2007-10-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | last =Bowker | first =John | title =Parsva | encyclopedia =The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions | publisher =Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press | year =2000 | url =http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t101.e5504 | accessdate =2007-10-22 }}</ref><ref name="Charpentier">{{cite encyclopedia | title=The History of the Jains | encyclopedia=The Cambridge History of India | accessdate=September 11, 2011 | author=Charpentier, Jarl | year=1922 | volume=1 | location=Cambridge | pages=153}}</ref> |
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| [[Zoroaster]] || composed the [[gatha]]s foundational to [[Zoroastrianism]] || c. 11th to 9th century BC<ref name="Melton2003p191">[[#Melton2003|Melton 2003]], p. 191.</ref><ref |
| [[Zoroaster]] || composed the [[gatha]]s foundational to [[Zoroastrianism]] || c. 11th to 9th century BC<ref name="Melton2003p191">[[#Melton2003|Melton 2003]], p. 191.</ref><ref>"Controversy over Zaraθuštra's date has been an embarrassment of long standing to Zoroastrian studies. If anything approaching a consensus exists, it is that he lived ca. 1000 BCE give or take a century or so, though reputable scholars have proposed dates as widely apart as ca. 1750 BCE and '258 years before Alexander.'" (''[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]'')</ref> |
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| [[Numa Pompilius]] || [[Roman Kingdom|Roman king]] who codified and organized the [[Religion in ancient Rome|Roman religion]] || 717 BC – 673 BC |
| [[Numa Pompilius]] || [[Roman Kingdom|Roman king]] who codified and organized the [[Religion in ancient Rome|Roman religion]] || 717 BC – 673 BC |
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| [[Mozi]] || [[Mohism]] || 470 BC – 390 BC |
| [[Mozi]] || [[Mohism]] || 470 BC – 390 BC |
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| [[Ezra|Ezra HaSofer]] || established [[Second Temple Judaism]]<ref name="Brueggemann2002p75">[[#Brueggemann2002|Brueggemann 2002]], pp. 75, 144.</ref> || fl. 459 BC<ref |
| [[Ezra|Ezra HaSofer]] || established [[Second Temple Judaism]]<ref name="Brueggemann2002p75">[[#Brueggemann2002|Brueggemann 2002]], pp. 75, 144.</ref> || fl. 459 BC<ref>historicity disputed but widely considered plausible. Gosta W. Ahlstrom argues the inconsistencies of the biblical tradition are insufficient to say that Ezra, with his central position as the 'father of Judaism' in the Jewish tradition, has been a later literary invention. (''The History of Ancient Palestine'', Fortress Press, p.888)</ref> |
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| [[Epicurus]] || [[Epicureanism]] || fl. 307 BC |
| [[Epicurus]] || [[Epicureanism]] || fl. 307 BC |
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| [[Patanjali]] || [[Raja Yoga]] (part of Hinduism) || 2nd century BC |
| [[Patanjali]] || [[Raja Yoga]] (part of Hinduism) || 2nd century BC |
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| [[ John the Baptist]] || [[Mandaeism]], Proto Founder of [[Christianity]] || c 6-5 BC - c. 27 AD |
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| [[Jesus]] || [[Christianity]] || c. 5-4 BC - c. 33 AD |
| [[Jesus]] || [[Christianity]] || c. 5-4 BC - c. 33 AD |
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| [[Paul the Apostle]] and [[Saint Peter]] || [[Pauline Christianity]] || 1st century AD |
| [[Paul the Apostle]] and [[Saint Peter]] || [[Pauline Christianity]] || 1st century AD |
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| [[James the Just]] || [[Jewish Christianity]] || 1st century |
| [[James the Just]] || [[Jewish Christianity]] || 1st century |
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| [[Judah haNasi]] || [[Mishnah|Talmudic]] [[Rabbinical Judaism]] || 2nd century |
| [[Judah haNasi]] || [[Mishnah|Talmudic]] [[Rabbinical Judaism]] || 2nd century |
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| [[Zhang Daoling]] || [[Way of the Celestial Masters]] || 34 - 156 |
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| [[Nagarjuna]] || [[Madhyamaka]] || 150–250 |
| [[Nagarjuna]] || [[Madhyamaka]] || 150–250 |
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| [[Plotinus]] || [[Neoplatonism]] || 205–270 |
| [[Plotinus]] || [[Neoplatonism]] || 205–270 |
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| [[Marcion of Sinope]] || [[Marcionism]] || 110–160 |
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| [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]] || [[Manichaeism]] || 210–276 |
| [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]] || [[Manichaeism]] || 210–276 |
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| [[Arius]] || [[Arianism]] || 250–336 |
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| [[Arius]]<ref group="n" name="trad">The teaching of the traditional "founding father" of a "heresy" is may well have differed greatly from the contents of the heresy as generally understood. For references see following notes.</ref> || [[Arianism]]<ref group="n">Acc. to Rowan Williams, 'Arianism' was essentially a polemical creation of Athanasius in an attempt to show that the different alternatives to the [[First Council of Nicea|Nicene Creed]] collapsed back into some form of Arius' teaching. (''Arius'', SCM (2001) p.247)</ref> || 250–336 |
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| [[Pelagius]] || [[Pelagianism]] || 354–430 |
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| [[Pelagius]]<ref group="n" name="trad"/> || [[Pelagianism]]<ref group="n">Pelagius' thought was one sided and an inadequate interpretation of Christianity, but his disciples, Celestius and, to a greater extent, Julian of Eclanum pushed his ideas to extremes.(Kelly, J.N.D. ''Early Christian Doctrines'' A & C. Black (1965) p.361) Pelagius himself was declared orthodox by the synod of Diospolis in 415, after repudiating some of Celestius' opinions. (Frend, W.H.C. ''Saints and Sinners in the Early Church'' DLT (1985) p.133)</ref> || 354–430 |
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| [[Nestorius]] || [[Nestorianism]] || 386–451 |
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| [[Nestorius]]<ref group="n" name="trad"/> || [[Nestorianism]]<ref group="n">Nestorius specifically endorsed the repudiation of "Nestorianism" reached at [[Council of Chalcedon|Chalcedon]] in 451 (Prestige, G.L. ''Fathers and Heretics'' SPCK (1963) p.130)</ref> || 386–451 |
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| [[Eutyches]] || [[Monophysitism]] || 380–456 |
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| [[Eutyches]] || [[Monophysitism]]<ref group="n">Monophysitism represents an advanced type of Alexandrian Theology; it emerged in a distinctive form in 433 as a result of the agreement between [[John of Antioch]] and [[Cyril of Alexandria]]. The exaggerated form held by Eutyches was condemned in 451 by the [[Council of Chalcedon]]. In its moderate forms the divergence from orthodoxy may be simply terminological. Alexandrian Theology stressed both divine transcendence and a marked dualism between the material and the spiritual and so tended to nullify the humanity of Christ.(Cross & Livingstone. ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'' (1974) arts. '''Monophysitism''', '''Alexandrian Theology''')</ref> || 380–456 |
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| [[Adi Shankara]] || [[Advaita Vedanta]] || 9th century |
| [[Adi Shankara]] || [[Advaita Vedanta]] || 9th century |
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| [[Ramanujacharya]] || [[Vishishtadvaita Vedanta]] || 1017-1137 |
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| [[Hamza ibn-'Ali ibn-Ahmad]] || [[Druze]] || 11th century |
| [[Hamza ibn-'Ali ibn-Ahmad]] || [[Druze]] || 11th century |
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| [[Nakayama Miki]] || [[Tenrikyo]] || 1798–1887 |
| [[Nakayama Miki]] || [[Tenrikyo]] || 1798–1887 |
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| [[Ignaz von Döllinger]] || [[Old Catholics]] || 1799–1890 |
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| [[Ignaz von Döllinger]] || [[Old Catholics]]<ref group="n">The Old Catholic Churches are a grouping of national churches which have broken from Rome at different times: The Church of Utrecht in 1724; German Austrian and Swiss Christians who refused to accept the dogma of papal infallibility as defined in [[First Vatican Council|1870]] and received the apostolic succession from Utrecht; these two groups were later some small groups of Slav origin living in the USA (Cross & Livingstone. ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'' (1974) arts. '''Old Catholics'''; '''Holland, Christianity in''')</ref> || 1799–1890 |
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| [[Phineas Parkhurst Quimby]] || [[New Thought]] || 1802–1866 |
| [[Phineas Parkhurst Quimby]] || [[New Thought]] || 1802–1866 |
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| [[Wallace Fard Muhammad]] || [[Nation of Islam]] || 1891 – (disappeared 1934) |
| [[Wallace Fard Muhammad]] || [[Nation of Islam]] || 1891 – (disappeared 1934) |
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| [[Paramahansa Yogananda]] || [[Self-Realization Fellowship]] || 1893–1952 |
| [[Paramahansa Yogananda]] || [[Self-Realization Fellowship]] || 1893–1952 |
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| [[Li Hongzhi]] || [[Falun Gong]] || 1951– |
| [[Li Hongzhi]] || [[Falun Gong]] || 1951– |
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| [[Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)|Sri Sri Ravi Shankar]]<ref name="Melton2003,1004">[[#Melton2003|Melton 2003]], p. 1004.</ref> || [[Art of Living Foundation]] || 1956– |
| [[Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)|Sri Sri Ravi Shankar]]<ref name="Melton2003,1004">[[#Melton2003|Melton 2003]], p. 1004.</ref> || [[Art of Living Foundation]] || 1956– |
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| [[Missionary Church of Kopimism|Isak Gerson]] || [[Kopimism]] || 1993- |
| [[Missionary Church of Kopimism|Isak Gerson]] || [[Kopimism]] || 1993- |
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== Notes == |
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<references group="n"/> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[Timeline of religion]] |
* [[Timeline of religion]] |
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== |
== Notes == |
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{{reflist|30em}} |
{{reflist|30em}} |
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== References == |
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*<cite id=Beit-Hallahmi98>{{cite book | last =Beit-Hallahmi | first =Benjamin | title =The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Active New Religions, Sects, and Cults (Revised Edition) | publisher =Rosen Publishing Group | year =1998 | isbn = 978-0-8239-2586-5}}</cite> |
*<cite id=Beit-Hallahmi98>{{cite book | last =Beit-Hallahmi | first =Benjamin | title =The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Active New Religions, Sects, and Cults (Revised Edition) | publisher =Rosen Publishing Group | year =1998 | isbn = 978-0-8239-2586-5}}</cite> |
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*<cite id=Brueggemann2002>{{cite book | last =Brueggemann | first =Walter | title =Reverberations of Faith: A Theological Handbook of Old Testament Themes | publisher =Westminster John Knox Press | year =2002 | isbn = 978-0-664-22231-4}}</cite> |
*<cite id=Brueggemann2002>{{cite book | last =Brueggemann | first =Walter | title =Reverberations of Faith: A Theological Handbook of Old Testament Themes | publisher =Westminster John Knox Press | year =2002 | isbn = 978-0-664-22231-4}}</cite> |
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[[ar:قائمة مؤسسي الديانات والمذاهب والبدع]] |
[[ar:قائمة مؤسسي الديانات والمذاهب والبدع]] |
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[[bg:Списък на основателите на световните религии]] |
[[bg:Списък на основателите на световните религии]] |
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[[de:Stifterreligion]] |
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[[fr:Liste des religions par ancienneté]] |
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[[sv:Religionsgrundare]] |
[[sv:Religionsgrundare]] |
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[[zh:主要宗教创始人列表]] |
Revision as of 17:54, 3 March 2013
This article lists historical figures credited with founding religions or religious philosophies or people who first codified older known religious traditions. It also lists those who have founded a specific major denomination within a larger religion.
In many cases, one can regard a religion as a continuous tradition extending to prehistoric times without a specific founder (Vedic religion or Dharmic religion, folk religion, animism), or with legendary founding-figures whose historicity cannot be established (such as Abraham or Rishabha). This notwithstanding, the various historical denominations of such religions will still have founders, such as St. Peter and St. Paul (who formed what is now known as Pauline Christianity), Nestorius (who codified Nestorianism), or Martin Luther (who taught Lutheranism) – all exemplifying denominations of Christianity. Religion often develops by means of schism and reform (motivated by theological speculation), and it becomes a matter of subjective judgement at what point such a schism or reform assumes the quality of a "foundation" of a new religion.
Chronologically, foundations of religious traditions may sub-divide into:
- the Axial Age, with the earliest known major founding figures such as Zoroaster, Confucius, and Buddha.
- Hellenism to Late Antiquity, with foundations of classical religious traditions and schools such as various sects of Early Christianity, Stoicism, Gnosticism.
- the medieval to early modern period, with the rise of Islam, classical (Puranic) Hinduism (Dharmic Religion), the Bhakti movement, Zen Buddhism, and the Protestant Reformation.
- new religious movements, since c. 1800.
Ancient (before AD 500)
- See culture hero for legendary founders of doubtful historicity.
Medieval to Early Modern (500–1800 AD)
New religious movements (post-1800)
See also
- Buddha claimants
- Claims to the oldest religion
- List of deified individuals
- List of religions
- Messiah claimants
- Religious leaders by year
- Timeline of religion
Notes
- ^ Fisher, Mary Pat (1997). Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths. London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-148-2. p. 115
- ^ "Parshvanatha". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
- ^ Bowker, John (2000). "Parsva". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
- ^ Charpentier, Jarl (1922). "The History of the Jains". The Cambridge History of India. Vol. 1. Cambridge. p. 153.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Melton 2003, p. 191.
- ^ "Controversy over Zaraθuštra's date has been an embarrassment of long standing to Zoroastrian studies. If anything approaching a consensus exists, it is that he lived ca. 1000 BCE give or take a century or so, though reputable scholars have proposed dates as widely apart as ca. 1750 BCE and '258 years before Alexander.'" (Encyclopædia Iranica)
- ^ "Mahavira." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2006. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/mahavira
- ^ Brueggemann 2002, pp. 75, 144.
- ^ historicity disputed but widely considered plausible. Gosta W. Ahlstrom argues the inconsistencies of the biblical tradition are insufficient to say that Ezra, with his central position as the 'father of Judaism' in the Jewish tradition, has been a later literary invention. (The History of Ancient Palestine, Fortress Press, p.888)
- ^ Melton 2003, p. 67.
- ^ Melton 2003, p. 128.
- ^ Melton 2003, p. 69.
- ^ Melton 2003, p. 102.
- ^ Melton 2003, p. 95.
- ^ Melton 2003, p. 73.
- ^ Melton 2003, p. 183.
- ^ Melton 2003, p. 75.
- ^ Melton 2003, p. 724.
- ^ Melton 2003, p. 992.
- ^ Melton 2003, p. 741.
- ^ Melton 2003, p. 621.
- ^ Melton 2003, p. 637.
- ^ Chryssides 2001, p. 330.
- ^ Melton 2003, p. 451.
- ^ Smith and Prokopy 2003, p. 279-280.
- ^ "Discussion of why Juche is classified as a major world religion". Adherents.com. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
Its promoters describe Juche as simply a secular, ethical philosophy and not a religion. But, from a sociological viewpoint Juche is clearly a religion
{{cite web}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|month=
and|coauthors=
(help) - ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 365.
- ^ Melton 2003, p. 1051.
- ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 97.
- ^ Melton 2003, p. 1004.
References
- Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1998). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Active New Religions, Sects, and Cults (Revised Edition). Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-2586-5.
- Brueggemann, Walter (2002). Reverberations of Faith: A Theological Handbook of Old Testament Themes. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22231-4.
- Chryssides, George D. (2001). Historical dictionary of new religious movements. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 0-8108-4095-2.
- Jestice, Phyllis G. (2004). Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia (Volume 3). ABC-CLIO, Inc. ISBN 978-1-57607-355-1.
- Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0.
- Smith, Christian (1999). Latin American Religion in Motion. New York, New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-92106-0.
{{cite book}}
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suggested) (help)