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==History==
==History==
{{main|LGBT history of India}}
{{main|LGBT history of India}}
There are Ancient Indian texts which are relevant to modern [[LGBT]] causes. Religion has played a role in shaping Indian customs and traditions. While injunctions on homosexuality's morality are not explicitly mentioned in the religious texts central to [[Hinduism]], the largest [[religion in India]], Hinduism has taken various positions, ranging from homosexual characters and themes in its texts to being neutral or antagonistic towards it. [[Rigveda]], one of the four canonical sacred texts of Hinduism says ''Vikriti Evam Prakriti'' ([[Sanskrit]]: विकृतिः एवम्‌ प्रकृति, meaning what seems unnatural is also natural), which some scholars believe recognises homosexual/transsexual dimensions of human life, like all forms of universal diversities. The ancient Indian text [[Kamasutra]] written by [[Vātsyāyana]] dedicates a complete chapter on erotic [[homosexual]]<nowiki/> behaviour. Historical literary evidence indicates that homosexuality has been prevalent across the Indian subcontinent throughout history, and that homosexuals were not necessarily considered inferior in any way until about 18th century during British colonial rule.
There are Ancient Indian texts which are relevant to modern [[LGBT]] causes. Religion has played a role in shaping Indian customs and traditions. While injunctions on homosexuality's morality are not explicitly mentioned in the religious texts central to [[Hinduism]], the largest [[religion in India]], Hinduism has taken various positions, ranging from homosexual characters and themes in its texts to being neutral or antagonistic towards it. The ancient Indian text [[Kamasutra]] written by [[Vātsyāyana]] dedicates a complete chapter on erotic [[homosexual]]<nowiki/> behaviour. Historical literary evidence indicates that homosexuality has been prevalent across the Indian subcontinent throughout history, and that homosexuals were not necessarily considered inferior in any way until about 18th century during British colonial rule.


The [[Arthashastra]], an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, mentions a wide variety of sexual practices which, whether performed with a man or a woman, were sought to be punished with the lowest grade of fine. While homosexual intercourse was not sanctioned, it was treated as a very minor offence, and several kinds of heterosexual intercourse were punished more severely.<ref name="History1">{{harvnb|Vanita|Kidwai|2001|p=25}}</ref>
The [[Arthashastra]], an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, mentions a wide variety of sexual practices which, whether performed with a man or a woman, were sought to be punished with the lowest grade of fine. While homosexual intercourse was not sanctioned, it was treated as a very minor offence, and several kinds of heterosexual intercourse were punished more severely.<ref name="History1">{{harvnb|Vanita|Kidwai|2001|p=25}}</ref>

Revision as of 11:34, 31 May 2020

See also: LGBT rights in India

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Homosexuality in India has been a subject of discussion since ancient times to modern times. Hindu texts have taken positions regarding the homosexual characters and themes.[1] The ancient Indian text Kamasutra written by Vātsyāyana dedicates a complete chapter on erotic homosexual behaviour. Historical literary evidence indicates that homosexuality has been prevalent across the Indian subcontinent throughout history, and that homosexuals were not necessarily considered inferior in any way until about 18th century during British colonial rule.[2] On 6 September 2018, a 5-judge constitutional bench of Supreme Court of India invalidated part of Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, hence making homosexuality legal in India.[3] In striking down the colonial-era law that made gay sex punishable by up to 10 years in prison, one judge said the landmark decision would "pave the way for a better future."[4] This ruling also applies to Jammu and Kashmir state under Article 141 of the Constitution of India and Delhi Agreement 1952, as section 377 of IPC and Ranbir Penal Code is pari materia and Judicial Pronouncements were extended to Jammu and Kashmir.[5][6]

There are no official demographics for the LGBT population in India, but the government of India submitted figures to the Supreme Court in 2012, according to which, there were about 2.5 million gay people recorded in India. These figures are only based on those individuals who have self-declared to the Ministry of Health. There may be much higher statistics for individuals who have concealed their identity, since a number of homosexual Indians are living in the closet due to fear of discrimination.[7]

Homophobia is prevalent in India.[8][9] Public discussion of homosexuality in India has been inhibited by the fact that sexuality in any form is rarely discussed openly. In recent years, however, attitudes towards homosexuality have shifted slightly. In particular, there have been more depictions and discussions of homosexuality in the Indian news media[9][10] and in Bollywood.[11] Before striking down the colonial-era law several organisations have expressed support for decriminalising homosexuality in India, and pushed for tolerance and social equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people. India is among countries with a social element of a third gender, but mental, physical, emotional and economic violence against LGBT community in India prevails.[12] Lacking support from family, society or police, many gay rape victims do not report the crimes.[13]

History

Main article: LGBT history of India

There are Ancient Indian texts which are relevant to modern LGBT causes. Religion has played a role in shaping Indian customs and traditions. While injunctions on homosexuality's morality are not explicitly mentioned in the religious texts central to Hinduism, the largest religion in India, Hinduism has taken various positions, ranging from homosexual characters and themes in its texts to being neutral or antagonistic towards it. The ancient Indian text Kamasutra written by Vātsyāyana dedicates a complete chapter on erotic homosexual behaviour. Historical literary evidence indicates that homosexuality has been prevalent across the Indian subcontinent throughout history, and that homosexuals were not necessarily considered inferior in any way until about 18th century during British colonial rule.

The Arthashastra, an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, mentions a wide variety of sexual practices which, whether performed with a man or a woman, were sought to be punished with the lowest grade of fine. While homosexual intercourse was not sanctioned, it was treated as a very minor offence, and several kinds of heterosexual intercourse were punished more severely.[14]

Sex between non-virgin women incurred a small fine, while homosexual intercourse between men could be made up for merely with a bath with one's clothes on, and a penance of "eating the five products of the cow and keeping a one-night fast" – the penance being a replacement of the traditional concept of homosexual intercourse resulting in a loss of caste.[14]

  • Erotic sculptures of two men (centre) at the Khajuraho temples.
    Erotic sculptures of two men (centre) at the Khajuraho temples.
  • Ardhanariswara from Gangaikondacholapuram
    Ardhanariswara from Gangaikondacholapuram
  • Two women using carrots as dildos, 20th century gouache painting.
    Two women using carrots as dildos, 20th century gouache painting.
See also: LGBT rights in India

On 24 August 2017, India's Supreme Court gave the country's LGBT community the freedom to safely express their sexual orientation. Therefore, an individual's sexual orientation is protected under the country's Right to Privacy law.[15] However, the Supreme Court did not directly overturn any laws criminalizing same-sex relationships.[16]

On 6 September 2018, consensual gay sex was legalised by India's Supreme Court.[17]

Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), dating back to 1861, makes sexual activities "against the order of nature" punishable by law and carries a life sentence.[18] The law replaced the variety of punishments for Zina (unlawful intercourse[19]) mandated in the Mughal empire's Fatawa-e-Alamgiri, these ranged from 50 lashes for a slave, 100 for a free infidel, to death by stoning for a Muslim.[20] Similarly the Goa Inquisition once prosecuted the capital crime of sodomy in Portuguese India,[21][22] but not lesbian acts.[23]

Support for decriminalisation

Gay Pride March in Bangalore (2013)

One leader, Akkai Padmashali (born Jagadeesh) was influential in the protests and demonstrations that eventually led to the repeal of Section 377 of Indian Penal Code. She started the organization "Ondede" in 2014 which envisioned a society that is non-discriminatory and gender-just. Ondede, in Kannada, means convergence and this is what she envisioned for the society of India as a whole. She wanted Ondede to be a place where people of all sexual orientations spoke openly of their concerns. Their mission statement is "To create a space for dialogue, support and strengthen action to visibilize issues of Dignity-Voice- Sexuality in relation to children, women and sexual minorities". They develop partnerships with community groups through social movements, engage with the state and conduct research.

Several organisations, including the Naz Foundation (India) Trust,[24] the National AIDS Control Organisation,[24] Law Commission of India,[25] Union Health Ministry,[26] National Human Rights Commission of India[27] and the Planning Commission of India[28] have expressed support for decriminalising homosexuality in India.

In September 2006, Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen, acclaimed writer Vikram Seth and other prominent Indians publicly demanded the repeal of section 377 of the IPC.[29] The open letter demanded that "In the name of humanity and of our Constitution, this cruel and discriminatory law should be struck down." On 30 June 2008, Indian Labour Minister Oscar Fernandes backed calls for decriminalisation of consensual gay sex, and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh called for greater tolerance towards homosexuals.[30] On 23 July 2008, Bombay High Court Judge Bilal Nazki said that India's unnatural sex law should be reviewed.[31] The Law Commission of India had historically favoured the retention of this section in its 42nd and 156th report, but in its 172nd report, delivered in 2000, it recommended its repeal.[25][32]

On 9 August 2008, then health minister, Anbumani Ramadoss began his campaign for changing Section 377 of the Indian penal code, which defines homosexuality as an unnatural act and thus illegal. At the International AIDS Conference in Mexico City, he said, "Section 377 of IPC, which criminalises men who have sex with men, must go."[33] His ministerial portfolio had put him at odds with the Indian Home Minister Shivraj Patil and several other ministers in seeking to scrap Section 377.[34][35] In late 2008, he changed his argument saying he does not want the scrapping of Section 377 but a mere modification of the law treating homosexuality as a criminal offence punishable up to life imprisonment. He said he wants Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to resolve the matter, while he wanted to avoid discord with the home ministry, who said the altered law would then result in an increase in criminal incidences of sodomy or offences involving sexual abuse of children, particularly boys. In doing so he alleged that the law even penalises health workers who treat homosexuals, while making this a cognizable and non-bailable offence.[34]

Various Hindu organisations, based in India and abroad have supported decriminalisation of homosexual behaviours. In 2009, the Hindu Council UK became one of the first major religious organisations to support LGBT rights when they issued a statement "Hinduism does not condemn homosexuality".[36] Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, a prominent Hindu spiritual leader, has condemned sec 377 in a series of tweets, maintaining that "Hinduism has never considered homosexuality a crime" and "to brand a person a criminal based on sexual preference would be absurd".[37]

The United Nations has urged India to decriminalise homosexuality by saying it would help the fight against HIV/AIDS by allowing intervention programmes, much like the successful ones in China and Brazil. Jeffrey O'Malley, director of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) on HIV/AIDS, has stated countries which protect men who have sex with men (MSM) have double the rate of coverage of HIV prevention services as much as 60%.[38] According to him, inappropriate criminalisation hinders universal access to essential HIV, health and social services.[39] Later talking to The Hindu in November 2008, he added concerns that the then in power United Progressive Alliance government was in a difficult position in regards to amending Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code because of the then upcoming elections, as such changes could be misrepresented. He further emphasised the need to change the laws, sensitise the police and judiciary. According to him, after removal of discriminatory laws, marginalised groups would have better access to treatment and prevention facilities like condoms. He warned of the urgency and stated that India had succeeded in checking the spread of AIDS through commercial sex workers but transmission through gay sex, and injectable-drug users was still an area of concern in the country.[40]

In July 2014, a book on LGBTQIA and genderqueer rights published by Srishti Madurai was released by Vanathi Srinivasan, the general secretary of the BJP in Tamil Nadu. The move has been considered encouraging by members of the LGBTQIA community.[41][42][43]

Bharatiya Janata Party senior leader Arun Jaitley stated in February 2014 that he supported decriminalisation of homosexuality. On 13 January 2015, BJP spokesperson Shaina NC, appearing on NDTV, stated, "We BJP are for decriminalising homosexuality. That is the progressive way forward."[44] However, the BJP government (at that time the ruling party at the Union of India) did not put forth any stand before the Supreme Court when the Navtej Johar case (which decriminalised homosexuality) was being decided and left the matter to the 'wisdom of the court'.

Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh spokesperson Ram Madhav in an interview with national daily Business Standard said in May 2014: "But I can say this – that while glorification of certain forms of social behaviour is not something we endorse, the penalising and criminalisation aspects need to be looked into. Whether to call homosexuality a crime and treat it as one in this day and age is questionable."[45] This is interpreted as Sangh's support to decriminalisation of homosexuality.

On 6 March 2016, Srishti Madurai's new website was launched by Dalit activist and Ambedkarite Ma. Venkatesan from BJP in the presence of Central Minister Pon Radhakrishnan, Vanathi Srinivasan, Aravindan Neelakandan, Joe D'Cruz and scores of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh volunteers at Chennai.[46]

Court proceedings

In December 2002, Naz Foundation filed a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) to challenge IPC Section 377 in the Delhi High Court.[47] On 4 July 2008, the Delhi High Court noted that there was "nothing unusual" in holding a gay rally, something which is common outside India.[48]

On 2 July 2009, in the case of Naz Foundation v National Capital Territory of Delhi, the High Court of Delhi struck down much of S. 377 of the IPC as being unconstitutional. The Court held that to the extent S. 377 criminalised consensual non-vaginal sexual acts between adults, it violated an individual's fundamental rights to equality before the law, freedom from discrimination and to life and personal liberty under Articles 14, 15 and 21 of the Constitution of India. The High Court did not strike down Section 377 completely. It held the section to be valid in case of non-consensual non-vaginal intercourse or to intercourse with minors, and it expressed the hope that Parliament would legislatively address the issue.[49]

On 11 December 2013, on responding an appeal filed by an astrologer Suresh Kumar Koushal and others,[50] the Supreme Court of India upheld the constitutionality of Section 377 of the IPC, and stated that the Court was instead deferring to Indian legislators to provide the sought-after clarity.[51] The Delhi High Court judgement was as follows:

We declare that Section 377 IPC, insofar it criminalises consensual sexual acts of adults in private, is violative of Articles 21, 14 and 15 of the Constitution. The provisions of Section 377 IPC will continue to govern non-consensual penile non-vaginal sex and penile nonvaginal sex involving minors ... Secondly, we clarify that our judgment will not result in the re-opening of criminal cases involving Section 377 IPC that have already attained finality.[52][53]

On 28 January 2014, Supreme Court dismissed the review petition filed by Central Government, Naz Foundation and several others, against its 11 December verdict on Section 377 of IPC.[54]

In January 2015, National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) said that according to data collected, 778 cases were filed under Section 377 of IPC and 587 arrests were made in 2014 until October after the Supreme Court verdict. Some states are yet to submit their full data.[55]

On 18 December 2015 Shashi Tharoor, a member of the Indian National Congress, introduced a Private Members Bill for the decriminalisation of Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code in the Lok Sabha, but the motion was rejected by house by a vote of 71–24 with one abstention.[56]

On 12 March 2016, Tharoor once again introduced a Private Members Bill for the decriminilsation of Section 377. However, the motion for introduction was yet again defeated by a division of 58–14 with one abstention.[57]

On 2 February 2016, the Supreme Court agreed to reconsider its 2013 judgment; it said it would refer petitions to abolish Section 377 to a five-member constitutional bench, which would conduct a comprehensive hearing of the issue.[58]

On 24 August 2016 a draft law for the ban of commercial surrogacy was cleared by the Union Cabinet and announced by Sushma Swaraj, the Minister of External Affairs (India). The draft bill denied homosexuals from having surrogate children, with Swaraj stating "We do not recognise live-in and homosexual relationships ... this is against our ethos".[59]

On 24 August 2017, the Supreme Court upheld that the right to individual privacy is an "intrinsic" and fundamental right under the constitution.[60] In its 547-page decision on privacy rights, the nine-judge bench also held that "sexual orientation is an essential attribute of privacy". The judgement noted, "Discrimination against an individual on the basis of sexual orientation is deeply offensive to the dignity and self-worth of the individual. Equality demands that the sexual orientation of each individual in society must be protected on an even platform. The right to privacy and the protection of sexual orientation lie at the core of the fundamental rights guaranteed by Articles 14, 15 and 21 of the Constitution."[61]

On 10 July 2018, the Hon'ble Supreme Court upholding the importance of the rights of the LGBT community through Justice D. Y. Chandrachud in the proceedings of the court held that Choosing a Partner is every person's Fundamental Right[62]

On 6 September 2018, the Supreme Court struck down the part of section 377, a British-era provision, criminalising consensual homosexual activities. The apex court upheld that other aspects of section 377 criminalising unnatural sex with minors and animals will remain in force.[3]

Religious opposition

The 11 December 2013 judgement of the Supreme Court, upholding Section 377, was met with support from religious leaders.[63] The main petitioner in the plea was an astrologer, Suresh Kumar Koushal, and other petitioners were religious organizations like All India Muslim Personal Law Board, Trust God Missionaries, Krantikari Manuwadi Morcha, Apostolic Churches Alliance, and Utkal Christian Council.[50][64] The Daily News and Analysis called it "the univocal unity of religious leaders in expressing their homophobic attitude. Usually divisive and almost always seen tearing down each other's religious beliefs, leaders across sections came forward in decrying homosexuality and expressing their solidarity with the judgment." The article added that Baba Ramdev India's well-known yoga guru, after advising that journalists interviewing him not to turn homosexual, stated he could cure homosexuality through yoga and called it a bad addiction.[63]

The Vishwa Hindu Parishad's vice-president Om Prakash Singhal said, "This is a right decision, we welcome it. Homosexuality is against Indian culture, against nature, and against science. We are regressing, going back to when we were almost like animals. The SC had protected our culture." Singhal further dismissed HIV/AIDS concerns within the LGBT community saying, "It is understood that when you try to suppress one anomaly, there will be a break-out of a few more."[63] This, however, is in stark disagreement with many Hindu teachings because Hinduism does not view homosexuality as a religious sin.[65]

Maulana Madni, of an Islamic organization, Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind, has echoed similar sentiments by stating that "Homosexuality is a crime according to scriptures and is unnatural. People cannot consider themselves to be exclusive of a society... In a society, a family is made up of a man and a woman, not a woman and a woman, or a man and a man. If these same-sex couples adopt children, the child will grow up with a skewed version of a family. Society will disintegrate. If we are to look at countries in the West who have allowed same-sex marriages, you will find the mental tensions they suffer from."

Rabbi Ezekiel Isaac Malekar, honorary secretary of the Judah Hyam Synagogue, in upholding the judgement, was also quoted as saying "In Judaism, our scriptures do not permit homosexuality." Reverend Paul Swarup of the Cathedral Church of the Redemption in Delhi in stating his views on what he believes to be the unnaturalness of homosexuality, stated "Spiritually, human sexual relations are identified as those shared by a man and a woman. The Supreme Court's view is an endorsement of our scriptures."[63]

Pride parades

In 2005, Prince Manvendra Singh Gohil, who hails from Rajpipla in the Gujarat, publicly came out as gay. He was quickly anointed by the Indian and the world media as the first openly gay royal. He was disinherited as an immediate reaction by the royal family, though they eventually reconciled. He appeared on the American talk show The Oprah Winfrey Show on 24 October 2007,[66] and on BBC Three's Undercover Princes.[67] In 2008, Zoltan Parag, a competitor at the Mr. Gay International contest said that he was apprehensive about returning to India. He said, "Indian media has exposed me so much that now when I call my friends back home, their parents do not let them talk to me".[68]

On 29 June 2008, five Indian cities (Delhi, Bangalore, Kolkata, Indore and Pondicherry) celebrated gay pride parades. About 2,000 people turned out in these nationwide parades. Mumbai held its pride march on 16 August 2008, with Bollywood actress Celina Jaitley flagged off the festivities.[69] On 4 July 2008, the Delhi High Court, while hearing the case to decriminalise homosexuality, opined that there was nothing unusual in holding a gay rally, something which is common outside India.[70]

Days after the 2 July 2009 Delhi High Court verdict legalising homosexuality, Pink Pages, India's first online LGBT magazine was released.[71] On 16 April 2009, India's first gay magazine Bombay Dost originally launched in 1990,[71] was re-launched by Celina Jaitley in Mumbai.[72]

On 27 June 2009, Bhubaneswar, the capital city of Odisha, saw its first gay pride parade.[73] A day later, Union Law Minister Veerappa Moily announced that the Union Home Minister has convened a meeting with the Union Law Ministers, Union Health Ministers and Home Ministers of all states to evolve a consensus on decriminalising homosexuality in India.[74] On 28 June 2009, Delhi and Bangalore held their second gay pride parades, and Chennai, generally considered to be a very conservative city, held its first.[75][76]

Mumbai has one of its own pride events, like Kashish Mumbai Queer Film Festival which was first held in 2010 from 22 to 25 April[77] and in the next year 2011 from 25 to 29 May.[78] It was the first queer film festival in India and is held in a mainstream multiplex theater which screens LGBT films from all over the world.[78][79] It has been recognised by Interpride as a pride event in India.[80]

Asia's first Genderqueer Pride Parade at Madurai with Anjali Gopalan and Gopi Shankar Madurai[81]

Madurai celebrated city's first LGBTQ Rainbow festival on 29 July 2012, Anjali Gopalan inaugurated Alan Turing Rainbow festival and flagged off the Asia's first Gender queer pride parade as a part of Turing Rainbow festival organised by Srishti Madurai, a literary and resource circle for alternative gender and sexualities. It was established by Gopi Shankar a student of The American College in Madurai to eradicate social discrimination faced by the LGBT and Genderqueer community. The objective of the organisation in to highlight 20 different types of Genders.[82][83]

On 1 May 2011, Kolkata Rainbow Pride Festival (KRPF) was formed to take the initiative of organising Pride Walk in Kolkata. Since then the initiative of Queer Pride Parade in Kolkata is being taken by KRPF. The 11th Kolkata Rainbow Pride Walk, held on 15 July 2012, was attended by more than 1500 people.[84] Kolkata hosted South Asia's first pride walk in 1999.

Chandigarh held its first LGBT pride parade on 15 March 2013 and it has been held annually ever since.[85]

The first LGBT pride parade in Gujarat state was held at Surat on 6 October 2013.[86]

Rajasthan witnessed its first pride event on 1 March 2015, when a pride walk was held in Jaipur.[87]

Awadh witnessed the first Awadh Pride parade in 2017.

In 2013, India was represented by Nolan Lewis, a model, at the Mr Gay World 2013 contest. He had trouble finding sponsors. Previously, India had been represented at the Mr Gay World by Zoltan Parag Bhaindarkar in 2008. He did not return to India and reportedly sought asylum in the United States.[88]

Sushant Divgikar, the winner of Mr Gay India 2014, was a contestant on the Bigg Boss reality show.[89] On 26 July 2014, at Kochi the 5th All-Kerala Queer Pride Parade was held.[90] It was organised by Queerala (a support group for the LGBT community) and Sahayathrika (a rights organisation for lesbian and bisexual women in Kerala).[91]

In June 2016, a platform named Amour Queer Dating is launched in India, to help queer/LGBTIQ people find long term companions.[92][93][94]

Recognition of same-sex couples

Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

In February 2017, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare unveiled resource material relating to health issues to be used as a part of a nationwide adolescent peer-education plan called Saathiya. Among other subjects, the material discusses homosexuality. The material states, "Yes, adolescents frequently fall in love. They can feel attraction for a friend or any individual of the same or opposite sex. It is normal to have special feelings for someone. It is important for adolescents to understand that such relationships are based on mutual consent, trust, transparency, and respect. It is alright to talk about such feelings to the person for whom you have them but always in a respectful manner."[95][96]

See also

Organisations:

Religious views:

Media:

Related:

Notes

  1. ^ Ashok Row Kavi. "Expose the Hindu Taliban!". Rediff.com. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  2. ^ Ruth Vanita; Saleem Kidwai (18 October 2008). "Indian Traditions of Love". Tehelka. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  3. ^ a b Rautray, Samanwaya (6 September 2018). "Section 377: SC rewrites history, homosexual behaviour no longer a crime". The Economic Times. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  4. ^ "India's Supreme Court strikes down law that punished gay sex". ABC News. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  5. ^ "SC decriminalises gay sex, but J&K LGBTs will have to wait longer".
  6. ^ "Section 377 verdict: Legally safe, socially targetted, Kashmir's LGBTQ face a huge challenge of acceptance".
  7. ^ "India has 2.5m gays, government tells supreme court". BBC News. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  8. ^ Bedi, Rahul (5 July 2011). "Homophobia persists in India despite court reforms". The Telegraph (UK). London. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  9. ^ a b "Fear and loathing in gay India". BBC News. 17 May 2005. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  10. ^ "Why should homosexuality be a crime?". The Times of India. 18 April 2003. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  11. ^ Gopinath, Gayatri (2000). "Queering Bollywood: Alternative sexualities in popular Indian cinema". Journal of Homosexuality. 39 (3–4): 283–297. doi:10.1300/J082v39n03_13. PMID 11133137.
  12. ^ "Violence against LGBT groups still prevails in India". DNA India. 24 November 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  13. ^ Priya M Menon (16 February 2013). "Lacking support, male rape victims stay silent". The Times of India. Retrieved 4 April 2014. I did not know how the police would treat a gay man.
  14. ^ a b Vanita & Kidwai 2001, p. 25
  15. ^ Dhrubo Jyoti (24 August 2017). "SC verdict says sexual orientation part of privacy, LGBT community celebrates". Hindustan Times.
  16. ^ Doha Madani (24 August 2017). "India Declares Freedom of Sexual Orientation A Fundamental Right". The Huffington Post.
  17. ^ ""SC decriminalises homosexuality, says history owes LGBTQ community an apology"". The Hindu.
  18. ^ Harris, Gardiner (11 December 2013). "India's Supreme Court Restores an 1861 Law Banning Gay Sex". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  19. ^ Kugle, Scott A (1 September 2011). Sufis and Saints' Bodies: Mysticism, Corporeality, and Sacred Power in Islam. Chapter 4 – Note 62–63: Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 309. ISBN 9780807872772. Retrieved 20 September 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  20. ^ A digest of the Moohummudan law pp. 1–3 with footnotes, Neil Baillie, Smith Elder, London
  21. ^ "Xavier was aware of the brutality of the Inquisition". Deccan Herald. 27 April 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  22. ^ Sharma, Jai. "The Portuguese Inquisition in Goa: A brief history". Indiafacts.org. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  23. ^ Soyer, Francois (2012). Ambiguous Gender in Early Modern Spain and Portugal: Inquisitors, Doctors and the Transgression of Gender Norms. p. 45. ISBN 9789004225299. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  24. ^ a b "Anachronistic law". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 1 October 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  25. ^ a b "UN 2004 – NGO statement: LGBT rights in India". Geneva: International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 27 April 2004. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  26. ^ Kounteya Sinha (1 October 2008). "Ramadoss to take up gay rights issue with PM". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  27. ^ "Gay rights should be respected, prostitution legalised: NHRC chief". The Times of India. 6 October 2008. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2009.
  28. ^ Syeda Hameed (13 December 2005). "The silence around sex work". India Together. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  29. ^ Ramesh, Randeep (18 September 2006). "'India's Literary Elite Call for Anti-Gay Law to be Scrapped'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  30. ^ "Reverse swing: It may be an open affair for gays, lesbians". The Economic Times. 2 July 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  31. ^ Shibu Thomas (25 July 2008). "Unnatural-sex law needs relook: Bombay HC". The Times of India. Retrieved 12 February 2009.
  32. ^ "Review of Rape Laws". Law Commission of India. March 2000. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  33. ^ Kounteya Sinha (9 August 2008). "Legalise homosexuality: Ramadoss". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  34. ^ a b Kounteya Sinha (1 October 2008). "Ramadoss to take up gay rights issue with PM". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  35. ^ "Gay laws: Patil's stand finds support in Cabinet". The Indian Express. 17 April 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  36. ^ "Hinduism does not condemn homosexuality". 3 July 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  37. ^ "Homosexuality not a crime in Hinduism, says Sri Sri Ravi Shankar". Firstpost. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  38. ^ "LGBT Africans demand action on AIDS pandemic ahead of international conference". Pink News. 5 December 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  39. ^ "Landmark Delhi High Court decision recognises inappropriate criminalisation as a barrier to health, human rights and dignity". UNAIDS. 7 July 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  40. ^ "India going through social change: UN official". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 9 November 2008.
  41. ^ "BJP leader launches LGBT rights book in TN". Mumbai Mirror. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  42. ^ "It's a great honour to be awarded for book on gender variants: Gopi Shankar". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  43. ^ "Meet the BJP leader who released a book on LGBT rights". The News Minute. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  44. ^ Dhamini Ratnam. "BJP supports decriminalization of homosexuality: Shaina NC". Livemint. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  45. ^ "RSS eases stance on decriminalisation of gay sex". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
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References

Further reading

Books

  • Merchant, Hoshang (1999). Yaraana: Gay Writing from India. New Delhi: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-027839-2. (First edition)
  • Thadani, Giti (1996). Sakhiyani: Lesbian Desire in Ancient and Modern India. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-33451-3.
  • Vanita, Ruth (2005). Love's Rite: Same-Sex Marriage in India and the West. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-7038-1.
  • Joseph, Sherry (2005). Social Work Practice and Men Who Have Sex With Men. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-0-7619-3352-6.
  • Nanda, Serena (1998). Neither Man Nor Woman: The Hijras of India. USA: Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN 978-0-534-50903-3. (Second edition)
  • Shahani, Parmesh (2008). GayBombay: Globalization Love and Belonging in Contemporary India. USA, India: SAGE.

Articles

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