Punjabi dialects and languages: Difference between revisions
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== Geographic distribution == |
== Geographic distribution == |
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The literary languages that have developed on the basis of dialects of this area are Standard [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] in eastern and central Punjab, [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] in the southwest[[Pahari-Pothwari]] in the northwest.{{sfn|Shackle|1979|p=198}} A distinction is usually made between [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] in the east and the diverse group of "[[Lahnda]]" in the west. "Lahnda" typically subsumes the Saraiki and Hindko varieties, with [[Jhangvi dialect|Jhangvi]] and [[Shahpuri dialect|Shahpuri]] intermediate between the two groups. Pothwari shares features with both Lahnda and Punjabi.<ref>Pothwari has previously been regarded as part of "Lahnda", but {{harvtxt|Shackle|1979|pp=201}} argues that it shares features with both groups. Jhangvi {{harv|Wagha|1997|p=229}} and Shahpuri {{harv|Shackle|1979|pp=201}} are transitional between Saraiki and Punjabi.</ref> |
The literary languages that have developed on the basis of dialects of this area are Standard [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] in eastern and central Punjab, [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] in the southwest [[Pahari-Pothwari]] in the northwest.{{sfn|Shackle|1979|p=198}} A distinction is usually made between [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] in the east and the diverse group of "[[Lahnda]]" in the west. "Lahnda" typically subsumes the Saraiki and Hindko varieties, with [[Jhangvi dialect|Jhangvi]] and [[Shahpuri dialect|Shahpuri]] intermediate between the two groups. Pothwari shares features with both Lahnda and Punjabi.<ref>Pothwari has previously been regarded as part of "Lahnda", but {{harvtxt|Shackle|1979|pp=201}} argues that it shares features with both groups. Jhangvi {{harv|Wagha|1997|p=229}} and Shahpuri {{harv|Shackle|1979|pp=201}} are transitional between Saraiki and Punjabi.</ref> |
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Commonly recognised Eastern Punjabi dialects include [[Majhi dialect|Majhi]] (the standard), [[Doabi dialect|Doabi]], [[Malwai dialect|Malwai]], and [[Puadhi dialect|Puadhi]]. The "Lahnda" variety of [[Khetrani language|Khetrani]] in the far west may be intermediate between Saraiki and Sindhi.{{sfn|Birmani|Ahmed|2017}} |
Commonly recognised Eastern Punjabi dialects include [[Majhi dialect|Majhi]] (the standard), [[Doabi dialect|Doabi]], [[Malwai dialect|Malwai]], and [[Puadhi dialect|Puadhi]]. The "Lahnda" variety of [[Khetrani language|Khetrani]] in the far west may be intermediate between Saraiki and Sindhi.{{sfn|Birmani|Ahmed|2017}} |
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=== Pakistan === |
=== Pakistan === |
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Punjabi, Hindko and Saraiki are listed separately in the census enumerations of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/publications/pds2020/Pakistan_Demographic_Survey-2020.pdf|title=Pakistan Demographic Survey 2020|website=pbs.gov.pk|access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref> According to the [[2017 Census of Pakistan]], there are 80,536,390 Punjabi speakers; 25,324,637 Saraiki speakers and 5,065,879 Hindko speakers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/tables/pakistan/Table11n.pdf |title=Table 11. Population by mother tongue, sex and rural/urban|website=pbs.gov.pk|access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref> Saraiki was added to the census in 1981, and Hindko was added in 2017, prior to which both were represented by Lahnda language. In areas such as [[Gujar Khan]] and [[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]] where Pothwari is a spoken language |
Punjabi, Hindko and Saraiki are listed separately in the census enumerations of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/publications/pds2020/Pakistan_Demographic_Survey-2020.pdf|title=Pakistan Demographic Survey 2020|website=pbs.gov.pk|access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref> According to the [[2017 Census of Pakistan]], there are 80,536,390 Punjabi speakers; 25,324,637 Saraiki speakers and 5,065,879 Hindko speakers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/tables/pakistan/Table11n.pdf |title=Table 11. Population by mother tongue, sex and rural/urban|website=pbs.gov.pk|access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref> Saraiki was added to the census in 1981, and Hindko was added in 2017, prior to which both were represented by Lahnda language. In areas such as [[Gujar Khan]] and [[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]] where Pothwari dialect is a spoken language.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dr Gurmeet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SodCEAAAQBAJ&dq=hindko+rawalpindi&pg=PA98 |title=Information Seeking Behaviour of Users in Punjabi Literature |date=2021-09-11 |publisher=K.K. Publications |pages=98 |language=en}}</ref> |
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==== Azad Kashmir ==== |
==== Azad Kashmir ==== |
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In a statistical survey carried about by a proxy of the [[Government of Azad Kashmir]], most speakers of [[Azad Kashmir]] spoke |
In a statistical survey carried about by a proxy of the [[Government of Azad Kashmir]], most speakers of [[Azad Kashmir]] spoke [[Pothwari]] dialect of [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref name="SYB 2020">{{Cite book |url=https://www.pndajk.gov.pk/uploadfiles/downloads/Statistical%20Year%20Book%202020.pdf |title=Statistical Year Book 2020 |publisher=AJ&K Bureau Of Statistics |place=Muzaffarabad |pages=131, 140 |access-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.pndajk.gov.pk/uploadfiles/downloads/Statistical%20Year%20Book%202020.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2023, 95% of the population of Azad Kashmir speak [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pothwari dialect]] of Punjabi. |
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=== India === |
=== India === |
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Lahnda languages are only enumerated in the census returns in India with 108,791 speakers listed in the 2011 census. The varieties listed under Lahnda are Bahawalpuri (29,253 speakers); Multani which is described as Hindi Multani (61,722 speakers) and unclassified (17,816 speakers). <ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10219 Census Index]</ref> Punchi is spoken in Jammu. The language variety is listed under Lahnda as it, together with Bahwalpuri and Multani satisfies the "criterion of 10,000 or more speakers at the all India level".<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables Census Tables]</ref> |
Lahnda languages are only enumerated in the census returns in India with 108,791 speakers listed in the 2011 census. The varieties listed under Lahnda are Bahawalpuri (29,253 speakers); Multani which is described as Hindi Multani (61,722 speakers) and unclassified (17,816 speakers). <ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10219 Census Index]</ref> Punchi is spoken in Jammu. The language variety is listed under Lahnda as it, together with Bahwalpuri and Multani satisfies the "criterion of 10,000 or more speakers at the all India level".<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables Census Tables]</ref> |
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Dogri is a dialect of Punjabi spoken primarily in [[Jammu]].<ref>Kli︠u︡ev, B. I. (1981). India, National and Language Problem. India: Sterling.[https://books.google.com/books?id=s96JAAAAMAAJ&q=dogri+]</ref> In the 1941 Census, [[Dogri]] was listed under Punjabi.<ref>Census of India, 1941. (1943). India: Manager of publications [https://books.google.com/books?id=wgjSt2mmG58C&q=dogri+census+panjabi+dialect]</ref> According to the 2011 Census - India, there are 2,596,767 Dogri speakers. Similar to Dogri, the [[Kangri language]] spoken in [[Himachal Pradesh]] was regarded as a Punjabi dialect.<ref>Language Sciences. (1991). Japan: International Christian University Language Sciences Summer Institute.[https://books.google.com/books?id=eQZPAQAAIAAJ&q=languages+sciences+1991+kangri]</ref> There were 1,117,342 Kangri speakers listed in the 2011 Census- India. Despite the independent status of Dogri and reclassification of Kangri, both languages are claimed to fall within Punjabi by most writers and scholars.<ref>Grewal, J.S. and Banga, Indu (1998) Punjab in prosperity and violence: administration, politics, and social change, 1947-1997. K.K. Publishers for Institute of Punjab Studies, Chandigarh [https://books.google.com/books?id=oS9uAAAAMAAJ&q=Government+awarded+the+status+of+language,+was+actually+a+spoken+form+of+Punjabi.]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pushp & Warikoo: Jammu, Kashmir & Ladakh - Linguistic Predicament |url=https://koshur.org/Linguistic/4.html |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=koshur.org}}</ref> Others place Dogri and Kangri within the Western Pahari dialects group of Punjabi.<ref>Jared Klein, Brian Joseph, Matthias Fritz (2017) Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics[https://books.google.com/books?id=cQA2DwAAQBAJ&dq=dogri+and+kangri+western+pahari&pg=PA437]</ref> Eberle et al (2020) believe Dogri and Kangri are dialect of Eastern Punjabi and place these languages in a group of related languages descended from an intermediate division of [[Indo-Aryan languages]].<ref>Eberle, Ulrich J., et al. “Ethnolinguistic Diversity and Urban Agglomeration.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 117, no. 28, 2020, pp. 16250–57. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26935214. Accessed 12 Feb. 2023.</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 16:34, 21 December 2023
| Punjabi languages | |
|---|---|
| Ethnicity | Punjabis |
| Geographic distribution | Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh |
| Linguistic classification | Indo-European
|
Early form | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | lahn1241 |
| Part of a series on |
| Punjabis |
|---|
 |
 Punjab portal |
The Punjabi dialects and languages or Greater Panjabic are a series of dialects and languages spoken around the Punjab region of Pakistan and India with varying degrees of official recognition.[7] They have sometimes been referred to as the Greater Punjabi macrolanguage.[8] Punjabi may also be considered as a pluricentric language with more than one standard variety.[9]
Punjabi is a language spoken primarily in the Punjab region, which is divided between India and Pakistan. It is also spoken by Punjabi diaspora communities around the world. Punjabi itself has several dialects that can vary based on geographical, cultural, and historical factors.
The varieties of "Greater Punjabi" have a number of characteristics in common, for example the preservation of the Prakrit double consonants in stressed syllables.[10] Nevertheless, there is disagreement on whether they form part of a single language group, with some proposed classifications placing them all within the Northwestern zone of Indo-Aryan, while others reserving this only for the western varieties, and assigning the eastern ones to the Central zone alongside Hindi.[11]
Geographic distribution
The literary languages that have developed on the basis of dialects of this area are Standard Punjabi in eastern and central Punjab, Saraiki in the southwest Pahari-Pothwari in the northwest.[12] A distinction is usually made between Punjabi in the east and the diverse group of "Lahnda" in the west. "Lahnda" typically subsumes the Saraiki and Hindko varieties, with Jhangvi and Shahpuri intermediate between the two groups. Pothwari shares features with both Lahnda and Punjabi.[13]
Commonly recognised Eastern Punjabi dialects include Majhi (the standard), Doabi, Malwai, and Puadhi. The "Lahnda" variety of Khetrani in the far west may be intermediate between Saraiki and Sindhi.[14]
Pakistan
Punjabi, Hindko and Saraiki are listed separately in the census enumerations of Pakistan.[15] According to the 2017 Census of Pakistan, there are 80,536,390 Punjabi speakers; 25,324,637 Saraiki speakers and 5,065,879 Hindko speakers.[16] Saraiki was added to the census in 1981, and Hindko was added in 2017, prior to which both were represented by Lahnda language. In areas such as Gujar Khan and Rawalpindi where Pothwari dialect is a spoken language.[17]
Azad Kashmir
In a statistical survey carried about by a proxy of the Government of Azad Kashmir, most speakers of Azad Kashmir spoke Pothwari dialect of Punjabi.[18] As of 2023, 95% of the population of Azad Kashmir speak Pothwari dialect of Punjabi.
India
In India, Punjabi is listed as a constitutional language and is counted in the census returns. According to the 2011 Census of India, there are 33,124,726 Punjabi speakers which includes the varieties of Bagri (1,656,588 speakers) Bilaspuri (295,805 speakers) and Bhateali (23,970 speakers).[19] Bagri is spoken in parts of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. Bilaspuri and Bhateali are spoken in Himachal Pradesh. The status of Bagri is split between Punjabi and Rajasthani in the census returns with options available under Punjabi and Rajasthani.[20] Gusain (1991) places Bagri as a Rajasthani dialect.[21] Similarly, the identities of Bilaspuri and Bhateali are also split, in their case, between Punjabi and Dogri.[22][23]
Lahnda languages are only enumerated in the census returns in India with 108,791 speakers listed in the 2011 census. The varieties listed under Lahnda are Bahawalpuri (29,253 speakers); Multani which is described as Hindi Multani (61,722 speakers) and unclassified (17,816 speakers). [24] Punchi is spoken in Jammu. The language variety is listed under Lahnda as it, together with Bahwalpuri and Multani satisfies the "criterion of 10,000 or more speakers at the all India level".[25]
Dogri is a dialect of Punjabi spoken primarily in Jammu.[26] In the 1941 Census, Dogri was listed under Punjabi.[27] According to the 2011 Census - India, there are 2,596,767 Dogri speakers. Similar to Dogri, the Kangri language spoken in Himachal Pradesh was regarded as a Punjabi dialect.[28] There were 1,117,342 Kangri speakers listed in the 2011 Census- India. Despite the independent status of Dogri and reclassification of Kangri, both languages are claimed to fall within Punjabi by most writers and scholars.[29][30] Others place Dogri and Kangri within the Western Pahari dialects group of Punjabi.[31] Eberle et al (2020) believe Dogri and Kangri are dialect of Eastern Punjabi and place these languages in a group of related languages descended from an intermediate division of Indo-Aryan languages.[32]
See also
- Bengali dialects
- Sindhi languages
- Hindi Belt
- Bazigar language
- Baahar di boli, term used to refer to diasporic Punjabis use of the language
- Khalsa bole, coded language of Nihang Sikhs largely based on Punjabic
References
- ^ Haldar, Gopal (2000). Languages of India. New Delhi: National Book Trust, India. p. 149. ISBN 9788123729367.
The age of Old Punjabi: up to 1600 A.D. […] It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib.
- ^ Bhatia, Tej K. (2013). Punjabi: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. p. XXV. ISBN 9781136894602.
As an independent language Punjabi has gone through the following three stages of development: Old Punjabi (10th to 16th century). Medieval Punjabi (16th to 19th century), and Modern Punjabi (19th century to Present).
- ^ Christopher Shackle; Arvind Mandair (2013). "0.2.1 – Form". Teachings of the Sikh Gurus : selections from the Scriptures (First ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 9781136451089.
Surpassing them all in the frequent subtlety of his linguistic choices, including the use of dialect forms as well as of frequent loanwords from Sanskrit and Persian, Guru Nanak combined this poetic language of the Sants with his native Old Punjabi. It is this mixture of Old Punjabi and old Hindi which constitutes the core idiom of all the earlier Gurus.
- ^ Frawley, William (2003). International encyclopedia of linguistics (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 423. ISBN 9780195139778.
- ^ Austin, Peter (2008). One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 115. ISBN 9780520255609.
- ^ Braj B. Kachru; Yamuna Kachru; S. N. Sridhar (2008). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 411. ISBN 9781139465502.
- ^ "Glottolog 4.8 - Greater Panjabic". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2023-07-13.
- ^ For the use of the term "Greater Panjabi", see Rensch (1992, p. 87) and Rahman (1996, p. 175).
- ^ [1]Muhr, Rudoplh (2016) Pluricentric Languages and Non-Dominant Varieties Worldwide. Peter Lang
- ^ Shackle 2003, p. 591.
- ^ Masica 1991, pp. 446–63.
- ^ Shackle 1979, p. 198.
- ^ Pothwari has previously been regarded as part of "Lahnda", but Shackle (1979, pp. 201) argues that it shares features with both groups. Jhangvi (Wagha 1997, p. 229) and Shahpuri (Shackle 1979, pp. 201) are transitional between Saraiki and Punjabi.
- ^ Birmani & Ahmed 2017.
- ^ "Pakistan Demographic Survey 2020" (PDF). pbs.gov.pk. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ "Table 11. Population by mother tongue, sex and rural/urban" (PDF). pbs.gov.pk. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ Singh, Dr Gurmeet (2021-09-11). Information Seeking Behaviour of Users in Punjabi Literature. K.K. Publications. p. 98.
- ^ Statistical Year Book 2020 (PDF). Muzaffarabad: AJ&K Bureau Of Statistics. pp. 131, 140. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ Census catalog
- ^ Language (Paper 1 OF 2018)- Census of India2011
- ^ *Gusain, Lakhan (1999). A Descriptive Grammar of Bagri (PhD). Jawaharlal Nehru University. hdl:10603/16847.
- ^ Tiwari, Dr Siyaram. Bhartiya Bhashaon Ki Pahchan (in Hindi). Vani Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-5229-677-4.
- ^ Ralph Lilley Turner (1985), A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, p. xii, Wikidata Q115652507
- ^ Census Index
- ^ Census Tables
- ^ Kli︠u︡ev, B. I. (1981). India, National and Language Problem. India: Sterling.[2]
- ^ Census of India, 1941. (1943). India: Manager of publications [3]
- ^ Language Sciences. (1991). Japan: International Christian University Language Sciences Summer Institute.[4]
- ^ Grewal, J.S. and Banga, Indu (1998) Punjab in prosperity and violence: administration, politics, and social change, 1947-1997. K.K. Publishers for Institute of Punjab Studies, Chandigarh [5]
- ^ "Pushp & Warikoo: Jammu, Kashmir & Ladakh - Linguistic Predicament". koshur.org. Retrieved 2023-02-11.
- ^ Jared Klein, Brian Joseph, Matthias Fritz (2017) Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics[6]
- ^ Eberle, Ulrich J., et al. “Ethnolinguistic Diversity and Urban Agglomeration.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 117, no. 28, 2020, pp. 16250–57. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26935214. Accessed 12 Feb. 2023.
Sources
- Birmani, Ali H.; Ahmed, Fasih (2017). "Language of the Khetrans of Barkhan of Pakistani Balochistan: A preliminary description". Lingua. 191–192: 3–21. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2016.12.003. ISSN 0024-3841.
- Burling, Robbins. 1970. Man's many voices. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
- Ethnologue. Indo-Aryan Classification of 219 languages that have been assigned to the Indo-Aryan grouping of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages.
- Ethnologue. Languages of India
- Ethnologue. Languages of Pakistan
- Grierson, George A. (1903–1928). Linguistic Survey of India. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. Online database
- Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7.
- Rahman, Tariq (1996). Language and politics in Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577692-8.
- Rahman, Tariq. 2006. The role of English in Pakistan with special reference to tolerance and militancy. In Amy Tsui et al., Language, policy, culture and identity in Asian contexts. Routledge. 219-240.
- Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5.
- Shackle, C. 1970. Punjabi in Lahore. Modern Asian Studies, 4(3):239–267. Available online at JSTOR.
- Shackle, Christopher (1979). "Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab". Transactions of the Philological Society. 77 (1): 191–210. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x. ISSN 0079-1636.
- Shackle, Christopher (2003). "Panjabi". In Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.). The Indo-Aryan languages. Routledge language family series. Y. London: Routledge. pp. 581–621. ISBN 978-0-7007-1130-7.
- Wagha, Muhammad Ahsan (1997). The development of Siraiki language in Pakistan (Ph.D.). School of Oriental and African Studies. (requires registration)
External links
- Map of Punjabi dialects from Grierson's early 20th-century Linguistic Survey of India