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no seraiki's found in india, no proper references
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{{Infobox Language
{{Infobox Language
|name=Saraiki
|name=Saraiki
|states=[[Pakistan]], [[India]]<ref name="Siraikipoint - Siraiki Language, Literature, Art and Culture">{{cite web|url = http://siraikipoint.com/| title = Siraiki Language, Literature, Art and Culture |publisher = Siraikipoint |accessdate = 2007-07-14}}</ref>, [[Afghanistan]]<ref name="Afghan Hindu - Kandahari">{{cite web|url = http://www.afghanhindu.info/afghan_hindus.htm| title = Introduction |publisher = Afghan Hindu|accessdate = 2007-12-08}}</ref>
|states=[[Pakistan]],<ref name="Siraikipoint - Siraiki Language, Literature, Art and Culture">{{cite web|url = http://siraikipoint.com/| title = Siraiki Language, Literature, Art and Culture |publisher = Siraikipoint |accessdate = 2007-07-14}}</ref>, [[Afghanistan]]<ref name="Afghan Hindu - Kandahari">{{cite web|url = http://www.afghanhindu.info/afghan_hindus.htm| title = Introduction |publisher = Afghan Hindu|accessdate = 2007-12-08}}</ref>
|speakers=~30,000,000
|speakers=~30,000,000
|familycolor=Indo-European
|familycolor=Indo-European
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|iso3=skr
|iso3=skr
|notice=Indic}}
|notice=Indic}}
'''Saraiki''' ([[Perso-Arabic]]: سراییکی, [[Gurmukhi]]: ਸਰਾਇਕੀ), also called '''Multani''' ([[Perso-Arabic]]: ملتانی, [[Gurmukhi]]: ਮੁਲਤਾਨੀ, [[Devanagari]]: मुल्तानी), is an [[Indo-Aryan]] (Indic)<ref name="Ethnologue - Seraiki">{{cite web|url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=skr| title = Seraiki |publisher = Ethnologue|accessdate = 2007-07-14}}</ref> [[language]] mostly spoken in Southern [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and northern [[Sindh]] in central [[Pakistan]] by about 30 million people (according to 1998 census) as well as by about 506,096 people in [[India]],<ref name="Census - Multani">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm Abstract of speakers’ strength of languages and mother tongues – 2001], ''Census of India'' (retrieved 19 March 2008)</ref> and by a small minority in [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="Afghan Hindu - Kandahari">{{cite web|url = http://www.afghanhindu.info/afghan_hindus.htm| title = Introduction |publisher = Afghan Hindu|accessdate = 2007-12-08}}</ref>
'''Saraiki''' ([[Perso-Arabic]]: سراییکی, [[Gurmukhi]]: ਸਰਾਇਕੀ), also called '''Multani''' ([[Perso-Arabic]]: ملتانی, is an [[Indo-Aryan]] (Indic)<ref name="Ethnologue - Seraiki">{{cite web|url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=skr| title = Seraiki |publisher = Ethnologue|accessdate = 2007-07-14}}</ref> [[language]] mostly spoken in Southern [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and northern [[Sindh]] in central [[Pakistan]] by about 30 million people (according to 1998 census),<ref name="Census - Multani">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm Abstract of speakers’ strength of languages and mother tongues – 2001], ''Census of India'' (retrieved 19 March 2008)</ref> and by a small minority in [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="Afghan Hindu - Kandahari">{{cite web|url = http://www.afghanhindu.info/afghan_hindus.htm| title = Introduction |publisher = Afghan Hindu|accessdate = 2007-12-08}}</ref>
==Classification==
==Classification==
Saraiki is part of a [[dialect continuum]] with [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]. Saraiki, Punjabi and Sindhi are members of the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] branch of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family.
Saraiki is part of a [[dialect continuum]] with [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]. Saraiki, Punjabi and Sindhi are members of the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] branch of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family.
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==Geographic distribution==
==Geographic distribution==
Saraiki is widely spoken and understood as a second language in northern and western [[Sindh]] down to the suburbs of [[Karachi]] and in the [[Kachhi]] plain of [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]]. It is also known as [[Derawali]] in [[Derajat]] area. Saraiki is also spoken in [[North-West Frontier Province]] (NWFP) and it is third popular language after [[Pashtu language |Pashtu]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. Saraiki is widely spoken in southern NWFP areas specially in [[Dera Ismail Khan]], [[Kulachi]] and in [[Tank (Pakistan)|Tank District]] and also spoken widely in [[Lakki Marwat]]. It is mostly spoken in the south of [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] in [[Dera Ghazi Khan]], [[Multan]], [[Mailsi]], [[Mianwali]], [[Vehari]], [[Rahim Yar Khan]], [[Rajan Pur]] and [[Bahawalpur]] in Pakistan.
Saraiki is widely spoken and understood as a second language in northern and western [[Sindh]] down to the suburbs of [[Karachi]] and in the [[Kachhi]] plain of [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]]. It is also known as [[Derawali]] in [[Derajat]] area. Saraiki is also spoken in [[North-West Frontier Province]] (NWFP) and it is third popular language after [[Pashtu language |Pashtu]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. Saraiki is widely spoken in southern NWFP areas specially in [[Dera Ismail Khan]], [[Kulachi]] and in [[Tank (Pakistan)|Tank District]] and also spoken widely in [[Lakki Marwat]]. It is mostly spoken in the south of [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] in [[Dera Ghazi Khan]], [[Multan]], [[Mailsi]], [[Mianwali]], [[Vehari]], [[Rahim Yar Khan]], [[Rajan Pur]] and [[Bahawalpur]] in Pakistan.

In [[India]], it is known as Multani<ref name="Bethany World Prayer Center - Multani of India">{{cite web|url = http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code5/1485.html| title = The Multani of India |publisher = Bethany World Prayer Center|accessdate = 2007-07-14}}</ref> and is spoken by the Multanis who settled mostly in the urban areas of the states of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Delhi]], and [[Gujarat]] after the [[partition of India]] in 1947. Their population in mainly concentrated in Delhi and in the towns of [[Haryana]], such as Rohtak, Kaithal, Jind, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Fatehabad and Hissar.<ref name="Ethnologue - Seraiki"/>


In [[Afghanistan]], ''Kandahari'', a dialect of Multani/Saraiki is a mother tongue of [[Hindki|Afghan Hindus]].<ref name="Afghan Hindu - Kandahari">{{cite web|url = http://www.afghanhindu.info/afghan_hindus.htm| title = Introduction |publisher = Afghan Hindu|accessdate = 2007-12-08}}</ref>
In [[Afghanistan]], ''Kandahari'', a dialect of Multani/Saraiki is a mother tongue of [[Hindki|Afghan Hindus]].<ref name="Afghan Hindu - Kandahari">{{cite web|url = http://www.afghanhindu.info/afghan_hindus.htm| title = Introduction |publisher = Afghan Hindu|accessdate = 2007-12-08}}</ref>
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==Writing system==
==Writing system==
There are two writing systems for Multani / Saraiki. One is a variant of the [[Arabic script]], which is in vogue today. Very few Saraiki speakers are [[literacy|literate]] in their own language, however, although some may be able to write other languages.
There are two writing systems for Multani / Saraiki. One is a variant of the [[Arabic script]], which is in vogue today. Very few Saraiki speakers are [[literacy|literate]] in their own language, however, although some may be able to write other languages.
However, the [[Hindus]], especially the traders, wrote a script called [[Gurmukhi|Lahnda]], which was written from left to right.<ref name="UTexas - Landha">{{cite web|url = http://inic.utexas.edu/asnic/subject/peoplesandlanguages.html| title = People and Languages in the Pre-Islamic Indus Valley|publisher = University of Texas|accessdate = 2007-12-08}}</ref><ref name="Multani Scripts"/><ref name="Sri Ganth">{{cite web|url = http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.dictionary| title = ਮੁਲਤਾਨੀ |publisher = Sri Guru Granth Sahib|accessdate = 2007-12-08}}</ref> It is no longer used in present-day Pakistan, but there are still people of the generation that learned the script before the [[partition of India]], when they had to flee, settle, and assimilate in different regions and linguistic territories of [[India]] and other places of the world. Some Indian Multanis also write in the [[Devanagari script]].<ref name="Indian Express - Multani poets relive memories of struggle">{{cite web|url = http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980127/02651164.html| title = Multani poets relive memories of struggle |publisher = Indian Express|accessdate = 2007-12-08}}</ref><ref name="Multani Scripts"/><ref name="The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia- Multani Devanagari">{{cite web|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=vlsIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1095&lpg=PA1095&dq=multani+devanagari&source=web&ots=nCxmgi3n8T&sig=cPqWFPUb4yb3_QcBW7EcWAlKfkg| title = Multani Writing|publisher = The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia|accessdate = 2007-12-08}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 18:24, 10 May 2008

Saraiki
Native toPakistan,[1], Afghanistan[2]
Native speakers
~30,000,000
Arabic alphabet,[3] Gurmukhi script,[3] Devanagari script[3]
Language codes
ISO 639-2inc
ISO 639-3skr

Saraiki (Perso-Arabic: سراییکی, Gurmukhi: ਸਰਾਇਕੀ), also called Multani (Perso-Arabic: ملتانی, is an Indo-Aryan (Indic)[4] language mostly spoken in Southern Punjab and northern Sindh in central Pakistan by about 30 million people (according to 1998 census),[5] and by a small minority in Afghanistan.[2]

Classification

Saraiki is part of a dialect continuum with Punjabi and Sindhi. Saraiki, Punjabi and Sindhi are members of the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European family.

Geographic distribution

Saraiki is widely spoken and understood as a second language in northern and western Sindh down to the suburbs of Karachi and in the Kachhi plain of Balochistan. It is also known as Derawali in Derajat area. Saraiki is also spoken in North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and it is third popular language after Pashtu and Punjabi. Saraiki is widely spoken in southern NWFP areas specially in Dera Ismail Khan, Kulachi and in Tank District and also spoken widely in Lakki Marwat. It is mostly spoken in the south of Punjab in Dera Ghazi Khan, Multan, Mailsi, Mianwali, Vehari, Rahim Yar Khan, Rajan Pur and Bahawalpur in Pakistan.

In Afghanistan, Kandahari, a dialect of Multani/Saraiki is a mother tongue of Afghan Hindus.[2]

Phonology

Vowels

Saraiki has three short vowels, seven long vowels and six nasal vowels.

Consonants

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Stops and
affricates 		Voiceless p pʰ t̪ t̪ʰ t tʰ ʧ ʧʰ k kʰ ʔ
Voiced b bʰ d̪ d̪ʰ d dʰ ʤ ʤʰ ɡ ɡʰ
Implosives ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ
Nasals m mʰ n nʰ ɳ ɲ ŋ
Fricatives Voiceless f s ʃ x h
Voiced v z ʒ ɣ
Trills r rʰ
Flaps ɽ ɽʰ
Laterals l lʰ
Semivowel j

Writing system

There are two writing systems for Multani / Saraiki. One is a variant of the Arabic script, which is in vogue today. Very few Saraiki speakers are literate in their own language, however, although some may be able to write other languages.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Siraiki Language, Literature, Art and Culture". Siraikipoint. Retrieved 2007-07-14.
  2. ^ a b c "Introduction". Afghan Hindu. Retrieved 2007-12-08.
  3. ^ a b c "An Article about Siraiki Scripts". Siraiki Language. Retrieved 2007-12-08.
  4. ^ "Seraiki". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2007-07-14.
  5. ^ Abstract of speakers’ strength of languages and mother tongues – 2001, Census of India (retrieved 19 March 2008)

Bibliography

  • Ahsan, Wagha (1990). The Seraiki Language: Its Growth and Development. Islamabad: Dderawar Publications.
  • Gardezi, Hassan N. (1996). Seraiki Language and its poetics: An Introduction. London: Sangat Publishers.
  • Shackle, Christopher (1976). The Seraiki Language of Central Pakistan: A Reference Grammar. London: School of Oriental and African Studies.
  • Shackle, Christopher (1977). "Siariki: A Language Movement in Pakistan". Modern Asian Studies. 11 (3): 279–403.
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