Category:Antibiotics

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Antibacterials active on the cell wall and envelope (J01C-J01D)

Beta-lactams
(inhibit synthesis
of peptidoglycan
layer of bacterial
cell wall by binding
to and inhibiting
PBPs, a group of
D-alanyl-D-alanine
transpeptidases)

Penicillins (Penams)

Narrow
spectrum

β-lactamase sensitive (1st generation)	Benzylpenicillin (G)^# Benzathine benzylpenicillin^# Procaine benzylpenicillin^# Phenoxymethylpenicillin (V)^# Propicillin^‡ Pheneticillin^‡ Azidocillin^‡ Clometocillin^‡ Penamecillin^‡
β-lactamase resistant (2nd generation)	Cloxacillin^# (Dicloxacillin Flucloxacillin) Oxacillin Nafcillin Methicillin^‡

Extended
spectrum

Aminopenicillins (3rd generation)	Amoxicillin^# Ampicillin^# (Pivampicillin Hetacillin^‡ Bacampicillin^‡ Lenampicillin Metampicillin^‡ Talampicillin^‡) Epicillin^‡
Carboxypenicillins (4th generation)	Ticarcillin Carbenicillin^‡ / Carindacillin^‡ Temocillin^‡
Ureidopenicillins (4th generation)	Piperacillin Azlocillin^‡ Mezlocillin^‡
Other	Mecillinam (Pivmecillinam) Sulbenicillin^‡

Carbapenems / Penems

Cephems
Cephalosporins
Cephamycins
Carbacephems

1st generation	Cefazolin^# Cefalexin ^# Cefadroxil Cefapirin Cefazedone^‡ Cefazaflur^‡ Cefradine^‡ Cefroxadine^‡ Ceftezole^‡ Cefaloglycin^‡ Cefacetrile^‡ Cefalonium^‡ Cefaloridine^‡ Cefalotin Cefatrizine^‡
2nd generation	Cefaclor Cefprozil Cefuroxime Cefuroxime axetil Cefamandole^‡ Cefonicid^‡ Ceforanide^‡ Cefuzonam^‡ Cephamycin (Cefoxitin Cefotetan Cefminox^‡ Cefbuperazone^‡ Cefmetazole^‡) Carbacephem (Loracarbef^‡)
3rd generation	Cefixime^# Ceftriaxone^# Cefotaxime^# Antipseudomonal (Ceftazidime^# Cefoperazone) Cefdinir Cefcapene Cefdaloxime Ceftizoxime Cefmenoxime Cefpiramide Cefpodoxime Ceftibuten Cefditoren Cefotiam^‡ Cefetamet^‡ Cefodizime^‡ Cefpimizole^‡ Cefsulodin^‡ Cefteram^‡ Ceftiolene^‡ Oxacephem (Flomoxef Latamoxef^‡)
4th generation	Cefepime Cefozopran^‡ Cefpirome Cefquinome^‡
5th generation	Ceftaroline fosamil Ceftolozane Ceftobiprole
Siderophore	Cefiderocol^#
Veterinary	Ceftiofur Cefquinome Cefovecin

Monobactams

β-lactamase inhibitors

Combinations

Polypeptides

Glycopeptides Lipoglycopeptides	Inhibit PG chain elongation: Vancomycin^# (Oritavancin Telavancin) Teicoplanin (Dalbavancin) Ristocetin^‡ Avoparcin Inhibit autolysin: Corbomycin (not approved)
Lipopeptides	Insert into bacterial cell wall causing perforation and depolarization: Daptomycin Surfactin
Polymyxins	Bind to LPS in the outer bacterial membrane, acting in detergent-like fashion: Colistin Polymyxin B
Other	Inhibits PG elongation and crosslinking: Ramoplanin^§

Intracellular

Inhibit PG subunit synthesis and transport: NAM synthesis inhibition (Fosfomycin)
DADAL/AR inhibitors (Cycloserine)
bactoprenol inhibitors (Bacitracin)

Other

^#WHO-EM
^‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
- ^†Phase III
- ^§Never to phase III

Antibacterials that inhibit nucleic acid (J01E, J01M)

Antifolates
(inhibit bacterial
purine metabolism,
thereby inhibiting
DNA and RNA
synthesis)

DHFR inhibitor

2,4-Diaminopyrimidine
- Brodimoprim
- Iclaprim^†
- Ormetoprim
- Pyrimethamine^#
- Tetroxoprim
- Trimethoprim^#

Sulfonamides
(DHPS inhibitor)

Short-acting	Sulfaisodimidine Sulfamethizole Sulfadimidine Sulfapyridine (Sulfasalazine) Sulfafurazole (Acetyl sulfisoxazole) Sulfanilamide Prontosil Sulfathiazole (Phthalylsulfathiazole, Succinylsulfathiazole) Sulfathiourea
Intermediate-acting	Sulfamethoxazole Sulfadiazine^# Sulfamoxole
Long-acting	Sulfadimethoxine Sulfadoxine Sulfalene Sulfametomidine Sulfametoxydiazine Sulfamethoxypyridazine Sulfaperin Sulfamerazine Sulfaphenazole Sulfamazone
Other/ungrouped	Mafenide Sulfacetamide Sulfaclozine Sulfadicramide Sulfaguanidine Sulfametrole Sulfanitran

Combinations

Other DHPS inhibitors

Quinolones
(inhibit bacterial
topoisomerase
and/or DNA gyrase,
thereby inhibiting
DNA replication)

1st generation

Fluoroquinolones

2nd generation	Ciprofloxacin^# Ofloxacin Enoxacin^‡ Fleroxacin^‡ Lomefloxacin^‡ Nadifloxacin^‡/Levonadifloxacin/Alalevonadifloxacin Norfloxacin^‡ Pefloxacin^‡ Rufloxacin^‡
3rd generation	Levofloxacin^# Balofloxacin^‡ Grepafloxacin^‡ Pazufloxacin^‡ Sparfloxacin^‡ Temafloxacin^‡ Tosufloxacin^‡
4th generation	Besifloxacin Delafloxacin Gatifloxacin Finafloxacin Gemifloxacin Moxifloxacin^# Clinafloxacin^† Garenoxacin^‡ Prulifloxacin^‡ Sitafloxacin^‡ Trovafloxacin^‡/Alatrofloxacin^‡
Veterinary	Danofloxacin Difloxacin Enrofloxacin Ibafloxacin Marbofloxacin Orbifloxacin Pradofloxacin Sarafloxacin^‡

Newer non-fluorinated

Related (DG)

Aminocoumarins: Novobiocin

Anaerobic DNA
inhibitors

Nitroimidazole derivatives	Metronidazole^# Ornidazole Secnidazole Tinidazole
Nitrofuran derivatives	Furazolidone^‡ Nifuroxazide Nifurtoinol Nifurzide Nitrofurantoin^# Nitrofurazone

RNA synthesis

Rifamycins/ RNA polymerase	Rifampicin^# Rifabutin^# Rifapentine^# Rifaximin Rifalazil^§
Lipiarmycins	Fidaxomicin

^#WHO-EM
^‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
- ^†Phase III
- ^§Never to phase III

Antibacterials that inhibit protein synthesis (J01A, J01B, J01F, J01G, QJ01XQ)

30S

Aminoglycosides
(initiation inhibitors)

-mycin (Streptomyces)	Streptomycin^# Dihydrostreptomycin Neomycin^# Framycetin Paromomycin^# Ribostamycin Kanamycin Amikacin^# Arbekacin Bekanamycin Dibekacin Tobramycin (+loteprednol) Spectinomycin^# Hygromycin B Totomycin Apramycin Nourseothricin
-micin (Micromonospora)	Gentamicin^# Netilmicin Sisomicin Micronomicin Plazomicin^# Isepamicin Verdamicin Astromicin
other	Butirosin

Tetracycline antibiotics
(tRNA binding)

Tetracyclines	Doxycycline^# Chlortetracycline Clomocycline Demeclocycline Eravacycline Lymecycline Meclocycline^‡ Metacycline Minocycline Omadacycline Oxytetracycline Penimepicycline Rolitetracycline Sarecycline Tetracycline^#
Glycylcyclines	Tigecycline

50S

Oxazolidinone
(initiation inhibitors)

Peptidyl transferase

Amphenicols	Chloramphenicol^# Azidamfenicol Thiamphenicol Florfenicol
Pleuromutilins	Azamulin Lefamulin Retapamulin Tiamulin Valnemulin

MLS (transpeptidation/translocation)

Macrolides	Azithromycin^# Boromycin Carbomycin Carrimycin Clarithromycin^# Dirithromycin Erythromycin^# Flurithromycin Gamithromycin Josamycin Kitasamycin Midecamycin Miocamycin Oleandomycin Rokitamycin Roxithromycin Solithromycin Spiramycin Telithromycin Tildipirosin Tilmicosin Troleandomycin Tulathromycin Tylosin Tylvalosin
Ketolides	Telithromycin^‡ Cethromycin Solithromycin^†
Lincosamides	Clindamycin^# Lincomycin Pirlimycin
Streptogramins	Pristinamycin (IA, IIA, IIB) NXL103 (Flopristin, Linopristin) Quinupristin/dalfopristin (Dalfopristin, Quinupristin) Streptogramin A Streptogramin B Virginiamycin (S1)

EF-G

Steroid antibacterials	Fusidic acid

^#WHO-EM
^‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
- ^†Phase III
- ^§Never to phase III

v t e Use of antimicrobials
Types	Antibacterial Antifungal Antiviral Antiparasitic
Concepts	Antibiotic sensitivity Antimicrobial resistance multidrug Antibiotic prophylaxis Empiric therapy Directed therapy
Social issues	Antimicrobial stewardship Antibiotic misuse
Pharmacology	Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics List of antibiotics Production of antibiotics
Agriculture	Antibiotic use in livestock Antibiotics in poultry farming in America Subtherapeutic antibiotic use in swine Pesticide resistance

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