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Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)

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Liberal Democratic Party
自由民主党
Jiyū-Minshutō
PresidentFumio Kishida
Vice PresidentTarō Asō
Secretary-GeneralToshimitsu Motegi
Councilors LeaderMasakazu Sekiguchi
Founded15 November 1955; 68 years ago (1955-11-15)
Merger ofJapan Democratic Party
Liberal Party
Headquarters11-23, Nagatachō 1-chome, Chiyoda, Tokyo 100-8910, Japan
NewspaperJiyū Minshu[1]
Think tankPolicy Research Council
Membership (2021)Increase 1,136,445[2]
Ideology
Political positionRight-wing[3][A]
Colors
  •   Green
  •   Red[4]
Slogan"日本を守る責任"[5]
"Nihon wo mamoru sekinin"
("The responsibility to protect Japan")
Anthem"われら"[6]
"Ware-ra"
("We")
Councillors
109 / 245
Representatives
263 / 465
Prefectural assembly members[7]
1,301 / 2,668
City, special ward, town and village assembly members[7]
2,180 / 29,762
Election symbol
Website
www.jimin.jp/english/ Edit this at Wikidata
^ A: The Liberal Democratic Party is a big-tent conservative party.[8][9] The LDP is also described as centre-right,[10][a] but the LDP has far-right[17][b] and ultra-conservative[18] factions, with many members belonging to ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi (see List of members of Nippon Kaigi).

The Liberal Democratic Party (自由民主党, Jiyū-Minshutō), frequently abbreviated to LDP or Jimintō (自民党), is a conservative[19] political party in Japan.

The LDP has been in power almost continuously since its foundation in 1955—a period called the 1955 System—except between 1993 and 1994, and again from 2009 to 2012. In the 2012 election, it regained control of the government. After the 2019 and 2021 elections it holds 261 seats in the lower house and 111 seats in the upper house, and in coalition with Komeito since 1999, a governing majority in both houses.

The party has been characterized by factionalism ever since its emergence in 1955 with currently its parliamentary members split among seven factions.[20] PM Fumio Kishida is part of the Kōchikai faction and its leader.

The LDP is not to be confused with the now-defunct Democratic Party of Japan (民主党, Minshutō), the main opposition party from 1998 to 2016, or the Democratic Party (民進党, Minshintō), the main opposition party from 2016 to 2017.[21] The LDP is also not to be confused with the 1998–2003 Liberal Party (自由党, Jiyūtō) or the 2016–2019 Liberal Party (自由党, Jiyū-tō).

History

Beginnings

Launching convention, 15 November 1955

The LDP was formed in 1955 [22] as a merger between two of Japan's political parties, the Liberal Party (自由党, Jiyutō, 1945–1955, led by Shigeru Yoshida) and the Japan Democratic Party (日本民主党, Nihon Minshutō, 1954–1955, led by Ichirō Hatoyama), both right-wing conservative parties, as a united front against the then popular Japan Socialist Party (日本社会党, Nipponshakaitō), now the Social Democratic Party (社会民主党, Shakaiminshutō). The party won the following elections, and Japan's first conservative government with a majority was formed by 1955. It would hold majority government until 1993.

The LDP began with reforming Japan's international relations, ranging from entry into the United Nations, to establishing diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union. Its leaders in the 1950s also made the LDP the main government party, and in all the elections of the 1950s, the LDP won the majority vote, with the only other opposition coming from left-wing politics, made up of the Japan Socialist Party and the Japanese Communist Party.

From the 1950s through the 1970s, the United States Central Intelligence Agency spent millions of dollars attempting to influence elections in Japan to favor the LDP against more leftist parties such as the Socialists and the Communists,[23][24] although this was not revealed until the mid-1990s when it was exposed by The New York Times.[25]

1960s to 1990s

For the majority of the 1960s, the LDP (and Japan) were led by Eisaku Satō, beginning with the hosting of the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, and ending in 1972 with Japanese neutrality in the Vietnam War and with the beginning of the Japanese asset price bubble. By the end of the 1970s, the LDP went into its decline, where even though it held the reins of government many scandals plagued the party, while the opposition (now joined with the Komeito (Former)) gained momentum.

In 1976, in the wake of the Lockheed bribery scandals, a handful of younger LDP Diet members broke away and established their own party, the New Liberal Club (Shin Jiyu Kurabu). A decade later, however, it was reabsorbed by the LDP.

By the late 1970s, the Japan Socialist Party, the Japanese Communist Party, and the Komeito along with the international community used major pressure to have Japan switch diplomatic ties from Taiwan (Republic of China) to the People's Republic of China.

In 1983, the LDP was a founding member of the International Democrat Union.[26]

Liberal Democratic Hall Bldg., Headquarters of the LDP in Tokyo.

By the early 1990s, the LDP's nearly four decades in power allowed it to establish a highly stable process of policy formation. This process would not have been possible if other parties had secured parliamentary majorities. LDP strength was based on an enduring, although not unchallenged, coalition of big business, small business, agriculture, professional groups, and other interests. Elite bureaucrats collaborated closely with the party and interest groups in drafting and implementing policy. In a sense, the party's success was a result not of its internal strength but of its weakness. It lacked a strong, nationwide organization or consistent ideology with which to attract voters. Its leaders were rarely decisive, charismatic, or popular. But it functioned efficiently as a locus for matching interest group money and votes with bureaucratic power and expertise. This arrangement resulted in corruption, but the party could claim credit for helping to create economic growth and a stable, middle-class Japan. [citation needed]

Out of power

But by 1993, the end of the miracle economy and other reasons (e.g., Recruit scandal) led to the LDP losing its majority in that year's general election.

Seven opposition parties—including several formed by LDP dissidents—formed a government headed by LDP dissident Morihiro Hosokawa of the Japan New Party who became the prime minister preceded by Kiichi Miyazawa. However, the LDP was still far and away the largest party in the House of Representatives, with well over 200 seats; no other party crossed the 80-seat mark. Yohei Kono became the president of the LDP preceded by Kiichi Miyazawa, he was the first non-prime minister LDP leader as the leader of the opposition.

In 1994, the Socialist Party and New Party Sakigake left the ruling coalition, joining the LDP in the opposition. The remaining members of the coalition tried to stay in power as a makeshift minority government, but this failed when the LDP and the Socialists, bitter rivals for 40 years, formed a majority coalition. The new government was dominated by the LDP, but it allowed a Socialist to occupy the Prime Minister's chair (Tomiichi Murayama) until 1996, when the LDP's Ryutaro Hashimoto took over.

1996–2009

In the 1996 election, the LDP made some gains, but was still 12 seats short of a majority. However, no other party could possibly form a government, and Hashimoto formed a solidly LDP minority government. Through a series of floor-crossings, the LDP regained its majority within a year.

The party was practically unopposed until 1998, when the opposition Democratic Party of Japan was formed. This marked the beginning of the opposing parties' gains in momentum, especially in the 2003 and 2004 Parliamentary Elections, that wouldn't slow for another 12 years.[citation needed]

In the dramatically paced 2003 House of Representatives elections, the LDP won 237 seats, while the DPJ won 177 seats. In the 2004 House of Councillors elections, in the seats up for grabs, the LDP won 49 seats and the DPJ 50, though in all seats (including those uncontested) the LDP still had a total of 114. Because of this electoral loss, former Secretary-General Shinzo Abe turned in his resignation, but Party President Koizumi merely demoted him in rank, and he was replaced by Tsutomu Takebe.[citation needed]

On 10 November 2003, the New Conservative Party (Hoshu Shintō) was absorbed into the LDP, a move which was largely because of the New Conservative Party's poor showing in the 2003 general election. The LDP formed a coalition with the conservative Buddhist New Komeito (party founded by Soka Gakkai) from Obuchi Second shuffle Cabinet (1999–2000).[citation needed]

After a victory in the 2005 Japanese general election, the LDP held an absolute majority in the Japanese House of Representatives and formed a coalition government with the New Komeito Party. Shinzo Abe succeeded then-Prime Minister Junichirō Koizumi as the president of the party on 20 September 2006. The party suffered a major defeat in the election of 2007, however, and lost its majority in the upper house for the first time in its history.[citation needed]

The LDP remained the largest party in both houses of the Diet, until 29 July 2007, when the LDP lost its majority in the upper house.[27]

In a party leadership election held on 23 September 2007, the LDP elected Yasuo Fukuda as its president. Fukuda defeated Tarō Asō for the post, receiving 330 votes against 197 votes for Aso.[28][29] However Fukuda resigned suddenly in September 2008, and Asō became Prime Minister after winning the presidency of the LDP in a 5-way election.

In the 2009 general election, the LDP was roundly defeated, winning only 118 seats—easily the worst defeat of a sitting government in modern Japanese history, and also the first real transfer of political power in the post-war era. Accepting responsibility for this severe defeat, Aso announced his resignation as LDP president on election night. Sadakazu Tanigaki was elected leader of the party on 28 September 2009,[30] after a three-way race, becoming only the second LDP leader who was not simultaneously prime minister.[citation needed]

2009–2020

The party's support continued to decline, with prime ministers changing rapidly, and in the 2009 House of Representatives elections the LDP lost its majority, winning only 118 seats, marking the only time they would be out of the majority other than a brief period in 1993.[31][32] Since that time, numerous party members have left to join other parties or form new ones, including Your Party (みんなの党, Minna no Tō),[citation needed] the Sunrise Party of Japan (たちあがれ日本, Tachiagare Nippon),[33] and the New Renaissance Party (新党改革, Shintō Kaikaku).[citation needed] The party had some success in the 2010 House of Councilors election, netting 13 additional seats and denying the DPJ a majority.[34][35] Abe became the president again in September 2012 after a five-way race. The LDP returned to power with its ally New Komeito after winning a clear majority in the lower house general election on 16 December 2012 after just over three years in opposition. Shinzo Abe became Prime Minister for the second time preceded by Yoshihiko Noda who was the leader of the DPJ.[36]

In July 2015, the party pushed for expanded military powers to fight in foreign conflict through Shinzo Abe and the support of Komeito party.[37]

Yoshihide Suga took over from Shinzo Abe in September 2020 after a three-way race. After Suga declined to run for re-election, successor Fumio Kishida lead the party to an upset victory in the October 2021 Japanese general election after a four-way race.[38]

Ideology and political stance

The LDP is usually associated with conservatism[19] and Japanese nationalism.[39] The party though has not espoused a well-defined, unified ideology or political philosophy, due to its long-term government, and has been described as a "catch-all" party.[9] Its members hold a variety of positions that could be broadly defined as being to the right of the opposition parties. Many of its ministers, including current Prime Minister Fumio Kishida and former Prime Ministers Yoshihide Suga and Shinzo Abe are affiliated to the parliamentary league of Nippon Kaigi, an ultranationalist and traditionalist lobby group.[40] Traditionally, in the Japanese political spectrum, there is an evaluation that the Liberal Democratic Party is the most 'conservative' and the Japanese Communist Party is the most 'progressive'.[41]

The LDP traditionally identified itself with a number of general goals: rapid, export-based economic growth; close cooperation with the United States in foreign and defense policies; and several newer issues, such as administrative reform. Administrative reform encompassed several themes: simplification and streamlining of government bureaucracy; privatization of state-owned enterprises; and adoption of measures, including tax reform, in preparation for the expected strain on the economy posed by an aging society. Other priorities in the early 1990s included the promotion of a more active and positive role for Japan in the rapidly developing Asia-Pacific region, the internationalization of Japan's economy by the liberalization and promotion of domestic demand (expected to lead to the creation of a high-technology information society) and the promotion of scientific research. A business-inspired commitment to free enterprise was tempered by the insistence of important small business and agricultural constituencies on some form of protectionism and subsidies.[42]

Historical

The LDP is a conservative party. However, in the case of the LDP administration under the 1955 System in Japan, their degree of economic control was stronger than that of Western conservative governments; it was also positioned closer to social democracy at that time.[43] Since the 1970s, the oil crisis has slowed economic growth and increased the resistance of urban citizens to policies that favor farmers.[44] To maintain its dominant position, the LDP sought to expand party supporters by incorporating social security policies and pollution measures advocated by opposition parties.[44] It was also historically closely positioned to corporate statism.[45][46]

Structure

Part of a series on the
Liberal Democratic Party
(Japan)
History
1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

2020s

Main ideology
Related ideology
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Media
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Part of a series on
Conservatism
Variants
Principles
Intellectuals
Politicians
Religion
Personal variants
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At the apex of the LDP's formal organization is the president (総裁, sōsai), who can serve three[47] three-year terms (The presidential term was increased from two years to three years in 2002, and from two to three terms in 2017). When the party has a parliamentary majority, the party president is the prime minister. The choice of party president is formally that of a party convention composed of Diet members and local LDP figures, but in most cases, they merely approved the joint decision of the most powerful party leaders. To make the system more democratic, Prime Minister Takeo Fukuda introduced a "primary" system in 1978, which opened the balloting to some 1.5 million LDP members. The process was so costly and acrimonious, however, that it was subsequently abandoned in favor of the old "smoke-filled room" method — so-called in allusion to the notion of closed discussions held in small rooms filled with tobacco smoke.

After the party president, the most important LDP officials are the Secretary-General (kanjicho), and the chairmen of the LDP Executive Council (somukaicho) and of the Policy Affairs Research Council or "PARC" (政務調査会, seimu chōsakai).

Leadership

Position Name House Faction
President Fumio Kishida Representatives Kōchikai
Vice-President Tarō Asō Representatives Asō (Shikōkai)
Secretary-General Toshimitsu Motegi Representatives Takeshita (Heisei Kenkyūkai)
Executive Acting Secretary-General Hiroshi Kajiyama Representatives None
Acting Secretary-General Kazunori Tanaka Representatives Asō (Shikōkai)
Chief Deputy Secretary-General Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi Representatives Nikai (Shisuikai)
Chairperson, Finance Committee Ryū Shionoya Representatives Hosoda (Seiwa Seisaku Kenkyūkai)
Chairperson, Election Strategy Committee Toshiaki Endo Representatives Nakatani (Yurinkai)
Chairperson, Party Organization and Campaign Headquarters Yuko Obuchi Representatives Takeshita (Heisei Kenkyūkai)
Chairperson, Public Relations Headquarters Taro Kono Councillors Asō (Shikōkai)
Chairperson, Diet Affairs Committee Hiroshi Moriyama Representatives Ishihara (Kinmirai Seiji Kenkyūkai)
Chairperson, Party Ethics Committee Seiichi Eto Councillors Nikai (Shisuikai)
Chairperson, General Assembly of Party Members of the House of Representatives Hajime Funada Representatives Takeshita (Heisei Kenkyūkai)
Chairperson, LDP Executive Council Tatsuo Fukuda Representatives Hosoda (Seiwa Seisaku Kenkyūkai)
Chairperson, Joint Plenary Meeting of Party Members of Both Houses of the Diet Hidehisa Otsuji Councillors Takeshita (Heisei Kenkyūkai)
Chairperson, Policy Affairs Research Council Sanae Takaichi Representatives None
Chairperson, General Assembly of Party Members of the House of Councillors Masakazu Sekiguchi Councillors Takeshita (Heisei Kenkyūkai)
Secretary-General for the LDP in the House of Councillors Hiroshige Sekō Councillors Hosoda (Seiwa Seisaku Kenkyūkai)
Executive Acting Secretary-General for the LDP in the House of Councillors Masaharu Nakagawa Councillors Hosoda (Seiwa Seisaku Kenkyūkai)
Chairperson, LDP Policy Board in the House of Councillors Satoshi Ninoyu Councillors Takeshita (Heisei Kenkyūkai)
Chairperson, LDP Diet Affairs Committee in the House of Councillors Shinsuke Suematsu Councillors Hosoda (Seiwa Seisaku Kenkyūkai)
President, Central Institute of Politics Gen Nakatani Representatives None
Chairperson, Headquarters for Promoting Administrative Reform Vacant
Chairperson, Headquarters for North Korean Abductions Eriko Yamatani Councillors Hosoda (Seiwa Seisaku Kenkyūkai)
Chairperson, Headquarters for Party and Political System Reform Implementation Yasuhisa Shiozaki Representatives None
Chairperson, Headquarters for the Promotion of Revision of the Constitution Seishirō Etō Representatives Hosoda (Seiwa Seisaku Kenkyūkai)
Chairperson, Headquarters for Accelerating Reconstruction after the Great East Japan Earthquake Fukushiro Nukaga Representatives Takeshita (Heisei Kenkyūkai)
Chairperson, Headquarters for the Action Committee for the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games Toshiaki Endo Representatives None
Chairperson, Headquarters for Overcoming Population Decline and Regional Revitalization Takeo Kawamura Representatives Nikai (Shisuikai)
Chairperson, Headquarters for Promoting Dynamic Engagement of All Citizens Kuniko Inoguchi Councillors Asō (Shikōkai)
Chairperson, Headquarters for North Korea's Nuclear Tests Toshihiro Nikai Representatives Nikai (Shisuikai)
Chairperson, Economic Strategy Headquarters for Building the Future Society based on AI Ryū Shionoya Representatives Hosoda (Seiwa Seisaku Kenkyūkai)
Chairperson, Headquarters for Promoting the Establishment of a Disaster Resilient Japan Toshihiro Nikai Representatives Nikai (Shisuikai)
Chairperson, Bidding Headquarters for the EXPO 2025 Osaka Toshihiro Nikai Representatives Nikai (Shisuikai)
Chairperson, Headquarters for the TPP, Japan-EU EPA and the Japan-U.S. TAG Hiroshi Moriyama Representatives Ishihara (Kinmirai Seiji Kenkyūkai)
  • As of June 25, 2021

Factions

Main article: Factions in the Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)

Since the genesis of the Liberal Democratic Party in 1955, factions have existed, but they have changed over time. Despite this change, factions in the party today can be traced back to their 1955 roots, a testament to the stability and institutionalized nature of Liberal Democratic Party factions.[48]

Membership

The LDP had over five million party members in 1990.[citation needed] By December 2017 membership had dropped to approximately one million members.[2]

Performance in national elections until 1993

See also: Elections in Japan

Election statistics show that, while the LDP had been able to secure a majority in the twelve House of Representatives elections from May 1958 to February 1990, with only three exceptions (December 1976, October 1979, and December 1983), its share of the popular vote had declined from a high of 57.8 percent in May 1958 to a low of 41.8 percent in December 1976, when voters expressed their disgust with the party's involvement in the Lockheed scandal.[citation needed] The LDP vote rose again between 1979 and 1990. Although the LDP won an unprecedented 300 seats in the July 1986 balloting, its share of the popular vote remained just under 50 percent. The figure was 46.2 percent in February 1990. Following the three occasions when the LDP found itself a handful of seats shy of a majority, it was obliged to form alliances with conservative independents and the breakaway New Liberal Club. In a cabinet appointment after the October 1983 balloting, a non-LDP minister, a member of the New Liberal Club, was appointed for the first time. On 18 July 1993, lower house elections, the LDP fell so far short of a majority that it was unable to form a government.

In the upper house, the July 1989 election represented the first time that the LDP was forced into a minority position. In previous elections, it had either secured a majority on its own or recruited non-LDP conservatives to make up the difference of a few seats.

The political crisis of 1988–89 was testimony to both the party's strength and its weakness. In the wake of a succession of issues—the pushing of a highly unpopular consumer tax through the Diet in late 1988, the Recruit insider trading scandal, which tainted virtually all top LDP leaders and forced the resignation of Prime Minister Takeshita Noboru in April (a successor did not appear until June), the resignation in July of his successor, Uno Sōsuke, because of a sex scandal, and the poor showing in the upper house election—the media provided the Japanese with a detailed and embarrassing dissection of the political system. By March 1989, popular support for the Takeshita cabinet as expressed in public opinion polls had fallen to 9 percent. Uno's scandal, covered in magazine interviews of a "kiss and tell" geisha, aroused the fury of female voters.

Uno's successor, the eloquent if obscure Kaifu Toshiki, was successful in repairing the party's battered image. By January 1990, talk of the waning of conservative power and a possible socialist government had given way to the realization that, like the Lockheed affair of the mid-1970s, the Recruit scandal did not signal a significant change in who ruled Japan. The February 1990 general election gave the LDP, including affiliated independents, a comfortable, if not spectacular, majority: 275 of 512 total representatives.

In October 1991, Prime Minister Kaifu Toshiki failed to attain passage of a political reform bill and was rejected by the LDP, despite his popularity with the electorate. He was replaced as prime minister by Miyazawa Kiichi, a long-time LDP stalwart. Defections from the LDP began in the spring of 1992, when Hosokawa Morihiro left the LDP to form the Japan New Party. Later, in the summer of 1993, when the Miyazawa government also failed to pass political reform legislation, thirty-nine LDP members joined the opposition in a no-confidence vote. In the ensuing lower house election, more than fifty LDP members formed the Shinseitō and the Sakigake parties, denying the LDP the majority needed to form a government.

Presidents of the Liberal Democratic Party

With the exception of Yohei Kono and Sadakazu Tanigaki, every President of the LDP (自由民主党総裁, Jiyū-Minshutō Sōsai)[49] has also served as the Prime Minister of Japan ().

No. Name
(Birth–death) 		Constituency / title Term of office Election results Image Prime Minister (term)
Took Office Left Office
Preceding parties: Democratic Party (1954) & Liberal Party (1950)
Interim Leadership Committee (1955–1956)
– Ichirō Hatoyama
(1883–1959)
 Rep for
Tokyo 1st 		15 November 1955 5 April 1956 None himself 1954–56
Bukichi Miki
(1884–1956) 		Rep for
Kagawa 1st 		Hatoyama I. 1954–56
Banboku Oono
(1890–1964) 		Rep for
Gifu 1st
Taketora Ogata
(1888–1956) 		Rep for
Fukuoka 1st 		28 January 1956
Tsuruhei Matsuno
(1883–1962) 		Cou for
Kumamoto 		10 February 1956 5 April 1956
Leader (1956–present)
1 Ichirō Hatoyama
(1883–1959)
 Rep for
Tokyo 1st 		5 April 1956 14 December 1956
Ichirō Hatoyama – 394
Nobusuke Kishi – 4
Others – 15
 himself 1954–56
2 Tanzan Ishibashi
(1884–1973)
 Rep for
Shizuoka 2nd 		14 December 1956 21 March 1957
1st Round
Nobusuke Kishi – 223
Tanzan Ishibashi – 151
Mitsujiro Ishii – 137
2nd Round
Tanzan Ishibashi – 258
Nobusuke Kishi – 251
 himself 1956–57
3 Nobusuke Kishi
(1896–1987)
 Rep for
Yamaguchi 1st 		21 March 1957 14 July 1960
1957
Nobusuke Kishi – 471
Kenzō Matsumura – 2
Tokutaro Kitamura – 1
Mitsujirō Ishii – 1
1959
Nobusuke Kishi – 320
Kenzō Matsumura – 166
Others – 5
 himself 1957–60
4 Hayato Ikeda
(1899–1965)
 Rep for
Hiroshima 2nd 		14 July 1960 1 December 1964
1960 1st Round
Hayato Ikeda – 246
Mitsujirō Ishii – 194
Aiichirō Fujiyama – 49
Others – 7
1960 2nd Round
Hayato Ikeda – 302
Mitsujirō Ishii – 194
1962
Hayato Ikeda – 391
Eisaku Satō – 17
Others – 20
July 1964
Hayato Ikeda – 242
Eisaku Satō – 160
Aiichirō Fujiyama – 72
Hirokichi Nadao – 1
 himself 1960–64
5 Eisaku Satō
(1901–1975)
 Rep for
Yamaguchi 2nd 		1 December 1964 5 July 1972
November 1964
Eisaku Satō – Green tickY
Aiichirō Fujiyama – Red XN
Ichirō Kōno – Red XN
1966
Eisaku Satō – 289
Aiichirō Fujiyama – 89
Shigesaburō Maeo – 47
Hirokichi Nadao – 11
Uichi Noda – 9
Others – 5
1968
Eisaku Satō – 249
Takeo Miki – 107
Shigesaburō Maeo – 95
Others – 25
1970
Eisaku Satō – 353
Takeo Miki – 111
Others – 3
 himself 1964–72
6 Kakuei Tanaka
(1918–1993)
 Rep for
Niigata 3rd 		5 July 1972 4 December 1974
Tanaka Kakuei – 282
Takeo Fukuda – 180
 himself 1972–74
7 Takeo Miki
(1907–1988)
 Rep for
Tokushima At-large 		4 December 1974 23 December 1976
1974
Takeo Miki – Green tickY
Takeo Fukuda – Red XN
Masayoshi Ōhira – Red XN
Yasuhiro Nakasone – Red XN
 himself 1974–76
8 Takeo Fukuda
(1905–1995)
 Rep for
Gunma 3rd 		23 December 1976 1 December 1978
1976
Takeo Fukuda – Green tickY
Masayoshi Ōhira – Red XN
 himself 1976–78
9 Masayoshi Ōhira
(1910–1980)
(Died in office)
 Rep for
Kagawa 2nd 		1 December 1978 12 June 1980
1st Round
Masayoshi Ōhira – 748
Fukuda Takeo – 638
Yasuhiro Nakasone – 93
Toshio Kōmoto – 46
2nd Round
Unopposed
 himself 1978–80
— Eiichi Nishimura
(1897–1987)
Acting 		Rep for Ōita 2nd 12 June 1980 15 July 1980 Acting Ito 1980
Acting
10 Zenkō Suzuki
(1911–2004)
 Rep for
Iwate 1st 		15 July 1980 25 November 1982
1st Round
Zenko Suzuki – Green tickY
Kiichi Miyazawa – Red XN
Yasuhiro Nakasone – Red XN
Toshio Kōmoto – Red XN
2nd Round
Unopposed
 himself 1980–82
11 Yasuhiro Nakasone
(1918–2019)
 Rep for
Gunma 3rd 		25 November 1982 31 October 1987
1982 1st Round
Yasuhiro Nakasone – 57.6% (559,673)
Toshio Kōmoto – 27.2% (265,078)
Shintarō Abe – 8.2% (80,443)
Ichirō Nakagawa – 6.8% (66,041)
1982 2nd Round
Unopposed
1984
Unopposed Walkover
1986
1-year Extension
 himself 1982–87
12 Noboru Takeshita
(1924–2000)
 Rep for
Shimane At-large 		31 October 1987 2 June 1989
1987
Noboru Takeshita – Green tickY
Shintarō Abe – Red XN
Kiichi Miyazawa – Red XN
 himself 1987–89
13 Sōsuke Uno
(1922–1998)
 Rep for
Shiga At-large 		2 June 1989 8 August 1989
1989
Sōsuke Uno – Green tickY
Masayoshi Itō – Red XN
 himself 1989
14 Toshiki Kaifu
(1931–2022)
 Rep for
Aichi 3rd 		8 August 1989 30 October 1991
1st Round
Toshiki Kaifu – 279
Yoshirō Hayashi – 120
Shintarō Ishihara – 48
2nd Round
Unopposed
 himself 1989–91
15 Kiichi Miyazawa
(1919–2007)
 Rep for
Hiroshima 3rd 		31 October 1991 29 July 1993
Kiichi Miyazawa – 285
Michio Wantanabe – 120
Hiroshi Mitsuzuka – 87
 himself 1991–93
16 Yōhei Kōno
(b. 1937) 		Rep for
Kanagawa 5th 		29 July 1993 1 October 1995
1st Round
Yōhei Kōno – 208
Michio Wantanabe – 159
2nd Round
Unopposed
 Hosokawa 1993–94
Hata 1994
Murayama 1994–96
(coalition)
17 Ryutaro Hashimoto
(1937–2006)
 Rep for
Okayama 4th 		1 October 1995 24 July 1998
1995
Ryutaro Hashimoto – 304
Junichiro Koizumi – 87
1997
Unopposed Walkover
himself 1996–98
18 Keizō Obuchi
(1937–2000)
 Rep for
Gunma 5th 		24 July 1998 5 April 2000
1998
Keizō Obuchi – 225
Seiroku Kajiyama – 102
Junichiro Koizumi – 84
1999
Keizō Obuchi – 350
Koichi Kato – 113
Taku Yamasaki – 51
 himself 1998–2000
19 Yoshirō Mori
(b. 1937)
 Rep for
Ishikawa 2nd 		5 April 2000 24 April 2001
2000
Yoshirō Mori – Green tickY
Mikio Aoki – Red XN
Masakuni Murakami – Red XN
Hiromu Nonaka – Red XN
Shizuka Kamei – Red XN
 himself 2000–01
20 Junichiro Koizumi
(b. 1942)
 Rep for
Kanagawa 11th 		24 April 2001 20 September 2006
2001 1st Round
Junichiro Koizumi – 298
Ryutaro Hashimoto – 155
Tarō Asō – 31
2001 2nd Round
Unopposed
2003
Junichiro Koizumi – 339
Shizuka Kamei – 139
Takao Fujii – 65
Masahiko Kōmura – 54
 himself 2001–06
21 Shinzo Abe
(b. 1954)
 Rep for
Yamaguchi 4th 		20 September 2006 26 September 2007
2006
Shinzo Abe – 464
Tarō Asō – 136
Sadakazu Tanigaki – 102
 himself 2006–07
22 Yasuo Fukuda
(b. 1936)
 Rep for
Gunma 4th 		26 September 2007 22 September 2008
2007
Yasuo Fukuda – 330
Tarō Asō – 197
 himself 2007–08
23 Tarō Asō
(b. 1940)
 Rep for
Fukuoka 8th 		22 September 2008 16 September 2009
Acting:
16 September
2009 – 28 September
2009
2008
Tarō Asō – 351
Kaoru Yosano – 66
Yuriko Koike – 46
Nobuteru Ishihara – 37
Shigeru Ishiba – 25
 himself 2008–09
24 Sadakazu Tanigaki
(b. 1945) 		Rep for
Kyoto 5th 		28 September 2009 26 September 2012
2009
Sadakazu Tanigaki – 300
Taro Kono – 144
Yasutoshi Nishimura – 54
 Hatoyama Y. 2009–10
Kan 2010–11
Noda 2011–12
25
(21) 		Shinzo Abe
(b. 1954)
 Rep for
Yamaguchi 4th 		26 September 2012 14 September 2020
2012 1st Round
Shinzo Abe – 141
Shigeru Ishiba – 199
Nobuteru Ishihara – 96
Nobutaka Machimura 34
Yoshimasa Hayashi – 27
2012 2nd Round
Shinzo Abe – 108
Shigeru Ishiba – 89
2015
Unopposed Walkover
2018
Shinzo Abe – 553
Shigeru Ishiba – 254
himself 2012–20
26 Yoshihide Suga
(b. 1948)
 Rep for
Kanagawa 2nd 		14 September 2020 29 September 2021
2020
Yoshihide Suga – 377
Fumio Kishida – 89
Shigeru Ishiba – 68
 himself 2020–21
27 Fumio Kishida
(b. 1957)
 Rep for
Hiroshima 1st 		29 September 2021 Incumbent
2021 1st Round
Fumio Kishida – 256
Taro Kono – 255
Sanae Takaichi – 188
Seiko Noda – 63
2021 2nd Round
Fumio Kishida – 257
Taro Kono – 170
 himself 2021–present

Election results

General election results

House of Representatives
Election Leader No. of
candidates 		Seats Position Constituency votes PR Block votes Status
No. ± Share No. Share No. Share
1958 Nobusuke Kishi 413
289 / 467
 61.8% 1st 22,976,846 57.80% Government
1960 Hayato Ikeda 399
300 / 467
 Increase 11 64.2% Steady 1st 22,740,272 57.56% Government
1963 Hayato Ikeda 359
283 / 467
 Decrease 17 60.5% Steady 1st 22,423,915 54.67% Government
1967 Eisaku Satō 342
277 / 486
 Decrease 6 56.9% Steady 1st 22,447,838 48.80% Government
1969 Eisaku Satō 328
288 / 486
 Increase 11 59.2% Steady 1st 22,381,570 47.63% Government
1972 Tanaka Kakuei 339
271 / 491
 Decrease 17 55.1% Steady 1st 24,563,199 46.85% Government
1976 Takeo Miki 320
249 / 511
 Decrease 22 48.7% Steady 1st 23,653,626 41.78% Government
1979 Masayoshi Ōhira 322
248 / 511
 Decrease 1 48.5% Steady 1st 24,084,131 44.59% Government
1980 Masayoshi Ōhira 310
284 / 511
 Increase 36 55.5% Steady 1st 28,262,442 47.88% Government
1983 Yasuhiro Nakasone 339
250 / 511
 Decrease 34 48.9% Steady 1st 25,982,785 45.76% LDP-NLC coalition
1986 Yasuhiro Nakasone 322
300 / 512
 Increase 50 58.5% Steady 1st 29,875,501 49.42% Government
1990 Toshiki Kaifu 338
275 / 512
 Decrease 25 53.7% Steady 1st 30,315,417 46.14% Government
1993 Kiichi Miyazawa 285
223 / 511
 Decrease 52 43.6% Steady 1st 22,999,646 36.62% Opposition
(until 1994)
LDP-JSP-NPS coalition
(since 1994)
1996 Ryutaro Hashimoto 355
239 / 500
 Increase 16 47.8% Steady 1st 21,836,096 38.63% 18,205,955 32.76% LDP-SDP-NPS coalition
2000 Yoshirō Mori 337
233 / 480
 Decrease 6 48.5% Steady 1st 24,945,806 40.97% 16,943,425 28.31% LDP-Komeito-NCP coalition
2003 Junichiro Koizumi 336
237 / 480
 Increase 4 49.3% Steady 1st 26,089,326 43.85% 20,660,185 34.96% LDP-Komeito coalition
2005 Junichiro Koizumi 346
296 / 480
 Increase 59 61.6% Steady 1st 32,518,389 47.80% 25,887,798 38.20% LDP-Komeito coalition
2009 Tarō Asō 326
119 / 480
 Decrease 177 24.7% Decrease 2nd 27,301,982 38.68% 18,810,217 26.73% Opposition
2012 Shinzo Abe 337
294 / 480
 Increase 175 61.2% Increase 1st 25,643,309 43.01% 16,624,457 27.79% LDP-Komeito coalition
2014 Shinzo Abe 352
291 / 475
 Decrease 3 61.2% Steady 1st 25,461,427 48.10% 17,658,916 33.11% LDP-Komeito coalition
2017 Shinzo Abe 332
284 / 465
 Decrease 7 61.0% Steady 1st 26,719,032 48.21% 18,555,717 33.28% LDP-Komeito coalition
2021 Fumio Kishida 338
259 / 465
 Decrease 25 55.7% Steady 1st 27,626,235 48.08% 19,914,883 34.66% LDP-Komeito coalition

Councillors election results

Election Leader Seats Nationwide[c] Prefecture Status
Total[d] Contested Number % Number %
1956 Ichirō Hatoyama
122 / 250
61 / 125
 11,356,874 39.7% 14,353,960 48.4% Governing minority
1959 Nobusuke Kishi
132 / 250
71 / 125
 12,120,598 41.2% 15,667,022 52.0% Governing majority
1962 Hayato Ikeda
142 / 250
69 / 125
 16,581,637 46.4% 17,112,986 47.1% Governing majority
1965 Eisaku Satō
140 / 251
71 / 125
 17,583,490 47.2% 16,651,284 44.2% Governing majority
1968 Eisaku Satō
137 / 250
69 / 125
 20,120,089 46.7% 19,405,546 44.9% Governing majority
1971 Eisaku Satō
131 / 249
62 / 125
 17,759,395 44.5% 17,727,263 44.0% Governing majority
1974 Kakuei Tanaka
126 / 250
62 / 125
 23,332,773 44.3% 21,132,372 39.5% Governing majority
1977 Takeo Fukuda
125 / 249
63 / 125
 18,160,061 35.8% 20,440,157 39.5% Governing minority
1980 Masayoshi Ōhira
135 / 250
69 / 125
 23,778,190 43.3% 24,533,083 42.5% Governing majority
1983 Yasuhiro Nakasone
137 / 252
68 / 126
 16,441,437 35.3% 19,975,034 43.2% Governing majority
1986 Yasuhiro Nakasone
143 / 252
72 / 126
 22,132,573 38.58% 26,111,258 45.07% Governing majority
1989 Sōsuke Uno
109 / 252
36 / 126
 15,343,455 27.32% 17,466,406 30.70% Governing minority
1992 Kiichi Miyazawa
106 / 252
68 / 126
 14,961,199 33.29% 20,528,293 45.23% Governing minority
(until 1993)
Minority
(1993–1994)
LDP-JSP-NPS governing majority
(since 1994)
1995 Yōhei Kōno
111 / 252
46 / 126
 10,557,547 25.40% 11,096,972 27.29% LDP-JSP-NPS governing majority
1998 Ryutaro Hashimoto
102 / 252
44 / 126
 14,128,719 25.17% 17,033,851 30.45% LDP–(Lib.–Komeitō) governing majority
(until 2000)
LDP–Komeitō–NCP governing majority
(since 2000)
2001 Junichiro Koizumi
111 / 247
64 / 121
 21,114,727 38.57% 22,299,825 41.04% LDP–Komeitō–NCP governing majority
(until 2003)
LDP–Komeitō governing majority
(since 2003)
2004 Junichiro Koizumi
115 / 242
49 / 121
 16,797,686 30.03% 19,687,954 35.08% LDP–Komeitō governing majority
2007 Shinzo Abe
83 / 242
37 / 121
 16,544,696 28.1% 18,606,193 31.35% LDP–Komeitō governing minority
(until 2009)
Minority
(since 2009)
2010 Sadakazu Tanigaki
84 / 242
51 / 121
 14,071,671 24.07% 19,496,083 33.38% Minority
(until 2012)
LDP–Komeitō governing minority
(since 2012)
2013 Shinzo Abe
115 / 242
65 / 121
 18,460,404 34.7% 22,681,192 42.7% LDP–Komeitō governing majority
2016 Shinzo Abe
121 / 242
56 / 121
 20,114,833 35.9% 22,590,793 39.9% LDP–Komeitō governing majority
2019 Shinzo Abe
113 / 245
57 / 124
 17,712,373 35.37% 20,030,330 39.77% LDP–Komeitō governing majority

Leadership elections

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The LDP is close to conservative-nationalist[11] and social-conservative,[12][13] but officially, it is a party based on liberal-conservative.[14][15] The Asahi Shimbun, a centre-left journalist, evaluated that there is a liberal faction within the LDP (representatively, there is Kōchikai).[16]
  2. ^ Some sources also assessed that the LDP was founded with funds from ultranationalist, and some sources refer to the LDP as far-right ultranationalist:
    • Matthew Pointon, ed. (2017). Across Asia With A Lowlander. Lulu.com. p. 12. ISBN 9780244043544. Ever since the culmination of the Second World War, the far right Liberal Democratic Party has firmly held the reigns of power, with only a couple of minor interruptions.
    • "Beautiful Harmony: Political Project Behind Japan's New Era Name – Analysis". eurasia review. 16 July 2019. The shifting dynamics around the new era name (gengō 元号) offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP's project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism.
    • Margaret DiCanio Ph.D., ed. (2004). Encyclopedia of Violence. iUniverse. ISBN 9780595316526. In 1955, with funds from the ultranationalists, the conservatives merged the Liberal Party with the Democratic Party to form the Liberal Democratic Party (LPD), which effectively held the Japanese Communist Party in check.
  3. ^ From 1947 to 1980, 50 members were elected through a nationwide constituency, known as the "national block" (Plurality-at-large voting). It was replaced in 1983 by a proportional representation block with closed lists. In 2001, the PR block was reduced to 48 members with most open lists.
  4. ^ The Upper house is split in two classes, one elected every three years.

References

  • Japan Country Studies – Library of Congress
  1. ^ 機関紙誌のご案内. Liberal Democratic Party.
  2. ^ a b https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASP316SBSP31UTFK024.html?iref=sp_ss_date_article. The Nihon Keizai Shinbun. 2 March 2020.
  3. ^
  4. ^ 日本に定着するか、政党のカラー [Will the colors of political parties settle in Japan?]. The Nikkei (in Japanese). Nikkei, Inc. 21 October 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  5. ^ "自民党". jimin.jp. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  6. ^ 党歌・シンボル. jimin.jp. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
  7. ^ a b Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, party membership statistics for chief executives and assembly members in prefectures and municipalities: Prefectural and local assembly members and governors/mayors by political party as of 31 December 2019
  8. ^ Lucien Ellington, ed. (2009). Japan. ABC-CLIO. p. 81. ISBN 9781598841626.
  9. ^ a b Glenn D. Hook; Julie Gilson; Christopher W. Hughes; Hugo Dobson (2001). Japan's International Relations: Politics, Economics and Security. Routledge. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-134-32806-2.
  10. ^
  11. ^ "Japan's ruling conservatives have been returned to power, but amid voter frustration, challenges lurk for Kishida". The Conversation. 1 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021. Japan's ruling conservative nationalist Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) will remain comfortably in power under its new prime minister Fumio Kishida, after the weekend's national election.
  12. ^ Magara, Hideko; Sacchi, Stefano, eds. (2013). The Politics of Structural Reforms: Social and Industrial Policy Change in Italy and Japan. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-85793-292-1. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  13. ^ Pekkanen, Robert J.; Scheiner, Ethan; Reed, Steven R., eds. (2016). Japan decides 2014: the Japanese general election. Springer. pp. 104, 106. doi:10.1057/9781137552006. ISBN 978-1-349-56437-8. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  14. ^ Karan, Pradyumna P. (2005), Japan in the 21st century: environment, economy, and society, University Press of Kentucky, ISBN 978-0813137773
  15. ^ William D. Hoover, ed. (2011). Historical Dictionary of Postwar Japan. Scarecrow Press. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-8108-7539-5.
  16. ^ "今さら聞けない?! 「保守」「リベラル」ってなんだ？" [Can't you ask about them now ?! What are "conservative" and "liberal"?] (in Japanese). Retrieved 5 June 2020. ところが、現実の政治はもっと複雑です。自民党にもリベラル派がたくさんいるからです。自民党は考え方の近い人たちが派閥というグループをつくっています。(Tr: However, real politics is more complicated. This is because there are many liberals in the LDP. The Liberal Democratic Party is made up of groups of people with similar ideas, called factions.)
  17. ^
  18. ^
  19. ^ a b The Liberal Democratic Party is widely described as conservative:
  20. ^ Johnston, Eric (17 November 2021). "The state of play for the LDP's factions after October's Lower House election". Japan Times. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  21. ^ "The Democratic Party of Japan". Democratic Party of Japan. 2006. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
  22. ^ "Liberal-Democratic Party of Japan | political party, Japan". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  23. ^ Weiner, Tim (9 October 1994). "C.I.A. Spent Millions to Support Japanese Right in 50's and 60's". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 December 2007.
  24. ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol. XXIX, Part 2, Japan". United States Department of State. 18 July 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2007.
  25. ^ Johnson, Chalmers (1995). "The 1955 System and the American Connection: A Bibliographic Introduction". JPRI Working Paper No. 11.
  26. ^ "International Democrat Union, minutes of founding meeting, 1983" (PDF).
  27. ^ Norimitsu Onishi; Yasuko Kamiizumi; Makiko Inoue (29 July 2007). "Premier's Party Suffers Big Defeat in Japan". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 July 2007. {{cite news}}: External link in |author= (help)
  28. ^ Martig, Naomi (23 September 2007). "Japan's Ruling Party Chooses New Leader". VOA News. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008.
  29. ^ "Fukuda wins LDP race / Will follow in footsteps of father as prime minister"[permanent dead link], The Daily Yomiuri, 23 September 2007.
  30. ^ Sadakazu Tanigaki Elected LDP President "China Plus". Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
  31. ^ "'Major win' for Japan opposition". BBC News. 30 August 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
  32. ^ 衆院党派別得票数・率（比例代表） (in Japanese). Jiji. 31 August 2009. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014.
  33. ^ Martin, Alex (11 April 2010). "LDP defectors launch new political party". The Japan Times. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  34. ^ "House of Councillors The National Diet of Japan". Retrieved 12 July 2015.
  35. ^ 参議院インターネット審議中継. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
  36. ^ "The Japan Times".
  37. ^ Soble, Jonathan (16 July 2015). "Japan Moves to Allow Military Combat for First Time in 70 Years". Archived from the original on 14 August 2016 – via NYTimes.com.
  38. ^ Murakami, Sakura; Park, Ju-min; Takenaka, Kiyoshi (1 November 2021). "Japan's Kishida defies expectations as ruling LDP easily keeps majority". Reuters. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  39. ^ Sources describing the LDP as nationalist:
  40. ^ "Tea Party Politics in Japan Archived 17 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine" (New York Times – 2014/09/13)
  41. ^ Willy Jou, Masahisa Endo, ed. (2016). EGenerational Gap in Japanese Politics: A Longitudinal Study of Political Attitudes and Behaviour. Springer. p. 29. ISBN 9781137503428. Conventional wisdom, still dominant in media and academic circles, holds that the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) occupy the conservative and progressive ends of the ideological spectrum, ...
  42. ^ The Liberal Democratic Party – "Japan – THE LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY". Archived from the original on 3 November 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
  43. ^ Kume, Ikuo [in Japanese]; Kawade, Yoshie [in Japanese]; Kojo, Yoshiko [in Japanese]; Tanaka, Aiji [in Japanese]; Mabuchi, Masaru [in Japanese] (2011). Political Science: Scope and Theory, revised ed. New Liberal Arts Selection (in Japanese). Yuhikaku Publishing. p. 26. ISBN 978-4-641-05377-9. ただし、日本の55年体制下の自民党政権の場合は欧米の保守政権に比べるとかなり経済的統制の度合いが強く、社会民主主義により近い場所に位置した。
  44. ^ a b Iio, Jun [in Japanese] (2019). Gendai nihon no seiji. Hōsō daigaku kyōzai (in Japanese). Hōsō daigaku kyōiku shinkōkai. p. 104. ISBN 978-4-595-31946-4.
  45. ^ McNamara, Dennis (1996). "Corporatism and Cooperation among Japanese Labor". Comparative Politics. 28 (4). Comparative Politics, Ph.D. Programs in Political Science, City University of New York: 379–397. doi:10.2307/422050. ISSN 0010-4159. JSTOR 422050. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  46. ^ "The Physical and Institutional Reconstruction of Japan After World War II". Index Page for applet-magic.com. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  47. ^ seokhwai@st (5 March 2017). "New rules give Japan's Shinzo Abe chance to lead until 2021". The Straits Times.
  48. ^ "B.Jo". B.Jo. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
  49. ^ "The President | Liberal Democratic Party of Japan". www.jimin.jp.

Bibliography

  • Helms, Ludger (2013). Parliamentary Opposition in Old and New Democracies. Routledge Press. ISBN 978-1-31797-031-6.
  • Henderson, Jeffrey (2011). East Asian Transformation: On the Political Economy of Dynamism, Governance and Crisis. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-13684-113-2.
  • Köllner, Patrick. "The Liberal Democratic Party at 50: Sources of Dominance and Changes in the Koizumi Era," Social Science Japan Journal (Oct 2006) 9#2 pp 243–257.
  • Krauss, Ellis S., and Robert J. Pekkanen. "The Rise and Fall of Japan's Liberal Democratic Party," Journal of Asian Studies (2010) 69#1 pp 5–15, focuses on the 2009 election.
  • Krauss, Ellis S., and Robert J. Pekkanen, eds. The Rise and Fall of Japan's LDP: Political Party Organizations as Historical Institutions (Cornell University Press; 2010) 344 pages; essays by scholars
  • Scheiner, Ethan. Democracy without Competition in Japan: Opposition Failure in a One-Party Dominant State (Cambridge University Press, 2006)
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