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British Rail Class 345

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British Rail Class 345
Aventra
Class 345 unit at Abbey Wood
Interior of a Class 345 unit
In service22 June 2017 – present[1]
Manufacturer
Built atDerby Litchurch Lane Works[2]
Family nameAventra
Replaced
Constructed2015–2019
Number built70[4]
Formation9 cars per unit[5]
(See § Fleet details)
Fleet numbers345001–345070
Capacity1500 total (454 seated, 1046 standing)
Owners345 Rail Leasing[6]
Operators
Depots
Lines served
  • GEML (Liverpool Street to Shenfield)
  • GWML (Paddington to Heathrow and Reading)
  • Elizabeth line (Paddington to Abbey Wood and Stratford)
Specifications
Car body constructionAluminium, with steel cabs
Train length204.73 m (671 ft 8 in)
Car length
  • DM vehs.: 23.615 m (77 ft 5.7 in)
  • Others: 22.500 m (73 ft 9.8 in)
Width2.772 m (9 ft 1.1 in)
Height3.760 m (12 ft 4.0 in)
Floor height1.145 m (3 ft 9.1 in)
DoorsDouble-leaf sliding plug,
each 1.450 m (4 ft 9.1 in) wide
(3 per side per car)
Wheel diameter825–750 mm (32.5–29.5 in) (new–worn)[7]
Wheelbase
  • Per bogie:
  • 2.25 m (7 ft 5 in)[7]
  • Over bogie centres:
  • 16.00 m (52 ft 6 in)
Maximum speed90 mph (145 km/h)
Weight
  • 319 tonnes (314 long tons; 352 short tons)
Traction motors20 × 250 kW (340 hp)
(2 per powered bogie) (IGBT-VVVF)
Power output4,400 kW (5,900 hp) (at rail)
Acceleration1 m/s2 (3.3 ft/s2)[8]
Electric system(s)25 kV 50 Hz AC overhead[8]
Current collector(s)Pantograph
UIC classification2′Bo′+2′Bo′+Bo′Bo′+2′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′2′+Bo′Bo′+Bo′2′+Bo′2′
BogiesBombardier FLEXX Eco 5011[7][9]
Braking system(s)Electro-pneumatic (disc) and regenerative
Safety system(s)
Coupling systemDellner
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Notes/references
Sourced from [10] unless otherwise noted.

The British Rail Class 345 Aventra is a fleet of electric multiple unit passenger trains built by Bombardier Transportation for use on London's Elizabeth line. Part of Bombardier's Aventra family of trains, the contract for their delivery was awarded as part of the Crossrail project in February 2014. A total of 70 nine-car units – each able to carry 1,500 passengers – were constructed in Derby between 2015 and 2019, at a cost of over £1 billion. The first unit entered service on 22 June 2017.

History

Background and specifications

The depot built for Class 345s at Old Oak Common

In 2008, the British government's rolling stock plan stated a requirement for around 610 carriages for Crossrail, expected to be similar in design to the Thameslink rolling stock, to meet the design improvement requirements of the 2007 "Rail Technical Strategy" (RTS), including in-cab signalling/communication with satellite and European Train Control System level 3 technologies, regenerative braking, low cost of operation and high reliability, with low weight and high acceleration.[11][12]

The publicly released specifications included a passenger capacity of 1,500, with 450 seated, in a fully air-conditioned train no longer than 205 m (672 ft 7 in) with a top speed of 145 km/h (90 mph), and an energy efficiency as good as 24 kWh per train-km. Tests on the finished trains indicate that the energy efficiency target has been exceeded, with the Class 345 consuming only 14 kWh per train-km.[13] The trains work with platform screen doors in the central tunnel section.[8][14] The capital value of the contract, which included construction of a depot at Old Oak Common, was estimated at around £1bn.[15] The total value may be greater due to the winning bidder being expected to undertake maintenance of the trains for three decades, the estimated lifespan of the fleet.[16][17]

Bidding process and funding

In March 2011, Crossrail announced that Alstom, Bombardier, CAF, Hitachi and Siemens had been shortlisted. The initial bidding process was expected to start in late 2011, with a contract decision in 2013.[18][19]

In August 2011, the invitation to tender was delayed by one year to 2012 and the contract decision to 2014, with the introduction of trains on the Great Eastern Main Line expected from May 2017 (previously December 2016), with a correspondingly shortened production schedule. The delay was a cost-saving measure to avoid new vehicles being unused whilst Crossrail tunnelling was completed;[20] it also postponed bidding until after a review of governmental procurement processes.[21][22][23] Alstom withdrew from the bidding process in August 2011, stating it lacked a suitable developed product.[23] Concerns about taxpayer value for money on PFI funded projects led to Transport for London (TfL) seeking to purchase the trains outright.[24][25] In December 2011, the request to raise the debt ceiling at TfL to allow the acquisition with public funds was refused by the Department for Transport.[26]

In February 2012, an invitation to negotiate was issued, which included clauses on 'responsible procurement' relating to UK supply chain sourcing and training opportunities;[15][27] the procurement became politicised after Bombardier failed to win the Thameslink rolling stock contract, and said it might have to close its UK assembly plant (Derby Litchurch Lane, at the time the only operational rolling stock manufacturer in the UK) if it did not win the Crossrail contract.[16][28][29][30][31]

Formal bids were expected during mid-2012, with a decision in early 2014, based on the proposed product meeting the design requirements, and on value for money. Procurement was expected to be partly public and partly privately financed.[15] In September 2012, the government announced that it would underwrite a further £240 million of the project cost under its 'UK Guarantees' infrastructure credit funding scheme, in addition to the 30 per cent of the project being government funded.[32][33] Siemens withdrew from the tendering process in July 2013, citing a likelihood of insufficient production capacity in the production timeframe.[34]

Contract award and construction

In December 2013, the European Investment Bank (EIB) agreed to provide loans to TfL for the rolling stock of up to £500 million.[35] On 6 February 2014, it was announced that Bombardier Transportation had been awarded a £1bn contract to supply 65 trains,[5][36] with an option for 18 more.[5] The trains were constructed at Bombardier's Derby Litchurch Lane Works,[37] with testing scheduled to begin in May 2016.[38] On 29 July 2016, the first completed train was unveiled by Bombardier and TfL at Litchurch Lane.[39]

In March 2018, an option for five more units was exercised taking the order to 70 units.[40]

Second batch

Following the opening of the Elizabeth line, TfL has experienced high passenger growth on the line.[41] TfL noted that that extra capacity would be required when Old Oak Common railway station opens in the 2030s alongside the opening of High Speed 2.[42] TfL therefore pushed for funding from the Department for Transport for additional trains.[43] Alstom and the Unite the Union also lobbied for an additional order, as the lack of train orders nationally had put Alstom's Derby Litchurch Lane plant at risk of closure.[43][44] In June 2024, a £370 million contract for 10 additional 9-car trains (and maintenance of them until 2046) was signed, with the Department for Transport contributing £220.5 million.[45][3]

Sale and leaseback

In January 2018, it was proposed that the fleet would be sold by TfL and leased back in order to provide funding for the New Tube for London.[46] This £1bn, twenty-year, sale-and-leaseback deal was agreed in March 2019 with NatWest, SMBC Leasing and Equitix.[47]

Operations

TfL Rail Class 345 approaching Reading

The first train entered service on 22 June 2017 on the eastern TfL Rail route between London Liverpool Street and Shenfield as a seven-car unit.[1] The complete nine-car sets could not be accommodated at the Liverpool Street termini until platforms were lengthened in 2021.[48]

The trains entered service on the western TfL Rail route between London Paddington and Hayes & Harlington in May 2018, before running to Reading by December 2019.[49] Trains on the western route were initially delivered in seven-car formation, however these are being progressively converted into full nine-car units.[50]

The new trains have wholly replaced the Class 315 units previously used on TfL Rail services to Shenfield,[51] and have predominantly replaced the Class 387s of Great Western Railway on services to Reading, as well as wholly replacing the Class 360s of the former Heathrow Connect on services to Heathrow.[52] The trains have free Wi-Fi and 4G available, as well as being fully accessible for wheelchair users.[53]

In May 2020, the Office of Rail and Road (ORR) authorised Class 345 operation into Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3, Heathrow Terminal 4 and Heathrow Terminal 5.[54] Operation began on 30 July 2020.[55] On 24 May 2022, the trains began service in the central core section as the Elizabeth line. Trains were rebranded from TfL Rail to Elizabeth line for the start of service.[56]

Fleet details

The 70 units are formed from a total of 630 carriages.[4][57] Like many other contemporary designs for commuter rolling stock, the trains feature open gangways between carriages. There are no toilets on board. Trains have a mix of longitudinal and transverse seating, all of which is standard class.

Class Operator Qty. Year built Cars per unit Unit nos. Formation
345 MTR Elizabeth Line 70 2015–2019 9 345001–345070 DMS-PMS-MS1-MS3-TSW-MS3-MS2-PMS-DMS
Illustration of an Elizabeth line Class 345 unit

Named units

The following units have received names.

Elizabeth Line Class 345 units with special names or liveries
Unit number Name Notes
Named trains
345004 Andy Byford Named after former Commissioner of Transport for London Andy Byford.[58]
345024 Heidi Alexander Named after Deputy Mayor of London Heidi Alexander, who served
on the Crossrail board.[59]
Special liveries
345055 Every Story Matters Pride Livery[60][61]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Clinnick, Richard (31 May 2017). "Delayed start for first Crossrail Aventra". Rail Magazine. Bauer Consumer Media. Archived from the original on 31 May 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  2. ^ a b c "Crossrail rolling stock and depot contract to be awarded to Bombardier". London: Department for Transport. 6 February 2014. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  3. ^ a b "Alstom: Derby train-maker wins £370m Elizabeth line order". BBC News. 14 June 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  4. ^ a b "TfL to order more Elizabeth line trains". RailUK. Rail Media. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  5. ^ a b c "Bombardier wins Crossrail train contract". Railway Gazette International. DVV Media International. 6 February 2014. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  6. ^ Sherratt, Philip, ed. (2023). "ROSCO Fleets". Modern Railways: Review 2023. Stamford: Key Publishing. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-1-80282-569-5.
  7. ^ a b c "Business Unit Bogies - Product Portfolio Presentation" (PDF). Bombardier Transportation. January 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  8. ^ a b c "Crossrail rolling stock contract invitations to negotiate issued". Railway Gazette International. DVV Media International. 28 February 2012. Archived from the original on 10 August 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  9. ^ "Class 345 Stock Information Sheet" (PDF). Transport for London.
  10. ^ Class 345 Data (PDF). Transport for London. 17 October 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  11. ^ Department for Transport (23 July 2007). Rail Technical Strategy. Norwich: The Stationery Office. pp. 5–6, 46, 56. ISBN 978-0-11-552890-3. Archived from the original on 30 April 2010. Retrieved 12 October 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  12. ^ "Rolling Stock Plan". Department for Transport. 30 January 2008. Archived from the original on 5 June 2008.
  13. ^ Sustainability Summary 2018 (PDF). London: Crossrail. 13 July 2018. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  14. ^ Rolling Stock Technical Fact Sheet. Crossrail. 27 February 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  15. ^ a b c Greening, Justine (28 February 2012). "Statement: Crossrail train procurement". London: Department for Transport. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012.
  16. ^ a b Pickard, Jim; Odell, Mark (27 February 2012). "Crossrail tender favours UK". The Financial Times. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012.
  17. ^ "Crossrail seeks privately-financed rolling stock". Railway Gazette International. DVV Media International. 1 December 2010. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  18. ^ MacLennan, Peter (30 March 2011). "Crossrail confirms shortlist for rolling stock and depot facilities". London: Crossrail. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  19. ^ "Crossrail issues rolling stock shortlist". Railway Gazette International. DVV Media International. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  20. ^ MacLennan, Peter (30 August 2011). "Update on Crossrail rolling stock and depot procurement". London: Crossrail. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  21. ^ Bottom, Hannah (30 August 2011). "Crossrail postpones rolling stock tenders because of government review". New Civil Engineer. EMAP Publishing. Archived from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  22. ^ "Could Crossrail Contract Delay Save UK Jobs?". Sky News. Sky UK. 30 August 2011. Archived from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  23. ^ a b Wright, Robert; Warrell, Helen (30 August 2011). "Alstom quits delayed Crossrail bids". The Financial Times. Archived from the original on 22 August 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  24. ^ Milmo, Dan (9 October 2011). "Transport for London warns against PFI deal for Crossrail". The Observer. Guardian News & Media. Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  25. ^ Leftly, Mark (4 December 2011). "It could be back to the drawing board for Crossrail funding". The Independent. Independent Digital News & Media. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
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  28. ^ Odell, Mark (12 February 2012). "Bombardier warns on Derby plant's future". The Financial Times. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
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  30. ^ Milmo, Dan (26 February 2012). "Why Bombardier's bid for Crossrail means so much to Litchurch Lane". The Observer. No. March 2021. Guardian News & Media. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  31. ^ Shalom, François (29 February 2012). "Bombardier on $1.6B shortlist". The Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012.
  32. ^ Falloon, Matt (25 September 2012). "UK to underwrite funding for Crossrail trains-minister". Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016.
  33. ^ "Crossrail stock procurement to benefit from UK Guarantees scheme". Out-Law. Pinsent Masons. 26 September 2012. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  34. ^ Kuchler, Hannah (5 July 2013). "Siemens pulls out of UK Crossrail battle". The Financial Times. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  35. ^ "EIB provides £500m loan for Crossrail trains". Railway Gazette International. DVV Media International. 13 December 2013. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
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  37. ^ Johnson, Robin (24 August 2018). "Derby's Bombardier to build record number of trains in 2019". DerbyshireLive. Local World. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  38. ^ Clinnick, Richard (12 April 2016). "Testing on Crossrail Aventras begins ahead of 2017 service". Rail Magazine. Bauer Consumer Media. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
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  41. ^ Taylor, Guy (14 May 2024). "Elizabeth Line shines as it carries a record number of passengers". CityAM. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  42. ^ Hill, Dave (23 March 2023). "Transport for London to buy more Elizabeth Line trains due to HS2 delays". OnLondon. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  43. ^ a b Lancefield, Neil (20 November 2023). "Government urged to fund new Elizabeth line trains". The Independent. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  44. ^ Frank-Keyes, Jessica (17 April 2024). "Alstom in 'intense discussions' over new Elizabeth Line trains to save Derby plant". CityAM. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
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  46. ^ "TfL to sell and lease back Elizabeth line fleet to finance new Deep Tube trains". RailUK. Rail Media. 15 January 2018. Archived from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  47. ^ Clinnick, Richard (22 March 2019). "TfL agrees £1 billion sale and leaseback deal for Elizabeth Line trains". Rail Magazine. Bauer Consumer Media. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  48. ^ Meyler, Piers (30 May 2017). "Start of Crossrail trains from Shenfield delayed until at least Jun". Local World. Archived from the original on 30 May 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  49. ^ "TfL confirms details of Reading services". Rail Business UK. DVV Media International. 27 September 2019. Archived from the original on 30 August 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  50. ^ Clinnick, Richard (5 August 2020). "Crossrail's nine-car Class 345s back in traffic". Rail Magazine. Bauer Consumer Media. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
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  54. ^ "Crossrail EMUs approved for ETCS operation". Rail Business UK. DVV Media International. 12 May 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  55. ^ "Crossrail Project Update". Crossrail. 30 July 2020. Operational Readiness. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  56. ^ Loffreda, Daniela (10 May 2022). "Derby-built trains set to start running on London's new Elizabeth line". DerbyshireLive. Local World. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  57. ^ Transport for London (10 September 2015). "Crossrail trains take shape". Crossrail. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  58. ^ Butlin, Ashley (May 2023). "Stock Changes". Track Record. The Railway Magazine. No. 1466. Horncastle: Mortons Media Group. p. 93. ISSN 0033-8923.
  59. ^ "Stock Changes". Today's Railways UK. No. 247. September 2022. p. 62.
  60. ^ "Pride and Prejudice: Elizabeth line's trainbow and why LGBTQ+ visibility matters". IanVisits. 30 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  61. ^ "London Pride 2023: Elizabeth line wrapped in rainbow colours". LondonWorld. 30 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  62. ^ "Rolling Stock Plan". Department for Transport. Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011. It is likely that these vehicles will also meet the aspirations for the next generation of EMUs and may be similar, but probably not identical, to those proposed for the Thameslink Programme.
  63. ^ "Thameslink EMU invitations to tender issued". Railway Gazette International. DVV Media International. 27 November 2008. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
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