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Radio masts and towers

Coordinates: 33°04′41″N 92°13′41″W / 33.07806°N 92.22806°W / 33.07806; -92.22806
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Masts of the Rugby VLF transmitter in England
Steel lattice tower

Radio masts and towers are, typically, tall structures designed to support antennas (also known as aerials in the UK) for telecommunications and broadcasting, including television. They are among the tallest man-made structures. Similar structures include electricity pylons and towers for wind turbines.

Masts are sometimes named after the broadcasting organisations that use them, or after a nearby city or town.

The Warsaw Radio Mast was the world's tallest supported structure on land, but it collapsed in 1991, leaving the KVLY/KTHI-TV mast as the tallest.

In the case of a mast radiator or radiating tower, the whole mast or tower is itself the transmitting antenna.

Mast or tower?

The terms "mast" and "tower" are often used interchangeably. However, in engineering terms, a tower is a self-supporting or cantilevered structure, while a mast is held up by stays or guys.

Masts tend to be cheaper to build, but because they require an extended area surrounding them to accommodate stay blocks, towers are more commonly used in cities where land is in short supply.

There are a few borderline designs which are partly free-standing and partly guyed. For example:

  • The Gerbrandy tower consists of a self-supporting tower with a guyed mast on top.
  • The few remaining Blaw-Knox towers do the opposite: they have a guyed lower section surmounted by a freestanding part.
  • Zendstation Smilde a tall tower with a guyed mast on top (guys go to ground)
  • Torre de Collserola a guyed tower, with a guyed mast on top. (Tower portion is not free-standing.)

Materials

Steel lattice

The steel lattice is the most widespread form of construction. It provides great strength, low wind resistance and economy in the use of materials. Such structures are usually triangular or square in cross-section.

When built as a stayed mast, usually the whole mast is parallel-sided. One exception is the Blaw-Knox type.

When built as a tower, the structure may be parallel-sided or taper over part or all of its height. When constructed of several sections which taper exponentially with height, in the manner of the Eiffel Tower, the tower is said to be an Eiffelized one. The Crystal Palace tower in London is an example.

Tubular steel

Some masts are constructed out of steel tubes. In the UK, these were the subject of collapses at the Emley Moor and Waltham TV stations in the 1960s.

First modern TV Tower in Stuttgart

Reinforced concrete

Reinforced concrete towers are relatively expensive to build but provide a high degree of mechanical rigidity in strong winds. This can be important when antennas with narrow beamwidths are used, such as those used for microwave point-to-point links, and when the structure is to be occupied by people.

In Germany and the Netherlands most towers constructed for point-to-point microwave links are built of reinforced concrete, while in the UK most are lattice towers.

Concrete towers can form prestigious landmarks, such as the CN Tower in Toronto. As well as accommodating technical staff, these buildings may have public areas such as observation decks or restaurants.

The Stuttgart TV tower was the first tower in the world to be built in reinforced concrete. It was designed in 1956 by the local civil engineer Fritz Leonhardt.

Sapporo TV tower, at Odori park

Fibreglass

Fibreglass poles are occasionally used for low-power non-directional beacons or medium-wave broadcast transmitters.

Wood

There are fewer wooden towers now than in the past. Many were built in the UK during World War II because of a shortage of steel. In Germany before World War II wooden towers were used at nearly all medium-wave transmission sites, but all of these towers have since been demolished, except for the Gliwice Radio Tower.

Ferryside Relay is an example of a TV relay transmitter using a wooden pole.

Other types of antenna supports and structures

Poles

Shorter masts may consist of a self-supporting or guyed wooden pole, similar to a telegraph pole. Sometimes self-supporting tubular galvanized steel poles are used: these may be termed monopoles.

Buildings

In some cases, it is possible to install transmitting antennas on the roofs of tall buildings. In North America, for instance, there are transmitting antennas on the Empire State Building, the Sears Tower, and formerly on the World Trade Center towers. When the buildings collapsed, several local TV and radio stations were knocked off the air until backup transmitters could be put into service.[1] Such facilities also exist in Europe, particularly for portable radio services and low-power FM radio stations.

Disguised cell-sites

Some mobile phone masts are disguised as trees or flagpoles to reduce their visual impact. By contrast, this pink and blue Barber's pole style mast in Durham, England, stands out as a feature in the street.

Many people view bare cellphone towers as ugly and an intrusion into their neighbourhoods. Even though people increasingly depend upon cellular communications, they are opposed to the bare towers spoiling otherwise scenic views. Many companies offer to 'hide' cellphone towers as trees, church towers, flag poles, water tanks and other features.[2] There are many providers that offer these services as part of the normal tower installation and maintenance service. These are generally called "stealth towers" or "stealth installations".

The level of detail and realism achieved by disguised cellphone towers is remarkably high; for example, such towers disguised as trees are nearly indistinguishable from the real thing, even for local wildlife (who additionally benefit from the artificial flora[3]). Such towers can be placed unobtrusively in national parks and other such protected places, such as towers disguised as cacti in Coronado National Forest.[4]

Even when disguised, however, such towers can create controversy; a tower doubling as a flagpole attracted controversy in 2004 in relation to the U.S. Presidential campaign of that year, and highlighted the sentiment that such disguises serve more to allow the installation of such towers in subterfuge away from public scrutiny rather than to serve towards the beautification of the landscape.[original research?][5]

Mast radiators

Main article: Mast radiator

A mast radiator is a radio tower or mast in which the whole structure works as an antenna. It is used frequently as a transmitting antenna for long or medium wave broadcasting.

Structurally, the only difference is that a mast radiator may be supported on an insulator at its base. In the case of a tower, there will be one insulator supporting each leg.

Telescopic, pump-up and tiltover towers

A special form of the radio tower is the telescopic mast. These can be erected very quickly. Telescopic masts are used predominantly in setting up temporary radio links for reporting on major news events, and for temporary communications in emergencies. They are also used in tactical military networks. They can save money by needing only withstand high winds when lowered, and as such are widely used in amateur radio.

Telescopic masts consist of two or more concentric sections and come in two principal types:

  • Pump-up masts are often used on vehicles and are raised to their full height pneumatically or hydraulically. They are usually only strong enough to support fairly small antennas.
  • Telescopic lattice masts are raised by means of a winch, which may be powered by hand or an electric motor. These tend to cater for greater heights and loads than the pump-up type. When retracted, the whole assembly can sometimes be lowered to a horizontal position by means of a second tiltover winch. This enables antennas to be fitted and adjusted at ground level before winching the mast up.

Balloons and kites

A tethered balloon or a kite can serve as a temporary support. It can carry an antenna or a wire (for VLF, LW or MW) up to an appropriate height. Such an arrangement is used occasionally by military agencies or radio amateurs. The American broadcasters TV Martí broadcast a television program to Cuba by means of such a balloon. A captive balloon was also used for the British GQV experimental transmitter in 2003.

Other special structures

For two VLF transmitters wire antennas spun across deep valleys are used. The wires are supported by small masts or towers or rock anchors. See List of spans: Antenna spans across valleys. The same technique was also used for the Criggion VLF transmitter.

For ELF-transmitters ground dipole antennas are used. Such structures require no tall masts. They consist of two electrodes buried deep in the ground at least a few dozen kilometres apart. From the transmitter building to the electrodes overhead feeder lines run. These lines look like powerlines of the 10 kV level and are installed on similar pylons.

Design features

Economic and aesthetic considerations

  • The cost of a mast or tower is roughly proportional to the square of its height.
  • A guyed mast is cheaper to build than a self-supporting tower of equal height.
  • A guyed mast needs additional land to accommodate the guys, and is thus best suited to rural locations where land is relatively cheap. A tower will fit into a much smaller plot.
  • A steel lattice tower is cheaper to build than a concrete tower of equal height.
  • Two small towers may be less intrusive, visually, than one big one; especially if they look identical.
  • Towers look less ugly if they and the antennas mounted on them appear symmetrical.
  • Concrete towers can be built with aesthetic design - and they are, especially in Continental Europe. They are sometimes built in prominent places and include observation decks or restaurants.

Masts for HF/shortwave antennas

For transmissions in the shortwave range, there is little to be gained by raising the antenna more than a few wavelengths above ground level. Shortwave transmitters rarely use masts taller than about 100 metres.

Access for riggers

Because masts, towers and the antennas mounted on them require maintenance, access to the whole of the structure is necessary. Small structures are typically accessed with a ladder. Larger structures, which tend to require more frequent maintenance, may have stairs and sometimes a lift.

Aircraft warning lamps

Taller structures are often equipped with aircraft warning lamps, usually red, to warn pilots of the structure's existence. In the past, ruggedized and under-run filament lamps were used to maximise the bulb life. Nowadays such lamps tend to use LED arrays.

Wind-induced oscillations

One problem with radio masts is the danger of wind-induced oscillations. This is particularly a concern with steel tube construction. One can reduce this by building cylindrical shock-mounts into the construction. One finds such shock-mounts, which look like cylinders thicker than the mast, for example, at the radio masts of DHO38 in Saterland. There are also constructions, which consist of a free-standing tower (usually from reinforced concrete), onto which a guyed radio mast is installed. The best known such construction is the Gerbrandy Tower in Lopik (the Netherlands). Further towers of this building method can be found near Smilde (the Netherlands) and Waldenburg (Baden-Württemberg, Germany).

Catastrophic collapses

Arranged by date

Masts and towers can collapse as a result of natural disasters, such as storms and fires; from engineering defects; and from accidents or sabotage. Here is a list of such incidents by date:

Location Date Mode of construction Height Reason for collapse Remarks
Nauen, Germany March 30, 1912 Guyed steel lattice mast 200 m Storm
Java, Netherlands East Indies 1923 ? ? Lightning
Norddeich, Germany November 25, 1925 Guyed steel lattice mast ? Storm Three towers collapsed
Place of Magdeburg Transmitter, Berlin, Germany July 1926 Guyed mast on roof top ? Through rusted guy
Western mast of Zeesen transmitter, Zeesen, Germany 1927 Guyed steel lattice mast 210 m Collapse at construction
Munich-Stadelheim, Germany November 23, 1930 Free standing wood lattice tower 75 m Storm Two towers snapped off 25 metres above ground
Langenberg, Germany October 10, 1935 Free standing wood lattice tower 150 m Tornado replaced by triangle antenna
Utbremen Radio Tower 193?/194? Free standing wood lattice tower 90 m Lightning replaced by steel tower
Langenberg, Germany 1949 Guyed steel tube mast 51 m storm 2 masts of a triangle aerial
Schwerin-Möwenburgstrasse transmitter, Schwerin, Germany February 10th, 1949 Guyed steel lattice mast 120 m storm
Hamburg-Billwerder, Germany December 1949 Guyed steel lattice mast 198 m storm Partial destruction of a guyed mast under construction
Nicosia, Cyprus 1955 sabotage Destroyed by EOKA rebels
WOAI, Selma (San Antonio), USA 1957/1958 Guyed steel lattice mast 50 m Aircraft collision
Ochsenkopf, Germany January, 1958 Guyed steel tube mast 50 m Icing Replaced by concrete tower
KOBR-TV Tower, Caprock, New Mexico, USA 1960 Guyed lattice steel mast 490.7 m Storm Replaced by new mast of same height
LORAN-C transmitter Carolina Beach, Carolina Beach, USA 1961 Lattice Tower 190.5 m Storm Tower buckled at 2/3 of height. Tower carried radials on its top although it was not designed for them.
Villebon sur Yvette, France December 10, 1961 Guyed steel lattice mast ? Terrorism
LORAN-C transmitter Ejde, Ejde, Faroe Islands 1962 Guyed steel lattice mast 190.5 m Material fault Slip of guy
Angissq LORAN-C transmitter, Angissq, Greenland July 27, 1964 Guyed steel lattice mast 411.48 m Material fault Replaced by 704 ft (214 m) tall mast radiator
Yap LORAN-C transmitter, Yap Island, Micronesia 1964 Guyed steel lattice mast 304.8 m Collapsed during construction
Iwo Jima LORAN-C transmitter, Japan 1965 Guyed steel lattice mast 411.48 m Maintenance work The collapsing mast also destroyed the transmitter building. 6 persons were killed.
SES8 Tower, Mount Burr, South Australia, 1965 Guyed steel lattice mast 200 m Mast collapsed during guy wire tension testing
KXJB-TV mast, North Dakota, USA February 14, 1966 Guyed steel lattice mast 627.89 m Helicopter collision
WLBT TV Tower, Raymond, MS USA March 3, 1966 Guyed steel lattice 487.6 m F5 Tornado Replaced with 609.3 m tower which collapsed in 1997
WNBC/WCBS-Tower, High Island, New York, USA August 27, 1967 Guyed lattice steel mast 161 m Aircraft collision
Waltham mast, UK 1967 Guyed tubular steel mast 290 m Storm: high winds causing oscillations in the mast structure
KELO TV Tower, Rowena, South Dakota, USA 1968 Guyed steel lattice mast 609.6 m Airplane collision
WAEO Tower, Starks, Wisconsin, USA November 17, 1968 Guyed steel lattice mast 524.25 m collapse due to plane collision with guy wire
Marnach, Luxembourg January 17, 1969 ? ? ?
Emley Moor, Great Britain March 19, 1969 Guyed tubular steel mast 385 m Ice Replaced by 330.4 m free-standing concrete tower
Orlunda, Sweden 1970 Guyed steel lattice mast 250 m Lightning (Destruction of basement insulator)
KOIN-TV Transmitter Towers, Portland, Oregon, USA February 28, 1971 Guyed steel lattice mast 304.8 m + 213.4 m Icing Two Towers collapsed
Königswusterhausen, Germany November 15, 1972 Lattice steel tower 243 m storm
Bithlo (near Orlando), Florida June 8, 1973 Guyed Steel Tower 457.2 m Collapsed because of removal of load-bearing diagonals during FM antenna installation. Multi-station tower supporting antennas of TV stations WDBO-TV, WFTV, and WMFE-TV, and radio stations WDBO-FM and WDIZ-FM – two workers on tower killed
?, City of Kennett 1973 ? 21.33 m ?
TV Mast Brest - Roc Trédudon February 1974 Guyed steel lattice mast ? Terrorism
KELO TV Tower, Rowena, South Dakota, USA 1975 Guyed steel lattice mast 609.6 m Blizzard
Sendemast SL3, Burg bei Magdeburg, Germany February 18, 1976 Guyed steel lattice mast 350 m Material fault
KSLA-TV Tower, USA 1977 Guyed steel lattice mast 521 m ?
WJJY TV Mast, Bluffs, IL USA March 26, 1978 (Easter Sunday) Guyed steel lattice mast 491 m Ice - The strain snapped 2-inch coupling bolts (24 of them) that joined the 2nd and 3rd sections. In August 1969 - This tower was 1 of 3 tallest structures in the Northern Hemisphere and transmitter radiated the most powerful UHF-TV signal in the world. TV channel 14 (470-476 MHz)
Wand TV Tower Decatur, Decatur, IL USA March 26, 1978 (Easter Sunday) Guyed steel lattice mast 400.5 m Ice - Same ice storm that toppled WJJY. Upper section of antenna broke loose and fell through the guy wires. WAND and WJJY used the same RCA UHF antennas, mfg in 1969. TV channel 17 (488-494 MHz)
Nebraska Education Tower Angora, USA February 1978 Guyed steel lattice mast 456.9 m Ice
Zehlendorf bei Oranienburg, Germany May 21, 1978 Guyed steel lattice mast 352 m Aircraft collision
CKVR Television Tower, Barrie, Ontario, Canada 1978 ? 65.58 m Aircraft collision
Vysílač Krašov, Bezvěrov, Czechoslovakia 1979 Guyed Mast of lattice steel 305 m Icing Mast was predamaged
Blåbärskullen transmitter, Sunne, Sweden December 27th, 1979 Guyed Mast of lattice steel 323 m Icing Pinnacle with broadcasting antennas fell down, height afterwards 274 metres
LORAN-C transmitter Jan Mayen, Jan Mayen, Norway October 8, 1980 Guyed mast of lattice steel 190.5 m Icing Guys were improperly installed
Delimora Transmitter ? Guyed mast of lattice steel 88 m Guy melted as result of high electric field strength, storm at same time made mast collapse
Dudelange Radio Tower July 31, 1981 Lattice steel tower 285 m Aircraft collision
?, USA 1982 Guyed steel lattice mast 305 m ?
WCIQ Tower, Mount Cheaha, Alabama, USA January 1982 Guyed steel lattice mast ? Ice Storm
Senior Road Tower, Missouri City, Texas, USA 1982 Guyed steel lattice mast 569.8 m Guy wire severed Total collapse during installation of 6-ton FM antenna on new 1800 ft. tower. 5 technicians killed, 3 on the hoist and 2 on the tower. Determined insufficient sized bolts on the makeshift lifting lug extension failed. The falling debris severed one of the tower's guy wires which caused the tower to whip back and forth and collapse.
TV mast Wavre, Belgium October 13, 1983 Guyed mast ? Storm
KWWL, Rowley, Iowa, USA November 28, 1983 Guyed steel lattice mast 610 m Ice
Bielstein, Germany January 15, 1985 Guyed steel tube mast 298 m Ice
Caroline 558 and Radio Monique mast, aboard MV Ross Revenge, off English coast November 25, 1987 Lattice steel tower 92 m approx Force 8 storm Tallest ever mast aboard any ship; replaced by horizontal wire antenna between two shorter masts
KTVO-TV Tower, Missouri, USA June 2, 1988 Guyed steel lattice mast 609.6 m
KGO (AM) towers, Newark, California, USA October 17, 1989 ? 91 m Earthquake Three towers damaged
WRAL-TV & WPTF-TV towers, Auburn, North Carolina, USA December, 1989 2 Guyed steel tube framework mast 609.3 m Ice Unusually heavy ice concentrated at top predominantly on one side of towers caused asymmetrical load. Dislodged essentially as one piece during rapid warming; sudden unloading caused dynamic failure.
Konstantynow, Poland August 8, 1991 Guyed steel tube framework mast 648.38 m Maintenance Replacement by facility in Solec Kujawski
WCIX TV Tower Homestead (Miami) Florida August 25, 1992 Guyed steel tower 549 m Hurricane Andrew Rebuilt by LeBlanc Tower of Canada
COMMSTA Miami 1992 Guyed Mast (insulated) 91.44 m Hurricane Andrew Collapse of 2 masts
Cape Race LORAN-C transmitter, Cape Race, Canada February 2, 1993 Guyed steel lattice mast 411.48 m Material Fault Fatigue failure of the eyebolt head in a compression cone insulator on structural guy caused swing-in damage, which resulted in structural collapse
LORAN-C transmitter Kargaburan, Kargaburan, Turkey February 25, 1993 Guyed steel lattice mast 190.5 m Snowstorm Tower had construction faults
WCOV-TV Tower, Montgomery, USA 1996 ? 242 m Tornado
Langenberg, Germany September 2, 1996 Guyed steel lattice mast 160 m Maintenance
Channel 39 KXTX TV-Mast, Cedar Hill, Texas, USA October 12, 1996 Guyed steel tower 468 m Maintenance 3 died when tower collapsed in moderate wind gust
?, USA December 31, 1996 ? 195.1 m material fault
Grigoriopol transmitter, Moldova 1997 Guyed steel lattice mast 350 m, 250 m Icing 2 masts collapsed [1]
KXJB-TV mast, North Dakota, USA April 6, 1997 Guyed steel lattice mast 627.89 m Ice
KNOE-TV Tower, Louisiana, USA March 20 1997 Guyed steel lattice mast 606.25 m Maintenance One killed, 2 injured when workers failed to install temporary braces
WLBT-TV Tower, Mississippi, USA October 23 1997 Guyed steel lattice 609.3 m Maintenance Three killed - temporary braces failed during HDTV antenna upgrade
WKY Mast, USA June 13 1998 Guyed mast 292.9 m Tornado
TV Tower Avala, Serbien April 30 1999 Concrete tower (with observation deck) 202.87 m Air raid (NATO bombardment, Kosovo war)
WRMD-Tower, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA April 25, 2000 Guyed steel lattice mast 197.8 m Helicopter crash 3 died when medical helicopter hit guy wire in clear weather and crashed
WNWI 1080-Towers, Oak Lawn (Chicago), Illinois, USA July 9 2000 Guyed steel lattice mast 61 m Sabotage Two towers collapsed
KXEO/KWWR-Tower, Mexico, MO, USA August 23 2000 Guyed steel lattice mast 122.8 m Storm
CBC Tower, Canada April 22 2001 Guyed steel lattice mast 371 m Blown up after aircraft crash
Angara transmitter, Northern Mast, Angara, Russia June 6 2001 Guyed steel lattice mast carrying a T-antenna 205 m Bad state of guys
Krasny Bor transmitter, Russia November 5 2001 Guyed steel lattice mast 257.5 m Helicopter collision
KDUH/CH4 TV Mast, Hemingford, Nebraska, USA September 24 2002 Guyed steel lattice mast 599 m Maintenance Two workers killed, 3 injured on ground
WVAH Tower, West Virginia, USA February 19 2003 Guyed steel lattice mast 473 m Ice
WPAY (AM)-Towert, Portsmouth, Ohio, USA February 19 2003 Guyed steel lattice mast 200.9 m Ice
WTNV-FM Tower, Jackson, Tennessee, USA May 4 2003 Free-standing steel lattice tower 176.7 m Tornado
WMBD Tower, Peoria, Illinois, USA May 10 2003 Free-standing steel lattice tower ? Tornado Collapse of 3 towers
KETV TV Tower July, 2003 Guyed steel lattice mast 415.1 m Reconstruction work
WIFR TV tower July 5 2003 Guyed steel lattice mast 222.8 m Storm (derecho)
WAAY-TV - TV Mast, Huntsville, Alabama, USA September 4 2003 Guyed steel lattice mast 305 m unknown 3 workers killed
Utrecht, Netherlands September 8, 2003 Guyed steel lattice mast 45 m Fallen at falling trees
Peterborough, Great Britain October 30, 2004 Guyed steel lattice mast 163 m Fire
KFI Mast, Los Angeles, USA December 19, 2004 Guyed steel lattice mast 195.1 m Aircraft collision
WLGA Transmitter Tower (formerly WSWS-TV Transmitter Tower), Cusseta, Georgia, USA February 27, 2005 Guyed steel lattice mast 538.3 m Replacement tower completed September 15, 2005.
Nebraska Education Tower Atlanta, Atlanta, Nebraska, USA November 25, 2005 Guyed steel lattice mast 324.8 m Aircraft collision All three aircraft occupants killed
WSKY-DT Tower, Camden County, NC, USA March 2, 2007 Guyed steel lattice mast 230.65 m Guy wire anchor failure Under construction. Also destroyed transmitter building. Was planned for a height of 1,036 ft (315.77 m).[6]
WNEP-TV Tower, Penobscot Knob, Mountaintop, PA, USA December 16, 2007 Guyed steel lattice mast 243.84 m Ice Also damaged transmitter building and doppler radar. [7]
WVIA-TV Tower, Penobscot Knob, Mountaintop, PA, USA December 16, 2007 Guyed steel lattice mast Ice 300 ft. section lost from top of tower [8]
KATV-TV Tower, Redfield, Jefferson County, USA January 11, 2008 Guyed steel lattice mast 609.6 m Maintenance restringing guy wires http://www.katv.com/news/stories/0108/487185.html

Arranged by height

This table is arranged by height:

Name Pinnacle height Year Country Town Remarks
Warsaw Radio Mast 2121 ft 646.4 m 1972-1974 Poland Gabin-Konstantynów, Masovian Voivodeship collapsed on August 8, 1991 during guy wire exchange, insulated against ground
WCIX/CH6 TV Mast 2000 ft 609.6 m 1992 U.S. Homestead, Florida collapsed during Hurricane Andrew in 1992
KATV/CH7 TV Mast 2000 ft 609.6 m 2008 U.S. Redfield, Arkansas collapsed during Maintenance in 2008
KHYS Tower[9] 1992 ft 607.2 m 1997 U.S. Devers, Texas dismantled
KDUH/CH4 TV Mast[10] 1969 ft 599 m 1969 U.S. Hemingford, Nebraska collapsed on September 24, 2003
Capitol Broadcasting Tower Broadway[11] 1749 ft 533.1 m 1985 U.S. Broadway, North Carolina dismantled
WAEO Tower 1720 ft 524.25 m 1966 U.S. Starks, Wisconsin collapse due to plane collision with guy wire on November 17, 1968 (NTSB incident CHI69A0053)[12]
KDEB Tower[13] 1627 ft 496 m 1968 U.S. Fordland, Missouri also known as American Towers Tower Fordland, dismantled
WJJY TV Mast 1611 ft 491 m U.S. Bluffs, Illinois collapsed in 1978
DBA Tower[14] 1577 ft 482.2 m 1997 U.S. Cedar Hill, Texas dismantled
WVAH Tower[15] 1551 ft 473m 1980 U.S. Scott Depot, West Virginia destroyed on February 19, 2003
Nebraska Education Tower Angora[16] 1,499 ft 456.9 m 1966-1978 U.S. Angora, Nebraska collapsed in February 1978
Pinnacle Towers Tower La Feria[17] 1501 ft 454.8 m 1981 U.S. La Feria, Texas dismantled
OMEGA transmitter Chabrier 1403 ft 428 m 1976 France (Réunion) Chabrier, Réunion demolished on April 14th, 1999
KETV TV Tower 1329 ft 415.1 m 1966-2003 U.S. Omaha, Nebraska collapsed
Angissq LORAN-C transmitter (old mast) 1350 ft 411.48 m 1963 Denmark, Greenland Angissq collapsed on July 27th, 1964
Marcus Island LORAN-C transmitter (old mast) 1350 ft 411.48 m 1964 Japan Markus Island dismantled in 1985
Iwo Jima LORAN-C transmitter 1350 ft 411.48 m 1963/1965 Japan Iwo Jima destroyed in 1965, afterwards rebuilt, rebuilt mast dismantled in 1993
Cape Race LORAN-C transmitter (old mast) 1350 ft 411.48 m 1965 Canada Cape Race collapsed on February 2nd, 1993
American Tower Newton 1349 ft 411.2 m ? U.S. Newton, Massachusetts dismantled
South Carolina Educational TV Tower[18] 1329 ft 401.7 m 1975 U.S. Green Pond, South Carolina dismantled
Wand TV Tower Decatur 1314 ft 400.5 m ? U.S. Decatur, Illinois collapsed on March 26th, 1978
KXAN TV Tower (Old)[19] 1299 ft 395.9 m 1964 U.S. Austin, Texas dismantled
Forestport Tower 1280 ft 390.1 m 1950 U.S. Forestport, New York demolished on April 21st, 1998 by explosives
Emley Moor Mk. 2 1265 ft 385 m 1964 UK Emley Moor, West Yorkshire destroyed on March 19, 1969
CBC Tower 1217 ft 371 m 1972 Canada Shawinigan, Quebec demolished after plane crash
Omega Tower Trelew 1201 ft 366 m 1976 Argentina Golfo Nuevo demolished
NSS Annapolis 1200 ft 365.8 m + 243.8 m U.S. Annapolis, Maryland 365.8 m high mast insulated against ground, demolished
South Carolina Educational TV tower Sumter 1194 ft 363.3 m 1975 U.S. Sumter, South Carolina dismantled
Libice Transmitter 1165 ft 355 m + 355 m 1976 Czech republic near Český Brod two towers, still in use
KPXE Tower[20] 1164 ft 354.8 m 1978 U.S. Kansas City, Missouri dismantled
Sender Zehlendorf (old longwave transmission mast) 1180 ft 351 m 1962 Germany Zehlendorf bei Oranienburg, Brandenburg destroyed on May 18th, 1978 at aircraft collision
Sendemast SL3 1149 ft 350 m 1968 East Germany Burg bei Magdeburg (today in Saxony-Anhalt) collapsed on February 18, 1976
Grant Radio Tower Carrollton[21] 1123 ft 342.6 m 1987 U.S. Carrollton, Alabama dismantled
Deutschlandsender Herzberg/Elster 1108 ft 337 m 1939 Germany Herzberg insulated against ground, dismantled
RFM TV Tower Fort Worth[22] 1098 ft 334.7 m 1988 U.S. Fort Worth, Texas dismantled
Gray Television Madison Tower[23] 1080 ft 334.4 m 1993 U.S. Madison, Wisconsin dismantled
Gray TV Tower Lorena[24] 1080 ft 329.2 m 1962 U.S. Lorena, Texas dismantled
Nebraska Education Tower Atlanta 1065 ft 324.8 m 1965 U.S. Atlanta, Nebraska destroyed at aircraft collision
Vysílač Krašov (old mast) 1058 ft 324 m 1959/60 Czech Republic near Bezvěrov collapsed in 1979
South Texas Broadcasting Tower Loganville[25] 1032 ft 319.7 m 1989 U.S. Loganville, Georgia dismantled
Putlitzer Broadcasting Artesia Tower[26] 1149 ft 319 m 1965 U.S. Artesia, New Mexico dismantled
JCORP-Tower[27] 1149 ft 317.9 m 1978 U.S. Bartlett, Tennessee dismantled
Pinnacle Tower Hollywood[28] 1149 ft 317.4 m 1989 U.S. Hollywood, Florida dismantled
University of North Carolina Columbia Tower[29] 1080 ft 317 m 1964 U.S. Columbia, North Carolina dismantled
RTM Tower ~1040 ft ~317 m 1966 Malaysia Johor Bahru dismantled
WPTV TV-Tower[30] 1149 ft 314.2 m 1963 U.S. Greenacres, Florida dismantled
WAWS TV-Tower[31] 1149 ft 313,5 m 1980 U.S. Greenacres, Florida dismantled
WorldCom Tower Petal[32] 1058 ft 313 m 1996 U.S. Petal, Mississippi dismantled
WVEC TV Tower[33] 1024 ft 312 m 1995 U.S. Suffolk, Virginia dismantled
Paxon Tower Felsmere[34] 1023 ft 311.7 m 1984 U.S. Felsmere, Florida dismantled
Union Pacific Railroad Tower Chicago[35] 1021 ft 311.2 m 1987 U.S. Chicago, Illinois dismantled
Nextel Onondaga Tower[36] 1149 ft 307 m 1994 U.S. Onondaga, Michigan dismantled
Transmitter Kojál (old mast) 305 m 1959/60 Czech Republic near Krásensko demolished in 1985
Cox Radio Tower Sheppard[37] 1000 ft 305 m 1992 U.S. Sheppard, Texas dismantled
WAAY-TV TV Tower[38] 1000 ft 304.8 m 2003 U.S. Huntsville, AL 3 workers killed in collapse
Yap LORAN-C transmitter 1000 ft 304.8 m 1964 Federated States of Micronesia Yap Island dismantled in 1987
Century Cellunet Tower[39] 1149 ft 304.8 m 1994 U.S. Kingsley, Michigan dismantled
CKVR Television Tower 1000 ft 304.8 m 1978 Canada Barrie, Ontario rebuilt 1978, plane crash destroyed previous mast
South Carolina Educational TV Tower Columbia[40] 1000 ft 304.8 m 1966 U.S. Columbia, South Carolina dismantled
Raycom Tower Doerun[41] 1000 ft 304.8 m 1980 U.S. Doerun, Georgia dismantled
KTRK-TV Tower Shepard[42] 1000 ft 304.8 m 1998 U.S. Shepard, Texas dismantled
Chevron Tower Cedar Hill[43] 1000 ft 304 m 1973 U.S. Cedar Hill, Texas dismantled
MCI Tower Houston[44] 1000 ft 300.2 m 1993 U.S. Houston, Texas dismantled

See also

References

  1. ^ Some New York City TV and Radio Stations Off The Air After World Trade Center Collapse
  2. ^ CARC - UNC-Charlotte - Class 1000 Clean Room Facilities
  3. ^ Cell Phone Trees
  4. ^ Today
  5. ^ http://www.lightwatcher.com/culturejam/stealth_towers.html
  6. ^ Tower Collapse Slows DTV Project - 3/12/2007 - Broadcasting & Cable
  7. ^ Our Apologies
  8. ^ PAHomePage.com - Monday Morning WYOU and WBRE TV Signal Update
  9. ^ ASR Registration 1054125
  10. ^ ASR Registration 1026675
  11. ^ ASR Registration 1006704
  12. ^ CHI69A0053
  13. ^ ASR Registration 1006411
  14. ^ http://wireless2.fcc.gov/UlsApp/AsrSearch/asrRegistration.jsp?regKey=104929GBC
  15. ^ ASR Registration 1033917
  16. ^ ASR Registration 1029931
  17. ^ ASR Registration 1051019
  18. ^ ASR Registration 1065075
  19. ^ ASR Registration 1052848
  20. ^ ASR Registration 1064715
  21. ^ ASR Registration 1045162
  22. ^ ASR Registration 1050709
  23. ^ ASR Registration 1037795
  24. ^ ASR Registration 1046226
  25. ^ ASR Registration 1044920
  26. ^ ASR Registration 1003010
  27. ^ ASR Registration 1052520
  28. ^ ASR Registration 1030330
  29. ^ ASR Registration 1014578
  30. ^ ASR Registration 1030919
  31. ^ ASR Registration 1031886
  32. ^ ASR Registration 1200584
  33. ^ ASR Registration 1011349
  34. ^ ASR Registration 1062149
  35. ^ ASR Registration 1008798
  36. ^ ASR Registration 1001022
  37. ^ ASR Registration 1043678
  38. ^ ASR Registration 1041008
  39. ^ ASR Registration 1021190
  40. ^ ASR Registration 1065067
  41. ^ ASR Registration 1009946
  42. ^ ASR Registration 1054128
  43. ^ ASR Registration 1028003
  44. ^ ASR Registration 1053112
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Transmitter masts.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Radio towers.

33°04′41″N 92°13′41″W / 33.07806°N 92.22806°W / 33.07806; -92.22806

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