Massage
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| Massage Therapy | |
| This article is part of the branches of CAM series. | |
| Complementary and alternative medicine Classifications | |
| NCCAM: | Manipulative and body-based methods |
| Modality: | Professionalized |
| This article is part of a series on |
| Alternative medicine |
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Massage is the practice of soft tissue manipulation with physical, functional, and in some cases psychological purposes and goals.[1] The word comes from the French massage "friction of kneading," or from Arabic massa meaning "to touch, feel or handle" or from Latin massa meaning "mass, dough".[2][3] (In distinction the ancient Greek word for massage was anatripsis,[4] and the Latin was frictio). An older etymology may even have been the Hebrew me-sakj "to anoint with oil".
Massage involves acting on and manipulating the client's body with pressure (structured, unstructured, stationary, and/or moving), tension, motion, or vibration done manually or with mechanical aids. Target tissues may include muscles, tendons, ligaments, skin, joints, or other connective tissue, as well as lymphatic vessels, and/or organs of the gastrointestinal system. Massage can be applied with the hands, fingers, elbows, forearm, and feet. There are over eighty different massage modalities. [5] The most cited reasons for introducing massage have been client demand and perceived clinical effectiveness.[6]
In professional settings massage involves the client being treated while lying on a massage table, sitting in a massage chair, or lying on a mat on the floor. The massage subject may be fully or partly unclothed. Parts of the body may be covered with towels or sheets.
History
Ancient and medieval times
Writings on massage have been found in many ancient civilizations including Rome, Greece, Japan, China, Egypt, Mesopotamia and India. A biblical reference from c.493 BC documents daily massage with olive oil and myrrh as a part of the beauty regimen of the wives of Xerxes. (Esther, 2:9-12) [5]Hippocrates wrote in 460 BC that "The physician must be experienced in many things, but assuredly in rubbing." [7] The ancient Chinese book called Huangdi Neijing by the Yellow Emperor recommended "massage of skin and flesh."[8] The technique of massage abortion, involving the application of pressure to the pregnant abdomen, has been practiced in Southeast Asia for centuries. One of the bas reliefs decorating the temple of Angkor Wat in Cambodia, dated circa 1150, depicts a demon performing such an abortion upon a woman who has been sent to the underworld. This is believed to be the oldest known visual representation of abortion.[9] In Romania some illnesses were treated by a massage in which the client was trodden on by a tame bear.[10].
Modern times
China: Since the time of the Mao Zedong massage has continued to develop absorbing western ideas into the traditional framework. It is widely practiced and taught in hospital and medical schools and is an essential part of primary healthcare.[11]
United States: Massage started to become popular in the United States in the middle part of the 1800s [5] and was introduced by two New York physicians based on Per Henrik Ling's techniques developed in Sweden. [7]
During the 1930s and 1940s massage's influence decreased as a result of medical advancements of the time, while in the 1970s massage's influence grew once again with a notable rise among athletes. [5] Massage was used up until the 1960s and 1970s by nurses to help ease patients’ pain and help them sleep.[12]
Because it is illegal to advertise or offer sexual services in most of the United States, such services are sometimes advertised as "massage".
United Kingdom: Massage is popular in the United Kingdom today and gaining in popularity. There are many private practitioners working from their own premises as well as those who operate from commercial venues.
Massage in sports, business and organizations: The 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta was the first time that massage was offered as a core medical service. [8] Massage has been employed by businesses and organizations such as the U.S. Department of Justice, Boeing and Reebok.[13]
Equipment
Tables and chairs
Specialized massage tables and chairs are used to position clients during massages. A typical commercial massage table has an easily cleaned, heavily padded surface, and a horseshoe-shaped head support that allows the client to breathe easily while lying face down and can be stationary or portable. An orthopedic pillow or bolster can be used to correct body positioning. Ergonomic chairs serve a similar function as a massage table. Chairs may be either stationary or portable models. Massage chairs are easier for the practitioner to transport than massage tables, and clients do not need to disrobe to receive a chair massage. Due to these two factors, chair massage is often performed in settings such as corporate offices, outdoor festivals, shopping malls, and other public locations.
Oil
Many different types of oils can be used including fractionated coconut oil, grape seed oil, macadamia oil, sesame oil, pecan oil, and mustard oil. Aromatherapy oils such as neroli oil and pine oil can also be mixed with carrier oils. Salts are also used in association with oils to remove dry skin.
Massage methods
Massage can be performed by a massage therapist, or by other health care professionals, such as chiropractors, osteopaths, athletic trainers, and/or physical therapists. Massage therapists work in a variety of medical and recreational settings and may travel to private residences or businesses.[5] Contraindications to massage include deep vein thrombosis, bleeding disorders or taking blood thinners such as Warfarin, damaged blood vessels, weakened bones from cancer, osteoporosis, or fractures, and fever.[5]
Acupressure
Acupressure (a blend of "acupuncture" and "pressure") is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) technique derived from acupuncture. In acupressure physical pressure is applied to acupuncture points by the hand, elbow, or with various devices.
Ashiatsu
Ashiatsu massage is an eastern (oriental) born therapy that is designed to rebalance your physical being by rebalancing your energy field ("shi" meaning finger and "astsu" meaning pressure.) Ashiatsu uses pressure applied with thumbs, fingers and palms to specific pressure points of the body. It also uses techniques such as rolling, brushing, vibrating, grasping and in one particular technique developed by Suzuki Yamamoto, pressure is applied with the feet on the persons back, legs and feet (special set up is required for the "foot" Ashiatsu.)
Ayurvedic massage
Ayurveda is a natural health care system originating in India that incorporates massage, yoga, meditation and herbal remedies. Ayurvedic massage, also known as Abhyanga is usually performed by one or two therapists using a heated blend of herbal oils based on the ayurvedic system of humors.
Bowen therapy
Bowen technique involves a rolling movement over fascia, muscles, ligaments, tendons and joints. It is said not to involve deep or prolonged contact with muscle tissues as in most kinds of massage, but claims to relieve muscle tensions and strains and to restore normal lymphatic flow. It is based on practices developed by Australian Tom Bowen.[14]
Breema
Breema bodywork is performed on the floor with the recipient fully clothed. It consists of rhythmical and gentle leans and stretches. .
Cachunga Massage
Traditional Persian Massage. Cachunga introduced to the Achaemenid Empire of ancient Persia by Darius the 3rd. This is a massage that primarily focuses on the breasts of females. Cachunga is a deep tissue massage used with oil. It is based on a fondling motion, and is usually performed in the direction of the heart to promote circulation.
Champissage
Champissage is a massage technique focusing on the head, neck and face that is believed to balance the chakras.
Esalen Massage
Esalen Massage was developed by Charlotte Selver and works with gentle rocking of the body, passive joint exercises and deep structural work on the muscles and joints, together with an energetic balancing of the body.
Hilot
Hilot is an ancient healing technique from the Philippines that also includes massage techniques. The massage techniques relax stressed muscles. Hilot also includes joint manipulations to help relax stressed muscles.
Hilot encompasses a wide variety of techniques beyond the treatment of stressed muscles. Hilot is used to reset dislocated and sprained joints, diagnose and treat musculoligamentous and musculoskeletal ailments, and even aid in the giving birth of babies.
Lomilomi
Lomilomi is the traditional massage of Hawaii. As an indigenous practice, it varies by island and by family.
Medical massage
Massage used in the medical field includes decongestive therapy used for lymphedema[5] which can be used in conjunction with the treatment of breast cancer. Carotid sinus massage is used to diagnose carotid sinus syncope and is sometimes useful for differentiating supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) from ventricular tachycardia. It, like the valsalva maneuver, is a therapy for SVT.[15] However, it is less effective than management of SVT with medications.[16]
Myofascial release
Myofascial release refers to the manual massage technique for stretching the fascia and releasing bonds between fascia, integument, and muscles with the goal of eliminating pain, increasing range of motion and equilibrioception. Myofascial release usually involves applying shear compression or tension in various directions, or by skin rolling.
Anma
Anma is a traditional Japanese massage involving kneading and deep tissue work.
Reflexology massage
Reflexology involves massaging, squeezing or pushing parts of the feet, hands and ears with a goal of encouraging health throughout the body. This theory is based on a perceived energetic flow of "meridians" in the body, and is considered pseudoscientific.
Shiatsu
Shiatsu (指圧) is a form of Japanese massage that uses thumb pressure and works along the same energy meridians as acupressure and incorporates stretching.
Stone massage
A stone massage uses cold or water-heated stones to apply pressure and heat to the body. Stones coated in oil can also be used by the therapist delivering various massaging strokes.
Structural Integration
Structural Integration's aim is to unwind the strain patterns residing in your body's myofascial system, restoring it to its natural balance, alignment, length, and ease. This is accomplished by deep, slow, fascial and myofascial manipulation, coupled with movement re-education. Various brands of Structural Integration are Kinesis Myofascial Integration and rolfing
Swedish massage
Swedish massage uses five styles of long, flowing strokes to massage. The five basic strokes are effleurage (light touch), petrissage (kneading), tapotement (rhythmic tapping), friction (compression), and vibration. Swedish massage has shown to be helpful in reducing pain, joint stiffness, and improving function in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee over a period of eight weeks.[17] The development of Swedish massage is credited to Per Henrik Ling though the Dutch practitioner Johan Georg Mezger adopted the French names to denote the basic strokes.[18]
Thai massage
Known in Thailand as นวดแผนโบราณ (Nuat phaen boran, IPA [nuɑt pʰɛn boraːn]), meaning "ancient/traditional massage", Thai massage originated in India and is based on ayurveda and yoga. It was believed that the massage art was brought over to Thailand by Shivago Komarpaj over 2500 years ago. The technique combines massage with yoga-like positions during the course of the massage; the northern style emphasizes stretching while the southern style emphasizes acupressure.
Traditional Chinese massage
Two types of traditional Chinese massage exist - Tui na (推拿) which focusses on pushing, stretching and kneading the muscle and Zhi Ya (指壓) which focuses on pinching and pressing at acupressure points. Both are based on principles from Traditional Chinese Medicine.
Trager Approach
The Trager approach combines movement, massage and education.
Trigger point therapy
Also called a pressure point massage,[5] this involves stimulating hypothetical trigger points that may refer pain sensations to other parts of the body. Manual pressure is applied to these points. Trigger point therapy was founded by Janet G. Travell and David Simons.
Visceral manipulation
One form is Mayan abdominal massage which is practiced in many countries in Latin America. This type of massage was developed by Elijio Panti of Belize and brought to the United States by Rosita Arvigo.Eventhough Panti was a respected and well known user of Mayan massage, he did not develop this modality. "Mayan Massage" techniques have been used since before the spanish conquest and is still practiced today by many Sobadores or Hueseros.
Watsu
Watsu is the combination of hydrotherapy and shiatsu developed by Harold Dull. The work is done in skin temperature water with both the therapist and practitioner in the water, usually a pool which is between 3.5 ft to 4 ft (100–120 cm) deep. The work entails much movement in the water and practitioners believe that it incorporates the activation of the energy lines derived from shiatsu.
Meso-America
In Meso-America as in other areas of the world an indigenous form of soft tissue and structural work was devised. Today this art survives thanks to the many Sobadoras/es or Hueseros/as that have been handed these techniques via oral tradition. In the book "Wind in the Blood" there is an instance where a yucatec maya was treated by an illiterate sobador for a broken arm using the Meso-American techniques and when he was X-rayed months later the arm had only miniscule signs of damage.
Associated methods
Many types of practices are associated with massage and include Bodywork (alternative medicine), manual therapy, energy medicine, and breathwork. Other names for massage and related practices include hands-on work, body/somatic therapy, and somatic movement education. Body-mind integration techniques stress self-awareness and movement over physical manipulations by a practitioner. Therapies related to movement awareness/education are closer to Dance and movement therapies. Massage can also have connections with the New Age movement and alternative medicine as well as being used by mainstream medical practitioners.
Beneficial effects
Peer-reviewed medical research has shown that the benefits of massage include pain relief, reduced trait anxiety and depression, and temporarily reduced blood pressure, heart rate, and state anxiety.[19] Theories behind what massage might do include blocking nociception (gate control theory), activating the parasympathetic nervous system which may stimulate the release of endorphins and serotonin, preventing fibrosis or scar tissue, increasing the flow of lymph, and improving sleep[5] but such effects are yet to be supported by well designed clinical studies.
Massage is hindered from reaching the gold standard of scientific research which includes placebo-controlled and double blind clinical trials.[20] [21] Developing a "sham" manual therapy for massage would be difficult since even light touch massage could not be assumed to be completely devoid of effects on the subject.[20] It would also be difficult to find a subject that would not notice that they were getting less of a massage and it would be impossible to blind the therapist.[20] Massage can employ randomized controlled trials which are published in peer reviewed medical journals.[20] This type of study could increase the credibility of the profession because it displays that purported therapeutic effects are reproducible.[21]
Single dose effects
Pain relief: Relief from pain due to musculoskeletal injuries and other causes is cited as a major benefit of massage.[5] In one study, cancer patients self-reported symptomatic relief of pain.[22] [23] This study, however, did not include a no treatment or placebo control group so these effect may be due to the placebo effect or regression towards the mean. Massage can also relieve tension headaches. [citation needed] Acupressure or pressure point massage may be more beneficial than classic Swedish massage in relieving back pain.[24] However, a meta-study conducted by scientists at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign failed to find a statistically significant reduction in pain immediately following treatment. [19]
State anxiety: Massage has been shown to reduce state anxiety, a transient measure of anxiety in a given situation. [19]
Blood pressure and heart rate: Massage has been shown to reduce blood pressure and heart rate as temporary effects. [19]
Attention: After massage, EEG patterns indicate enhanced performance and alertness on mathematical computations, with the effects perhaps being mediated by decreased stress hormones. [citation needed]
Other: Massage also stimulates the immune system[25] by increasing peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). However, this immune system effect is only observed in aromatherapy massage, which includes sweet almond oil, lavender oil, cypress oil, and sweet marjoram oil. It is unclear whether this effect persists over the long term.
Multiple dose effects
Pain relief: When combined with education and exercises, massage might help sub-acute, chronic, non-specific low back pain. [26] Furthermore, massage has been shown to reduce pain experienced in the days or weeks after treatment. [19]
Trait anxiety: Massage has been shown to reduce trait anxiety; a person's general susceptibility to anxiety. [19]
Depression: Massage has been shown to reduce subclinical depression. [19]
Diseases: Massage, involving stretching, has been shown to help with spastic diplegia resulting from Cerebral palsy in a small pilot study.[27] The researchers warn that these results should "be viewed with caution until a double-blind controlled trial can be conducted".
Massage has been used in an effort to improve symptoms, disease progression, and quality of life in HIV patients, however, this treatment is not scientifically supported.[28]
Regulation
In the USA there are about 90,000 massage therapists. [7] Training programs in the US are typically 500–1000 hours in length, and can award a certificate, diploma, or degree depending on the particular school. [29] There are around 1,300 programs training massage therapists in the country and study will often include anatomy and physiology, kinesiology, massage techniques, first aid and CPR, business, ethical and legal issues, and hands on practice along with continuing education requirements if regulated. [5] The Commission on Massage Therapy Accreditation (COMTA) is one of the organizations that works with massage schools in the U.S.. Thirty-nine states, the District of Columbia and four Canadian provinces currently offer some type of credential to professionals in the massage and bodywork field---usually licensure, certification or registration.[6] 38 states and the District of Columbia require some type of licencing for massage therapists. [30] In the US, 32 states use the National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork's certification program as a basis for granting licenses either by rule or statute. [31] The National Board grants the designation Nationally Certified in Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork (NCTMB). There are two tests available and you can become certified through a porfolio process if you have equivalent training and experience. [32] Between 10-20% of towns or counties regulate the profession. [33] These local regulations can range from prohibition on opposite sex massage, fingerprinting and venereal checks from a doctor, to prohibition on house calls because of concern regarding sale of sexual services.[33] [34]
In the USA licensure is the highest level of regulation and this restricts anyone without a license from practicing massage therapy or by calling themselves that protected title. Certification allows only those who meet certain educational criteria to use the protected title and registration only requires a listing of therapists who apply and meet an educational requirement. [34]
In late 2007, the Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards launched a new certification exam titled the MBLEx. Approximately 13 states have accepted this certification exam.
In Canada only three provinces regulate massage therapy [35]: British Columbia, Ontario, and Newfoundland and Labrador. [33] The Canadian Massage Therapists Alliance (CMTA) has set a level of 2200 practice hours in Ontario, and Newfoundland and Labrador and 3000 hours in British Columbia. [35] In India, massage therapy is licenced by The Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India) in March 1995.
Because the art and science of massage is a globally diverse phenomenon, different legal jurisdictions sometimes recognize and license individuals with titles. Examples are:
- Registered Massage Therapist (RMT) Canada
- Certified Massage Therapist (CMT)
- Licensed Massage Practitioner (LMP)
- Licensed Massage Therapist (LMT)
- Licensed Massage and Bodywork Therapist (LMBT) North Carolina
In South Korea, only blind and visually-impaired people can become licensed masseurs.[36]
Prevalence in the United States
In 1997 there was an estimated 114 million visits to massage therapists in the US.[29] Massage therapy is the most used type of Complementary and alternative medicine in hospitals in the United States.[6]
People state that they use massage because they believe that it relieves pain from musculoskeletal injuries and other causes of pain, reduces stress and enhances relaxation, rehabilitates sports injuries, decreases feelings of anxiety and depression, and increases general well being.[5]
In a poll of 25-35 year olds 79% said they would like their health insurance plan to cover massage.[8] Companies that offer massage to their employees include Allstate, Best Buy, Cisco Systems, FedEx, Gannett (which runs USA Today), General Electric, Hewlett-Packard, Home Depot, JC Penney, Kimberly-Clark, Texas Instruments and Yahoo. In 2006 Duke University Health System opened up a center to integrate medical disciplines with CAM disciplines such as massage therapy and acupuncture[37]. There were 15,500 spas in the United States in 2007 with about a third of the visitors being men.[30]
The number of visits rose from 91 million in 1999 to 136 million in 2003, generating a revenue that equals $11 billion.[38]
See also
- Applied kinesiology
- Erotic massage
- Massage therapist organizations
- Physical medicine and rehabilitation
References
- ^ Definition of massage, Prescottlmt.com
- ^ Online Etymology Dictionary, massage
- ^ Merriam Webster Dictionary Online, massage
- ^ Calvert, R. (2002-04-01). "The History of Massage: An Illustrated Survey from Around the World". Healing Arts Press.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Massage Therapy as CAM". The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM). 2006-09-01. Retrieved 2007-09-26.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c "Policy for Therapeutic Massage in an Academic Health Center: A Model for Standard Policy Development". The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-26.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) 13 (4) pp.471-475 - ^ a b c "Massage Therapy". Harvard Men’s Health Watch. 2006-09-01. Retrieved 2007-09-26.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) 11 (2) pp.6-7 - ^ a b c "Massage Facts". National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage & Bodywork. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
- ^ Potts, Malcolm, & Campbell, Martha. (2002). History of contraception. Gynecology and Obstetrics, vol. 6, ch. 8.
- ^ călcá in the Dicţionarul etimologic român, Alexandru Ciorănescu, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife, 1958-1966
- ^ What is Traditional Chinese Massage?
- ^ MacGregor, H. (2004-12-28). "Hospitals Getting a Grip: Massage Therapy Finds Place in Patient Care for FM and More". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Goodman, T. (2000-12-28). "Massage craze: Hands-on therapy attracting more patients". CNN. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Bowen Therapists Federation of Australia
- ^ Lim SH, Anantharaman V, Teo WS, Goh PP, Tan AT (1998). "Comparison of treatment of supraventricular tachycardia by Valsalva maneuver and carotid sinus massage". Ann Emerg Med. 31 (1): 30–5. PMID 9437338.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Ballo P, Bernabò D, Faraguti SA (2004). "Heart rate is a predictor of success in the treatment of adults with symptomatic paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia". Eur. Heart J. 25 (15): 1310–7. doi:10.1016/j.ehj.2004.05.011. PMID 15288158.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Robertshawe P. (2007). "Massage for Osteoarthritis of the Knee". Journal of the Australian Traditional-Medicine Society. 13 (2): 87.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Calver, R. "Pages from history: Swedish massage". Massage Magazine. Retrieved 2006-12-25.
- ^ a b c d e f g "A Meta-Analysis of Massage Therapy Research" (PDF). Psychological Bulletin. 2004. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ a b c d Evans, R. (2006). "What Does the Research Say?". Regents of the University of Minnesota. Retrieved 2007-12-06.
- ^ a b Muscolino, J. (2004). "Anatomy Of A Research Article" (PDF). Massage Therapy Foundation. Retrieved 2007-12-06.
- ^ "Massage therapy for symptom control: outcome study at a major cancer center". NCBI PubMed. 2004-09-12. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Grealish L, Lomasney A, Whiteman B. (2000). "Foot massage. A nursing intervention to modify the distressing symptoms of pain and nausea in patients hospitalized with cancer (abstract)". PubMed NCBI. Retrieved 2006-03-07.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Furlan A, Brosseau L, Imamura M, Irvin E (2002). "Massage for low back pain". Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD001929. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001929. PMID 12076429.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Kuriyama, H. (2005). "Immunological and Psychological Benefits of Aromatherapy Massage (abstract)". Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2 (2): 179–184. doi:10.1093/ecam/neh087. PMID 15937558.
- ^ "Massage for low back pain". NCBI PubMed. 2002. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ Macgregor R, Campbell R, Gladden MH, Tennant N, Young D (2007). "Effects of massage on the mechanical behaviour of muscles in adolescents with spastic diplegia: a pilot study". Developmental medicine and child neurology. 49 (3): 187–191. PMID 17355474.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Saltmarsh, S. (2006). "Voodoo or valid? Alternative therapies benefit those living with HIV". Positively Aware. 3 (16): 46. PMID 16479668.
- ^ a b Kahn, J. (2005-06-10). "Overview of Manual Therapy Use in the U.S." The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM). Retrieved 2007-09-26.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b Stellin, S. (2007-07-15). "Beyond the Body Wrap: What Makes a Spa Stand Out?". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-09-20.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "States that require NCBTMB exams". National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ "What you need to know". National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ a b c "Massage Therapy Law and Licensure and States Regulating Massage". Natural Healers. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
- ^ a b Walsh, K. "Massage craze: Hands-on therapy attracting more patients". Massage Magazine. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
- ^ a b Verhoef, M. (2005-06-10). "Overview of Manual Therapy in Canada". The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM). Retrieved 2007-09-26.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7699114.stm
- ^ "First-of-its-Kind Center Treats the Whole Person". Massage Magazine. 2007-01. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ Ellin, A. (2005-07-21). "Now Let Us All Contemplate Our Own Financial Navels". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-09-20.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)
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