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Refugees of the Syrian civil war

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Refugees of the Syrian Civil War
Total population:

4,812,993 refugees (registered, March 2016)[1]

6,000,000+ refugees and expatriates estimated (January 2016)[citation needed]

6,600,000 internally displaced inside Syria (March 2016)[2]

Regions with important populations
Data as of Feb 2016, unless otherwise noted; includes estimated cross-border arrivals, UNHCR registered refugees, asylum applicants, worker visa overstays and resettled refugees. Does not include foreign citizens leaving Syria.
 Turkey 2,715,789 (registered, 3 March 2016)[3]
 Lebanon 1,500,000 (estimated arrivals Dec 2015)
1,067,785 (registered)[4]
 Jordan 1,265,000 (census results Nov 2015)[5]
639,204 (registered)[6]
 Germany 484,000 (estimated arrivals Dec 2015) [7]
218,816 (applicants Dec 2015) [8]
 Greece 480,000 (estimated arrivals Mar 2016)[9]
5,129 (applicants to Dec 2015)[8]
 Saudi Arabia 420,000 (estimated overstays 2015)[10]
 Macedonia 400,000 (estimated arrivals)[9]
2,109 (applicants to Dec 2015)[8]
 Serbia(incl. Kosovo) 313,035 (applicants to Dec 2015)[8]
 Iraq (incl. Iraqi Kurdistan) 239,000 (estimated in Iraqi Kurdistan)
6,000 (estimated rest of Iraq March 2015)
245,543 (registered)[11]
 United Arab Emirates 242,000 (estimated overstays 2015) [12]
 Kuwait 155,000+[10][13] (estimated overstaysto June 2015)
 Egypt 118,512 (registered)[14]
 Sweden 105,889 (applicants to Dec 2015) [8]
 Hungary

72,004 (applicants to Dec 2015) [8]

 Croatia 55,000 (estimated September 2015)[15]
365 (applicants to Dec 2015) [8]
 Canada 43,586 (applicants)
29,352 (approved)
26,262 (resettled)[16]
 Algeria 43,000 (estimated Nov 2015)
5,721 (registered Nov 2015) [17]
 Qatar 40,000 (estimated overstays 2015)[10]
42 (registered 2015)[10]
 Austria 34,154 (applicants to Dec 2015)[8]
 Netherlands 29,813 (applicants to Dec 2015) [8]
 Libya 26,672 (registered December 2015)[1]
 Denmark 17,913 (applicants to Dec 2015)[8]
 Bulgaria 17,089 (applicants to Dec 2015)[8]
 Armenia 17,000 (estimated July 2015)[18]
 Belgium 14,850 (applicants to Dec 2015) [8]
  Switzerland 11,974 (applicants to Dec 2015)[8]
 Norway 11,246 (applicants to Dec 2015)[8]
 France 10,281 (applicants to Dec 2015)[8]
 Brazil 9,000 (approved ) [19]
2,097 (Nov 2015)[20]See: Syrians in Brazil
 United Kingdom 8,792 (applicants to Dec 2015)[8]
5,102 (resettled 2015) [21]
 Spain 8,365 (applicants to Dec 2015)[8]
 Russia 5,000 (estimated 2015)[22]
 Malaysia 5,000 (estimated August 2015)[citation needed]
 Australia 4,500 (2015)[23]See: Syrians in Australia
 Tunisia 4,000 (September 2015)[24]
 Bahrain 3,500 (estimated June 2015)[10]
 Cyprus 3,185 (applicants to Dec 2015)[8]
 United States 3,097(resettled) [25]
 Montenegro 2,975 (applicants to Dec 2015)[8]
 Romania 2,470 (applicants to Dec 2015)[8]
 Italy 2,451 (applicants to Dec 2015)[8]
 Malta 1,222 (applicants to Dec 2015) [8]
 Finland 1,127 (applicants to Dec 2015)[8]
 Gaza Strip 1,000 (December 2013)[26]
Language: Arabic, Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic
Religion: Sunni Islam, Christianity, Shia Islam, Yazidism, Druze

Syrian refugees are citizens and permanent residents of Syria who have fled the country since the onset of the Syrian Civil War in 2011.

As of February 2016, the United Nations (UN) has identified 13.5 million Syrians requiring humanitarian assistance, of which 6.6 million are internally displaced within Syria, and over 4.8 million are refugees outside of Syria.[2] Turkey is the largest host country with over 2.7 million Syrian refugees.[3][27][28] Assistance to internally displaced persons (IDPs) within Syria, and Syrian refugees in neighbouring countries, is coordinated largely through the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).

Close to 1 million Syrians have requested asylum in various countries, particularly Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey, and the European Union (EU).[1][8] To February 2016, pledges have been made to the UNHCR, by various nations, to permanently resettle 170,000 registered refugees.[29]

History

2011

Number and location of people fleeing the violence in Syria, 13 June 2012.
This family fled their home in Damascus in 2013 for refuge in Lebanon.

The Arab Spring uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya inspire protests in Syria, followed by Syrian Army intervention.[30] As Syria descends into civil war,[31] it becomes quickly divided into a complex patchwork of shifting alliances and territories between the Assad government, rebel groups, ethnic groups, and Islamic extremists. By May it is estimated that no more than 300 Syrian refugees cross into Turkey.[32] Turkey sets up a small camp for these refugees and reports it is preparing for "a worst-case scenario" should refugee numbers increase.[32] By mid-May, about 700 residents of Tel Kazakh flee into Lebanon.[33] According to Sheikh Abdullah, a prominent religious figure in the village of Wadi Khaled in northern Lebanon, by mid May the village had received more than 1,350 refugees from Syria over a period of 10 days, most of them women and children.[34] More were expected to arrive. On 14 May 2011, Melissa Fleming, spokeswoman for the UNHCR, said that the refugee flow into Lebanon had been fairly small at around 1,000 people.[33] She also said the number of Syrians who had crossed the border into Turkey was also small at about 250.[33] With the siege of Jisr al-Shughour, the situation on the Turkish-Syrian border deteriorates and thousands flee in anticipation of a Syrian Army attack.[35] Initially it is reported that about 2,500 Syrians cross the border.[35] but refugees housed in Turkish camps exceed 10,000 by mid June,[36][37] and was estimated at 8,500 in Lebanon[38] where the total refugee population was estimated at over 20,000. As Syrian troops amassed at the Turkish border, the flow increased to hundreds of refugees a day by 23 June,[39] reaching a total of 11,700 refugees.[40]

Syrian refugee center on the Turkish border 50 miles from Aleppo, Syria (3 August 2012).

By early July over 15,000 Syrians sought refuge in Turkey.[41] More than 5,000 returned to Syria, leaving around 10,227 Syrian refugees in Turkey.[41] Registered refugees in Lebanon reached 2,600 by the end of August, with thousands more residing in Lebanon illegally.[42] According to Al-Arabiya, some 2,500 Syrians resided in the Wadi Khaled area, down from 5,500 in May.[43] Most of Syrian refugees in the area were Arabs and Bedouins.[43] A humanitarian aid campaign was launched by "Baitulmaal".[44]

Despite the repatriation of many Syrians between July and August, in early September Turkey began setting up six refugee camps – some 6,000 out of initial 15,000 remained in Turkey. By November the number of refugees in Turkey stood at 7,600[45] and had reached almost 5,000 in Lebanon.[46] By mid-December, the number of refugees in Jordan was around 1,500 registered and possibly thousands more unregistered.[47] By the end of 2011, it was reported that thousands of refugees had found shelter in Libya.[48]

2012

Early in the year Lebanon reports 5,000 refugees[49] and Turkey 9,700.[50] Israeli announces preparations to accommodate Alawite Syrian refugees in the occupied Golan Heights, should the Syrian government collapse.[51] Jordan opens a camp for 3,000 refugees.[50][52] By March, fighting in Homs, and along the Lebanese border, force 2,000 Syrians to flee into Lebanon, and Turkey reports hundreds of arrivals daily.[53] UN registered refugees in Turkey's Hatay Province reach 13,500 with thousands more elsewhere.[54][55][56] Turkish officials anticipate as many as 50,000 new arrivals and begin constructing camps in Hatay, Kilis, Gaziantep and Şanlıurfa.[54] Jordan reports as many as 80,000 arrivals[57] and has enrolled 5,000 Syrian students in state schools.[57] Refugees in the Kurdish region of Iraq reach 1,000 and are offered shelter and medical care in Domiz camp. Ethnic Kurdish refugees are offered military training to protect Kurdish-majority territories in Syria.[58][58][59]

Syrian refugee center on the Turkish border 50 miles from Aleppo, Syria (3 August 2012).
Syrian refugees in Lebanon living in cramped quarters (6 August 2012).

The April offensive by the Syrian Army, preceding the April 10 ceasefire under the Kofi Annan peace plan, coincides with a peak flow of refugees to Turkey. Over 5,000 arrive on 4–5 April.[60] bringing the total in Turkey to 25,000.[61] Turkey demands Syrian abide by the ceasefire, and more support from the international community.[60] Jordan has upwards of 130,000 refugees by some estimates.[62][63][64] 200,000 or more Syrians are internally displaced.[65] By May 3,171 ethnic Kurdis are registered with the UNHCR in Iraqi Kurdistan,[66] and 50 to 70 people arrive daily.[66] In May it is reported that Syrian refugees are being given political asylum and successfully integrated into Colombian society.[67]

By June, refugees in Jordan, concentrated in the northern cities of Mafraq, Irbid, Ramtha, Jerash and Ajlun, reportedly stretch national water resources. In Lebanon UNHCR registered refugees reach 17,000, with another 26,000 settled elsewhere.[68] Most refugees are reported to be women and children.[68] Turkey reports 24,500 registered refugees.[69] Over 2 days in July, 19,000 Syrians flee Damascus into Lebanon, as violence inside the city escalate.[70] The UNHCR reports 35,000 refugees in Jordan, but upward of 140,000 unregistered refugees are likely in the country.[71] In the Iraqi Kurdish region more than 8,000 are now registered.[72] In July refugee numbers in Lebanon increase to 28,100,[72] and to 43,000 in Turkey. About 1,000 return to Syria because of very poor conditions in provisional refugee camps.[73]

In August the first Syrian refugees migrate by sea to the European Union, with 124 arriving in Italy.[74] The UNHCR reports that refugees now exceed 200,000.[75] By December that number jumps to well over 750,000[76] with 135,519 in Turkey;[76] 8,852 in Iraq, 54,000 in Iraqi Kurdistan;[77] 150,000 in Lebanon [76] 142,000 in Jordan[76] and over 150,000 in Egypt [76][78]

2013

Displaced refugees relocate to less troubled parts of the country. Refugees fled in desperation to escape violence, chaos, and shortages of food, medicine, and other necessities. It became harder for people to find a safe place to settle because 3,000-6,000 refugees leave Syria every day and refugee centers fill to capacity.[79]

Refugee children from Syria at a clinic in Ramtha, northern Jordan

There is increasing concern about the exploitation of female refugees.[80] Orthodox Christian refugees began to arrive in the United States.[81] In August, there is a sharp increase in refugees entering Bulgaria. Bulgarian refugee centers are at capacity and the government seeks emergency accommodations and asks the EU and Red Cross for aid.[82] At this time the UN confirms that many thousands of refugees flee to Iraqi Kurdistan.[83] The UNHCR estimates that more than 4,600 refugees arrive in Italy by sea this year, two-thirds of whom arrive in August.[84] In September, Sweden becomes the first EU country to grant permanent residency to all asylum seekers, and the right to family reunification, in light of worsening conditions in Syria.[85][86][87] Roughly 8,000 Syrian refugees in Sweden are affected by the ruling. The decision is welcomed, but some warn that it may be a boon for people-smuggling operations.[88] In September, countries in South America (mainly Argentina and Brazil) offer refuge to Syrians. More than three hundred refugee families have already arrived in Argentina.[89][90] Brazil is the first country in the Americas to offer humanitarian visas to refugees. Brazil's embassies in countries neighboring Syria issue travel visas and allow for claims on arrival in Brasil.i[91] An estimated 1.5 million Syrians are refugees by year end.[92]

2014

The deteriorating humanitarian situation in neighboring Iraq prompts an influx of Iraqi refugees into north-eastern Syria. By the end of August 2014, the UN estimates 6.5 million people have been displaced within Syria, while more than 3 million had fled to countries such as Lebanon (1.14 million), Jordan (608,000) and Turkey (815,000). "The Syria crisis has become the biggest humanitarian emergency of our era, yet the world is failing to meet the needs of refugees and the countries hosting them," the UN High Commissioner for Refugees Antonio Guterres says at the time.[93] Largely due to the Syrian civil war, the UNHCR reports that the total number of refugees worldwide exceeds 50 million, for the first time since World War II.[94] Tensions rise in Lebanon when the army raids refugee sites in Arsal and 3 person are shot. The Muslim Scholars Committee condemns what it calls human rights abuses saying 'the collective punishment of Syrian refugees cannot be justified," and calling for a 'transparent and impartial investigation of the violations, from the burning of camps to the torturing of detainees in Arsal.[95] 1 million refugees are registered by the UNHCR[1] most of whom are fleeing instability in north eastern Syria caused by ISIS. Jordan receives comparatively fewer refugees this year, due to the relative stability in Southern Syria.[96] In October 2014 Uruguay starts receiving refugees.[97]

Syrian refugees and migrants pass through Slovenia, 23 October 2015
Emergency Thermal Blanket, an installation by the artist Dionisis Christofilogiannis, 2015. The Greek flag, made of the two sides of the thermal blanket used by refugees, is a homage to those helping with the refugee crisis

2015

Large numbers of refugees cross into the EU and by August there are 313,000 asylum applications across Europe.[98] The largest numbers are recorded in Germany with over 89,000, and Sweden with over 62,000. More than 100,000 refugees cross into the EU in July,[99] and by September over 8,000 refugees cross daily. Syrians form the largest group of refugees to Europe[100] The UNHCR reports that refugee numbers exceed 4,000,000, mostly in Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan and Iraq. The response of Saudi Arabia and other Muslim countries to the refugee crises come under intense media scrutiny. Claims are made that these countries are not accepting Syrian refugees, while other media outlets report that these countries provide visa extensions and family reunification for Syrians unable to return home.[101][102] Saudi officials claim the Kingdom has given residency to between 100,000 and 2.5 million Syrians, though these numbers are widely disputed[103][104][105]

Under the Dublin Regulation, an asylum applicant in one EU country, must be returned to that country, should they attempt onward migration to another EU country. Hungary is overburdened in 2015 by asylum applications during the European Migrant Crises, to the point that on 23 June its refuses to allow further applicants to be returned by other EU countries.[106] Germany and the Czech Republic suspend the Dublin Regulation for Syrians and start to process their asylum applications directly.[107][108] On 21 September, EU home affairs and interior ministers approve a plan to accept and redistribute 120,000 asylum seekers (not only Syrians) across the EU. The Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia opposed the plan and Finland abstains.[109] Poorer countries express concerns about the economic and social cost of absorbing large numbers of refugees. Wealthier countries embrace ethnic diversity and are able to offer more humanitarian assistance.[109]

On 3 September 2015, Alan Kurdi (3 years old), his brother Ghalib Kurdi (5 years old) and their mother drown, as their family attempts to migrate by sea into Europe. The image of Alan Kurdi's body washed up on a Turkish beach becomes a seminal moment in the refugee crises and global response.[110][111] National debates and media coverage about the Syrian refugee crises increase markedly, bringing considerable attention to the human costs of the Syrian Civil War, the responsibilities of host countries, pressures forcing refugees to migrate from their host countries, people smuggling, and the responsibilities of third countries to resettle refugees.[112][113][114][115] In October, the UN's human rights chief claims the Czech Republic is holding migrants in "degrading" and jail like conditions[116] Also in September, German customs seized packages of fake Syrian passports which police suspect are being sold to non-Syrians seeking asylum in Germany.[117][118] By 21 December, an estimated 500,000 Syrian refugees have entered Europe, 80 percent arrived by sea, and most land in Greece.[119]

2016

A factory producing fake lifejackets, made for migrants wanting to cross the Aegean Sea to Greece, is discovered in Turkey. Police seize more than 1,200 fake lifejackets in the factory at Izmir, and arrest four workers included two young Syrian girls. The raid came in the same week that the bodies of more than 30 people wash up on Turkish beaches, having drowned in their attempt to reach Greece. After the agreement of a multibillion-euro deal between the EU and Turkey, Turkish police slightly increase their operations against people involved in the wider smuggling business.[120][121][122][123] On 19 February 2016, Austria imposes restrictions on the number of refugee entries. Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia announced that just 580 refugees a day will be allowed through their borders. As a result, large numbers of Syrian refugees are stuck in Greece.[124] There are fears that Greece won't be able to cope with the thousands stranded in the reception centres scattered across the mainland and the islands of Lesbos, Kos and Chios.[125] On February 27, Canada meets its target to resettle 25,000 refugees, and plans to resettle 35,000-50,000 by the end of the year.[126]

According to Amnesty International, Turkish guards routinely shoot at Syrian refugees stranded at the border,[127] also, Turkey has forcibly returned thousands of Syrian refugees to war zone since mid-January 2016.[128]

International response

National governments' position in the 22 September 2015 European Union Justice and Home Affairs Council majority vote to relocate 120,000 refugees (including Syrians) from Greece and Italy to other EU countries:
  Yes
  Opt-out
  Abstention
  No
  Non-EU state

Financial aid

Donor Funding to Dec 2015 (USD)
World
17,029,967,564
 Turkey
8,000,000,000
 United States
4,662,407,369
European Commission
1,834,305,296
 United Kingdom
1,553,345,642
 Germany
1,296,228,090
 Kuwait
1,035,624,326
Private
1,017,484,080
 Canada
969,710,000
 Saudi Arabia
737,120,785
 Japan
447,688,208
 UAE
435,868,141
 Norway
356,803,764
 Netherlands
338,491,157
 United Nations
247,344,198
 Qatar
236,891,320
  Switzerland
211,962,092
 Denmark
203,691,497
 Sweden
193,258,749
 Australia
176,605,888
 France
150,236,015
 Italy
111,443,572

Figures above are donations to international organizations as compiled by the Financial Tracking Service, of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs [129] Not included are: government spending on domestic hosting and resettlement. Private donations are from individuals and organizations. United Nation's donations are from unearmarked funds not attributable to specific member states. Figures for Turkey include expenditures not tracked by the FTS.[130][131]

Aid delivery

Zaatari refugee camp, Jordan
Syrian Civil War refugees in neighboring countries (as of 4 September 2015)[132]

Financial aid from government, non-government, and private donors to support Syrian refugees is largely channeled through established aid organizations, and national government agencies. These organizations and agencies deliver aid directly to refugees in the form of food, education, housing, clothing and medical care, along with migration and resettlement services. Complete figures for aid delivery since 2011 are not available. The table below shows cumulative known aid delivered by the largest aid organizations, between April 2011 and Dec 2015 [133]

United Nations agencies
Food and Agriculture Organization FAO 42,103,122
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OCHA 412,587,348
United Nations Children's Emergency Fund UNICEF 1,339,721,581
United Nations Development Program UNDP 76,904,986
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO 16,275,456
United Nations Higher Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR 2,928,091,009
United Nations Population Fund UNPF 51,352,953
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East UNRWA 687,533,705
World Food Programme WFP 3,127,400,730
World Health Organization WHO 225,102,831
Intergovernmental Organizations
International Organization for Migration IOM 169,490,783
International Non-Governmental Organizations
CARE International CARE 50,733,320
Handicap International 50,857,464
International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC 119,327,373
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies IFRC 28,615,689
International Medical Corps IMC 44,176,262
International Rescue Committee IRC 40,880,550
Mercy Corps Mercy Corps 79,182,554
Oxfam Oxfam 53,150,962
Save the Children International 89,549,837
International Religious Organizations
ACT Alliance (Ecumenical) ACT 17,301,378
Caritas International (Roman Catholic) CARITAS 44,291,764
National Organizations
Danish Refugee Council (Denmark) DRC 111,383,440
IHH Humanitarian Relief Foundation (Turkey) IHH 84,026,099
Islamic Relief Worldwide (UK) IRW 63,951,290
Norwegian Refugee Council NRC 160,106,509
Première Urgence (France) 44,403,652
Red Cross (7 branches) 47,535,819
Red Crescent (6 branches) 145,198,574

Host countries

Main article: List of Syrian refugee camps
Syrian refugees, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon
Zaatari refugee camp for Syrian refugees in Jordan which only contains a population of 80,000 out of the 1.3 million in the country.

The UNHCR has a policy of helping refugees work and be productive, using their existing skills to meet their own needs and needs of the host country:

Ensure the right of refugees to access work and other livelihood opportunities as they are available for nationals... Match programme interventions with corresponding levels of livelihood capacity (existing livelihood assets such as skills and past work experience) and needs identified in the refugee population, and the demands of the market... Assist refugees in becoming self-reliant. Cash / food / rental assistance delivered through humanitarian agencies should be short-term and conditional and gradually lead to self-reliance activities as part of longer-term development... Convene internal and external stakeholders around the results of livelihood assessments to jointly identify livelihood support opportunities.[134]

 Turkey – As of February 2016, Turkey hosts 2,688,686 registered refugees.[3] About 30% live in 22 government-run camps near the Syrian border.[135] Turkey is home to the highest number of Syrian refugees and has provided over $8,000,000,000 in aid. Financial aid from other countries has been limited, though €3,200,000,000 was promised by the EU in November 2015.[136]

 Lebanon – As of April 2015, Lebanon hosts 1,196,560 registered refugees.[137] The Lebanese government refused to establish refugee camps allowing Syrians to freely settle throughout Lebanon. While most Syrians rent their accommodations in around 1,700 locations countrywide,[138] a fifth of them live in non-formal settlements,[139] mostly concentrated in border govern orates. The Lebanese Forces Party, the Kataeb Party, and the Free Patriotic Movement fear the country's sectarian-based political system is being undermined.[140]

 Jordan – As of April 2015, there were 628,427 estimated Syrian refugees in Jordan.[141] However, a Jordanian census performed in November 2015 showed that there are 1.4 million Syrian refugees residing in the country, meaning that more than 50% of Syrian refugees in Jordan are unregistered.[5] A report done by the World Bank in 2016 revealed that the Syrian refugee influx to Jordan has cost the kingdom more than $2.5 billion a year which amounts to about 6% of Jordan's GDP and about a quarter of the government annual revenues. Promised international aid has fallen several hundreds of millions of dollars short of the total cost. This has caused the kingdom's public debt to swell to 90% of its GDP in 2016 and has severely crippled the growth of its economy.[142] The majority of the refugees in Jordan live in the local communities rather than refugee camps, which had added a large strain on the country's infastructure, particularly towns in northern Jordan adjacent to the Syrian border.[143]

 Iraq – As of Feb 2016 Iraq hosts 245,543 refugees.[11] Several refugee camps exist in northern Iraq. Kurdish Regional Government hosting mostly Syrians of ethnic Kurdish origins.

 Egypt – As of April 2015 Egypt hosts 118,512 refugees.[144]

 Armenia – Hosts 17,000 refugees, primarily ethnic Armenians and about 13,000 displaced persons have entered the country. In addition another 38 Armenian families (about 200 people) resettled in the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic as of 2013.[145] Three Kurdish Yazidi families have also found refuge in Armenia. Armenia is home to a Kurdish Yazidi community, currently numbering 35,000.[146]

Onward migration and resettlement

 Argentina – Argentina decided in September 2013 to offer refuge to thousands of displaced Syrians. As of August 2013, more than three hundred refugee families have already arrived in Argentina.[89][90]

 Armenia – The government is offering several protection options including simplified naturalization by Armenian descent (15,000 persons acquired Armenian citizenship), accelerated asylum-procedures and facilitated short, mid and long-term residence permits.[147] Ethnic Armenians in Syria have been fleeing to their historic Armenia homelands.[148][149][150][151] The Cilician school was established to provide education specifically for Syrian-Armenian refugee children.[152][153][154] with support from Kuwait[155][156] and Austria.[157]

 Australia – In October 2015, Australia announced that it would accept 12,000 Syrian refugees.[158] By February 2016, Australia had settled 26 refugees.[159]

 Austria – As of 2015, there are at least 18,000 estimated Syrian refugees in Austria.[160][161]

 Bahrain – Bahrain rejected reports from Bahraini opposition that they were trying to alter the country's demographics by naturalizing Syrians.[162]

 Brazil – Brazil is the first country in the Americas region to offer humanitarian visas to Syrian refugees. Brazil's embassies in (Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq) countries neighbouring Syria will be responsible for issuing travel visas for people wanting to go there. Claims for asylum will need to be presented on arrival in Brazil. These special humanitarian visas will also be provided to family members living in countries neighbouring Syria.[91] As of November 2015, there are 3,000 Syrian refugees in Brazil.[163]

 Bulgaria – Bulgaria welcomes refugees when in transit to Germany to apply for refugee status. Bulgaria received 11,080 asylum applications in 2014, 56% of which were made by Syrian citizens and on which 94.2% of first instance decisions were positive for Syrian citizens, making it the country with the highest acceptance rate in the EU.[164][165] For the period of Jan-Jul 2015, there were estimated 9,200 asylum applications to Bulgaria with average acceptance rate remaining the same as in the previous year.[166]

 Canada – In July 2013, Canada promised to resettle 1,300 refugees by 2015[242] and pledged $100 million in humanitarian aid.[243] "No more than 10 [refugees had] arrived in Canada." by March 2014,[244] and under public scrutiny leading into a national general election, the government agreed to resettle 11,300 refugees by the end of 2017,[245] and then 10,000 by September 2016.[246] Following the 2015 general election, the newly elected government committed to bringing 25,000 refugees by the end of 2015 [185] [186] This deadline was moved to February 2016 to ensure thorough screening in the aftermath of the 2015 Paris Attacks.[247] Canadians have expressed considerable interest in receiving refugees and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau met the first two flights on Dec 10 and Dec 13, 2015.[248] To date Canada has arranged 96 flights to airlift refugees from their host countries,[249], welcomed 25,000 refugees into 269 communities across the country,[250] and agreed to resettle 35-50,000 refugees by the end of 2016.[167] Resettlement arrangements for additional refugees and social integration of arriving refugees is ongoing.[251]The cost over the next six years is estimated at (CDN) $564-million and $678-million.[168] The Prime Minister stated that the most vulnerable would be accepted first, including families, children and members of the LGBT communities.[169] Among the Syrian refugees accepted for resettlement are thousands of ethnic Armenians.[170] On February 27, 2016 Canadian government declared that it had met its goal of resettling 25,000 Syrian refugees in Canada.[171]

 Colombia – Colombia accepts refugees that have asked for asylum within Colombia. The refugees are registered with the UNHCR in Bogotá,[67] and receive aid from Pastoral Social, a Colombian NGO that works closely with the UNHCR.[172]

 Croatia – Croatia welcomes refugees when in transit to Germany to apply for refugee status. In addition, Croatia, an EU member state, shares land border with Serbia, therefore there is a risk of strong inflow of migrants from Serbia considering that Hungary erected a fence on its border with Serbia. Nearly 80% of the border consist of Danube river, but the problem is 70 kilometers long so-called "Green Border" near Tovarnik. According to the Croatian Minister of Interior Ranko Ostojić "police in the area has enough people and equipment to protect Croatian border against illegal immigrants".[173] Croatian President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović and First Deputy Prime Minister Vesna Pusić rejected option of building a fence on Croatian border with Serbia.[174][175] On 15 September 2015, Croatia started to experience the first major waves of refugees of the Syrian Civil War. "First Syrian refugees cross Croatia-Serbia border, carving out potential new route through Europe after Hungary seals borders".[176] Croatia closed its border with Serbia on 19 October 2015 due to "overwhelming numbers".[177][178]

 Denmark - In September 2015 public concerns remained about the arrival of refugees, and was shifting to concern over the immediate issues revolving around those already in Denmark.[179][180][181][182][183][184]

 France - In November 2015, President Francois Hollande reaffirmed France's commitment to accept 30,000 refugees over two years, despite concerns arising from the November 2015 Paris attacks a few days earlier. His announcement drew a standing ovation from a gathering of French mayors.[185]

Pro-immigration rally in Cologne, Germany on 6 January 2016

 Germany – In 2013, Germany received 11,851 asylum requests by Syrians, in 2014 the number more than tripled to 39,332.[186] The German Federal Minister of the Interior estimated in March 2015, that some 105,000 Syrian refugees have been accepted by Germany.[187] By June 2015, 161,435 Syrians resided in Germany, of which 136,835 had entered after January 2011.[188] After suspending the Dublin rules for Syrian refugees, the numbers increased to the point of stressing Germany's infrastructure and logistic capabilities. From January to July 2015, the Bundesamt for Migration and Flüchtlinge (Federal office for migration and refugees) received 42,100 requests for asylum.[189] By the end 2015, the figure had reached 158,657. 96% of the asylum requests were approved.[190] It is estimated that 300.000 Syrian refugees are in the country. German Chancellor Angela Merkel has said that "The fundamental right to asylum for the politically persecuted knows no upper limit; that also goes for refugees who come to us from the hell of a civil war."[191] German Chancellor Angela Merkel decided to let all Syrians enter the country but had to stop train travel to/from Austria to control the numbers arriving. At Munich's main railway station, thousands of Germans applauded Syrians as they arrived in September.[192] The German police force announced on 22 October 2015 that they had prevented a planned attack on a refugee home in Bamberg by a right wing extremist group. They also said there had been nearly 600 attacks on refugee homes in 2015, a sharp rise from 2014.[193] As well, 19-39,000 (depending on estimates) of members of the German right wing Pegida movement rallied on 19 October 2015 in Dresden against accepting refugees. Some 14-20,000 other individuals held a counter rally in the town.[194] On New Year's morning 2016, a group of about a thousand male migrants of North African or Arab descent sexually assaulted 600 females in Cologne. Angela Merkel's openness towards refugees was criticized and 61% of individuals in an INSA poll reported they were less happy about accepting refugees after the assaults. German feminist Alice Schwarzer said that the policy is causing Germany to have open doors for male violence, sexism, and antisemitism.[195]

 Greece – Greece welcomes refugees when in transit to Germany to apply for refugee status. In 2015, there were 385,525 arrivals by sea.[9] It is estimated that only 8% of arrivals (31,000 Syrian refugees) applied for asylum in Greece,[196] as most are in transit further into Europe. 15,000-17,000 refugees had landed on Lesbos island by September 2015, overwhelming the resources and generosity of local residents.[197] Many refuges also make landfall at Agathonisi, Farmakonisi, Kos, Lemnos, Rhodes, Chios, Samos, Kastellorizo and other islands near Turkey. Some arrive via the Evros border crossing from Turkey. On 19 February 2016 Austria imposed restrictions on the number of refugees entering the country followed by Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia, of just 580 arrivals a day. As a result, large numbers of Syrian refugees and migrants from other countries are stuck in Greece.[124] On 22 February 2016 at an emergency summit on the migrant crisis in Brussels it was agreed that another 100,000 spaces in refugee reception centres will be created. 50,000 spaces in Greece and another 50,000 spaces in Balkan countries.[198] Given that 2 – 3,000 migrants arrive in Greece every day, these 100,000 spaces look inadequate.

Syrian refugees at Budapest Keleti railway station, 4 September 2015

 Hungary – Hungary welcomes refugees when in transit to Germany to apply for refugee status. In the summer of 2015, Hungary was deeply affected by the migration crisis.[199] In December, Hungary challenged EU plans to share asylum seekers across EU states at the European Court of Justice.[200] The border has been closed since 15 September 2015, with razor wire fence along its southern borders, particularly Croatia, and by blocking train travel.[192] The government believes that "illegal migrants" are job-seekers, threats to security and likely to "threaten our culture".[201] There have been cases of immigrants and ethnic minorities being attacked. The country has conducted wholesale deportations of refugees, who are generally considered to be allied with ISIL.[202] Refugees are outlawed and almost all are ejected.[202]

 Iceland – Iceland announced it would accept 50 Syrian refugees.[203]

 Iran – As of early 2014 Iran has sent 150 tons of humanitarian goods including 3,000 tents and 10,000 blankets to the Red Crescents of Jordan, Iraq and Lebanon via land routes to be distributed among the Syrian refugees residing in the three countries.[204]

 Israel – Israel has refused to offer any resettlement places to refugees.[205] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said: "We will not allow Israel to be submerged by a wave of illegal migrants and terrorist activists."[206] Israelis from humanitarian groups have operated in Jordan to assist Syrian refugees who have fled there. By March 2015, nearly 2000 Syrians injured in the Syrian Civil War had been treated in Israeli hospitals.[207]

 Japan – Japan has offered zero resettlement places to Syrian refugees because "the ministry says, fleeing conflict is not a definition of a refugee as codified in the refugee convention".[208] Japan has only been processing the applications by strictly abiding by the refugee convention, while many countries in Europe, which have seen a sharp increase in Syrian asylum seekers in recent years, have been broadening their refugee definitions and support for asylum seekers.[209] Four Syrian asylum seekers initiated a lawsuit against the Japanese government to seek official refugee status after they were denied refugee status but have been granted tentative residence permits.[210][211]

 Kuwait – Kuwait has an estimated 120,000 Syrians. More specifically, Kuwait extends residency permits for Syrian expatriates who have overstayed in Kuwait.[13]

Syrian refugees wait to cross the Greek-Macedonia border at Gevgelija, 24 August 2015

 Macedonia – Macedonia welcomes refugees if they do not stay permanently within the country and instead go to Germany to apply for refugee status. In summer of 2015, Macedonia becomes one of most affected European countries by migration crisis, along with Hungary, Serbia, Italy and Greece.[199]

 Netherlands – The government condemned the fire bombing of an immigrant reception centre in October 2015.[212] In the small town of Geldermalsen, over 2,000 protested immigration in mid December 2015.[213]

 New Zealand – New Zealand has admitted 83 refugees,[214] and announced a further 750 will be accepted.[215]

 Norway – Norway has announced it will accept 8,000 refugees from Syria under the UN quota system by the end of 2017.[216]

 Poland –Poland has accepted 150 mostly Christian refugees. A large anti-migration/Syrian refugee rally occurred in Katowice in Sep 2015.[217] Various centre right, far right, and conservative parties won Parliamentary elections on platforms demanding a halt to refugee quotas.[218][219][220][221][222][223]

 Romania – The European Commission asked Romania to accept 6,351 refugees under an EU quota scheme.[224] Bloomberg News reported that "Romania’s government will call on the EU to grant its citizens equal access to the visa-free Schengen area if the bloc’s leaders impose mandatory quotas on its members to shelter refugees."[225]

 Russia – gave $24 million for refugees.[226] and granted asylum to over 1,000.[227][228][229] About 5,000 refugees have settled in Russia since 2012.[22] Five hundred Christian refugees settled in Sochi. Circassians in Syria have been returning to their historic homelands in Circassia.[230][231][232][233] The Chechen and Ossetian diasporas in Syria have also sought to return to their Caucasus homelands.[234][235]

 Saudi Arabia – Saudi Arabia has offered resettlement only for Syrian migrants that had a family in the kingdom, and has an estimated number of Syrian migrants and foreign workers that reaches 100,000 living with their families[236] and has sent aid worth $280 million to help Syrian refugees.[237] Saudi Arabia, like all of the Gulf states, is not a signatory to the 1951 United Nations Refugee Convention.[238] According to the Saudi official, Saudi Arabia had issued residency permits to 100,000 Syrians.[236] The BBC reported that "most successful cases are Syrians already in Gulf states extending their stays, or those entering because they have family there."[102] Amnesty International reported that Saudi Arabia has not actually offered any resettlement specifically to refugees.[239] They are not classified as refugees.[238]

File:Migrants in Hungary 2015 Aug 018.jpg
Syrian refugees cross into Hungary underneath the Hungary–Serbia border fence, 25 August 2015

 Serbia – Serbia welcomes refugees when in transit to Germany to apply for refugee status. In August 2015, Vucic said that Serbia will do anything to help these people on their way to better life in Germany. He promised more toilets for them, blankets, food and announced opening of the temporary reception centre in Belgrade during winter months. He also drew comparisons between the refugees and the people of Serbia "who also had to leave their homes 20 years ago, positing that because Serbs suffered then, they understand the problems that the refugees face.[240][241][242]

 Slovenia – Originally, Slovenia welcomed refugees when in transit to Germany to apply for refugee status.. As of September 2015, however, Slovenia has reportedly considered housing "up to 10,000" refugees, as well as creating new passageways through the country for refugees in response to increasing tensions at its border with Croatia.[243]

 Slovakia This country has refused to accept refugees from Turkey (who are nearly all Syrians),[244] although in December 2015 it did voluntarily accept 500 asylum seekers on a temporary basis and 149 Assyrian Christian families who came via Iraq[245] The Slovak government has threatened lawsuits against the EU because of the controversial refugee quota system which requires Slovakia to accept just under 2,300 migrants.[246]

 Sweden – In September 2013, Swedish migration authorities ruled that all asylum seekers will be granted permanent residency and the right to bring their families as well. Sweden is the first EU-country to make this offer.[88] The number of Syrian nationals settling in Sweden under refugee status was 2,943 in 2012,[247] 9,755 in 2013,[160] and 18,827 in 2014,[248][249] summing up to a total increase of 31,525 refugees during this period. Additionally, another 9,028 Syrians settled in Sweden on grounds of family reunification. Moreover, during this period, Sweden has received over 10,000 stateless persons, many of whom are refugees that previously resided in Syria.[160][247][248][249] As of October 2015, 38,636 Syrian nationals have applied for asylum during 2015.[250]

  Switzerland – Switzerland announced its consideration to accept Syrian refugees per U.N. request.[251]

 Turkey – Under Turkish law, Syrian refugees cannot apply for resettlement but only temporary protection status. Registering for temporary protection status gives access to state services such as health and education, as well as the right to apply for a work permit in certain geographic areas and professions. Over a third of urban refugees are not registered. Currently, 30% of Syrian refugee children have access to education, 4,000 businesses have been opened, and several Syrian refugee camps have grown into small towns with amenities from healthcare to barber shops. Over 13 million Syrians received aid from the Turkish Aid Agency (AFAD). Turkey has spent more than any other country on Syrian refugee aid, and has also been subject to criticism for opening refugee camps on the Syrian side of the border.[252] Syriac Christians have been allowed to return to their historic homeland in Tur Abdin, Turkey.[253]

 Uruguay – As of October 2014, more than 100 Syrian refugees are in Uruguay.[97] The Syrians resettled in Uruguay want to go back and leave Uruguay.[254]

 United Kingdom – The UK has so far granted asylum to 5,102 refugees[21] of whom 216 have been actively resettled.[255] The stance of its government has been severely criticised by human rights groups.[256][257] In September, the government announced plans to accept 20,000 refugees over a period of 5 years, taken from refugee camps in Lebanon, Turkey, and Jordan.[258] In May 2015, a YouGov poll commissioned by British charity Islamic Relief showed that 42% of respondents said Britain should not take in foreign nationals fleeing conflict or persecution in their own countries, up sharply on 2014. The poll also showed that terrorism was associated with Muslims, with the words "terror", "terrorist" or "terrorism" chosen by 12% of respondents, ahead of other options like faith (11%), mosque (9%), Koran (8%) and religious (8%). Some people indicated they believed that refugees want to force Sharia law on Britain, numbered well over a thousand and/or were living wealthy live back in Syria.[259][260] Prime Minister David Cameron described Syrian refugees coming to the UK as a "swarm", and later said he would not "allow people to break into our country". The Foreign Secretary also said refugees were "marauding" around Calais. Amnesty International and opposition party leadership have criticized these statements by the government.[261][262] On 4 September 2015, Cameron pledged that the UK would accept "thousands" more Syrian refugees.[263] Wimbledon UKIP candidate Peter Bucklitsch, sparked online outrage amongst Twitter users on 3 September 2015 when he stated deceased Syrian refugee child Aylan Al-Kurdi was "well clothed & well fed", and blamed his parents for the death. He stated Aylan died because his parents were "greedy for the good life in Europe". High profile figures such as Liberal Democrat leader Tim Farron and ex-footballer Stan Collymore denounced the remarks. He apologised online the next day.[264] A statement a day later contained an apology from Buckslitsch. He described his tweet as "inelegant" and stated that blaming parents was probably "not ... the best response."[265]

 United States – As of February 2016 the country had resettled 2,819 Syrians,[25] up from 90 in 2013.[266] Following the November 2015 Paris attacks at least 27 state governors declared their refusal to accept refugees, or questioned the vetting process.[267] The US State Department has affirmed that the country will accept 10,000 Syrian refugees in 2016.[185] The USA has provided $4.5 billion to aid Syrian refugees as of late December 2015.[268]

 Venezuela – The Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro announced that Venezuela is prepared to give asylum to 20,000 refugees.[269]

"Syrian Refugees Welcome" sign, used by locals to signalize a friendly attitude toward the Refugees of the Syrian Civil War.

See also

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Bibliography

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