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List of place names of Native American origin in the United States

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Many places throughout the United States of America take their names from the languages of the indigenous Native American/American Indian tribes. The following list includes settlements, geographic features, and political subdivisions whose names are derived from these indigenous languages.

State names

Main article: List of U.S. state name etymologies

Alabama

Main article: List of place names in Alabama of Native American origin

Alaska

Arizona

California

Main article: List of place names of Native American origin in California

Connecticut

Main article: List of place names in New England of aboriginal origin

District of Columbia

Florida

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Kansas

Louisiana

Maine

Main article: List of place names in New England of aboriginal origin

Maryland

Main article: List of place names in Maryland of Native American origin

Massachusetts

Main article: List of place names in New England of aboriginal origin
  • Housatonic River From the Mohican phrase "usi-a-di-en-uk", translated as "beyond the mountain place"

Michigan

From the Ottawa word mishigani meaning Large Water or Large Lake

Minnesota

Political units

The following are state, county, townships, cities, towns, villages and major city neighborhoods of Minnesota with placenames of indigenous origin in the Americas.

Water bodies

Landforms

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Main article: List of place names in Nebraska of Native American origin

New Jersey

Main article: List of place names in New Jersey of aboriginal origin

New Hampshire

Main article: List of place names in New England of aboriginal origin

New York

Main article: List of place names in New York of aboriginal origin

North Carolina

Ohio

  • Ashtabula—from Lenape ashtepihəle, 'always enough (fish) to go around, to be given away';[73] contraction from apchi 'always'[74] + tepi 'enough' + həle (verb of motion).[75]
  • Chillicothe—from Shawnee Chala·ka·tha, referring to members of one of the five divisions of the Shawnee people: Chalaka (name of the Shawnee group, of unknown meaning) + -tha 'person';[76] the present Chillicothe is the most recent of seven places in Ohio that have held that name, because it was applied to the main town wherever the Chalakatha settled as they moved to different places.
  • Conneaut—probably derived from Seneca ga-nen-yot, 'standing stone'. See the article conneaut. Compare Juniata, originating from the name Onayutta or Onojutta in another Iroquoian language (probably Susquehannock), and the Oneida nation, whose name Onę˙yóteˀ also means 'standing stone'.
  • Coshocton—derived from Unami Lenape Koshaxkink 'where there is a river crossing', probably adapted as Koshaxktun 'ferry' ('river-crossing device').[77]
  • Cuyahoga—said to mean 'crooked river' in an Iroquoian language; possibly related to Mohawk kayuha 'creek' or kahyonhowanen 'river'.
  • Geauga—Onondaga jyo’ä·gak,[78] Seneca jo’ä·ka’, 'raccoon'[79] (originally the name of the Grand River).[80]
  • Mingo and Mingo Junction—named after the Mingo people, Iroquoians who moved west to Ohio in the 18th century, largely of the Seneca nation; alternate form Minqua, both derived from Lenape Menkwe,[81] referring to all Iroquoian peoples in general, possibly from Onondaga yenkwe, 'men'.[82]
  • Muskingum—Shawnee Mshkikwam 'swampy ground' (mshkikwi- 'swamp' + -am 'earth');[83] taken to mean 'elk's eye' in Lenape by folk etymology, as if < mus 'elk'[84] + wəshkinkw 'its eye'.[85]
  • Ohio River—from Seneca Ohiyo 'the best river' or 'the big river'.[86] Ohiyo (pronounced "oh-ˈhee-yoh") is the Iroquois translation of the Algonquian name Allegheny, which also means 'the best river'. The Indians considered the Allegheny and Ohio to be all one river.[87]
  • Olentangy—an Algonquian name, probably from Lenape ulam tanchi or Shawnee holom tenshi, both meaning 'red face paint from there'. The Vermilion River likewise was named with a translation of the original Ottawa name Ulam Thipi, 'red face paint river'.[88]
  • Piqua—Shawnee Pekowi, name of one of the five divisions of the Shawnee.
  • Sandusky—from Wyandot saandusti meaning 'water (within water-pools)'[89] or from andusti 'cold water'.[90]
  • Scioto—derived from Wyandot skɛnǫ·tǫ’, 'deer'[90][91] (compare Shenandoah, also derived from the word for deer in a related Iroquoian language).
  • Tuscarawas—after the Iroquoian Tuscarora people, who at one time had a settlement along the river of that name.[92]
  • Wapakoneta—from Shawnee Wa·po’kanite 'Place of White Bones' (wa·pa 'white'+(h)o’kani 'bone'+-ite locative suffix).[93][94][95]

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

The Lackawanna Valley by George Inness (c. 1855)
  • Lackawanna—Lenape laxaohane 'fork of a river'[111][112]
  • Loyalhanna—after the name of a Lenape town, Layalhanning, meaning 'at the middle of the river': layel or lawel 'middle' + hane 'river' + -ink locative suffix.[113]
  • Lycoming—from Lenape lekawink 'place of sand' or lekawi hane 'sandy stream', from lekaw 'sand'.[114]
  • Manayunk—Lenape məneyunk 'place of drinking': məne 'drink' + yu 'here' + -nk locative suffix.[115]
  • Mauch Chunk—Lenape maxkw-chunk 'bear mountain'.[116]
  • Monongahela—Lenape Mənaonkihəla 'the high riverbanks are washed down; the banks cave in or erode',[117] inanimate plural of mənaonkihəle 'the dirt caves off (such as the bank of a river or creek; or in a landslide)'[118] < mənaonke 'it has a loose bank (where one might fall in)'[119] + -həle (verb of motion).
  • Muckinipattis—Lenape for 'deep running water', from mexitkwek 'a deep place full of water'[120] or mexakwixen 'high water, freshet'.[121]
  • Muncy–after the Munsee people < Munsee language mənsiw, 'person from Minisink' (minisink meaning 'at the island': mənəs 'island' + -ink locative suffix) + -iw attributive suffix.[122]
  • Nemacolin, Pennsylvania—after the 18th-century Lenape chief Nemacolin.
  • Nittany—'single mountain', from Lenape nekwti 'single'[123] + ahtəne 'mountain'.[124]
  • Ohiopyle—from the Lenape phrase ahi opihəle, 'it turns very white',[125][126] referring to the frothy waterfalls.[127]
  • Passyunk—from Lenape pahsayunk 'in the valley',[128] from pahsaek 'valley' (also the name of Passaic, New Jersey).
  • Pennypack–Lenape pənəpekw 'where the water flows downward'.[129]
  • Poconos—Lenape pokawaxne 'a creek between two hills'.[130]
  • Punxsutawney—Lenape Punkwsutenay 'town of sandflies or mosquitoes': punkwəs 'sandfly' (<punkw 'dust' + -əs diminutive suffix) + utenay 'town'.[131]
  • Pymatuning—Lenape Pimhatunink 'where there are facilities for sweating'[73] < pim- 'to sweat in a sweat lodge'[132] + hatu 'it is placed'[133] + -n(e) inanimate object marker + -ink locative suffix.
  • Queonemysing—Lenape kwənamesink 'place of long fish': kwəni 'long' + names 'fish' + -ink locative suffix.[134]
  • Quittapahilla Creek—Lenape kuwe ktəpehəle 'it flows out through the pines':[135] kuwe 'pine tree'[136] + ktəpehəle 'it flows out'.[137]
  • Shackamaxon—Lenape sakimaksink 'place of the chiefs':[138] sakima 'chief'[139] + -k plural suffix + -s- (for euphony) -ink locative suffix
  • Shamokin—Lenape Shahəmokink[140] 'place of eels', from shoxamekw 'eel'[141] + -ink locative suffix.
  • Sinnemahoning—Lenape ahsəni mahonink 'stony lick', from ahsən 'stone'[142] and mahonink 'at the salt lick'.[143]
  • Susquehanna—Lenape siskuwihane 'muddy river': sisku 'mud' + -wi- (for euphony) + hane 'swift river from the mountains'.[144]
  • Tinicum—Lenape mahtanikunk 'Where they catch up with each other'.[145]
  • Tulpehocken—Lenape tulpehakink 'in the land of turtles': tulpe 'turtle' + haki 'land' + -nk locative suffix.[146]
View on the Wissahickon by James Peale (1830)
  • Tunkhannock—Lenape tank hane 'narrow stream',[147] from tank 'small' + hane 'stream'.
  • Wiconisco—Lenape wikin niskew 'A muddy place to live',[148] from wikin 'to live in a place'[149] + niskew 'to be dirty, muddy'.[150]
  • Wissahickon—contraction of Lenape wisamekwhikan 'catfish creek': wisamekw 'catfish'[151] (literally 'fat fish':[152] <wisam 'fat' + -èkw, bound form of namès 'fish'[153] ) + hikan 'ebb tide, mouth of a creek'.[154][155]
  • Wyoming Valley—Munsee xwēwamənk 'at the big river flat': xw- 'big' + ēwam 'river flat' + ənk locative suffix.[156]
  • Youghiogheny—Lenape yuxwiakhane 'stream running a contrary or crooked course', according to John Heckewelder.[157]

Rhode Island

Main article: List of place names in New England of aboriginal origin

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Main article: List of place names in New England of aboriginal origin

Virginia

Washington

Wisconsin

Counties

Sauk County

Cities, Towns and Villages

Bodies of Water, Forests, Parks or Regions

Wyoming

See also

References

  1. ^ "Alabama: The State Name". Alabama Department of Archives and History. Retrieved 2007-02-24.
  2. ^ Bright (2004:29)
  3. ^ Ransom, J. Ellis. 1940. Derivation of the Word ‘Alaska’. American Anthropologist n.s., 42: pp. 550–551
  4. ^ a b Bright (2004:47)
  5. ^ a b Rankin, Robert. 2005. "Quapaw". In Native Languages of the Southeastern United States, eds. Heather K. Hardy and Janine Scancarelli. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, pg. 492
  6. ^ "Arkansas". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Archived from the original on 2009-11-01. Retrieved 2007-02-26. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Harper, Douglas. "Connecticut". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2006-11-28.
  8. ^ a b c Campbell (1997:11)
  9. ^ Afable, Patricia O. and Madison S. Beeler (1996). "Place Names", in "Languages", ed. Ives Goddard. Vol. 17 of Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pg. 193
  10. ^ Crowley, Terry. 1992. An Introduction to Historical Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pg. 289
  11. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
  12. ^ Bright (2004:177)
  13. ^ "Comments by Michael McCafferty on "Readers' Feedback (page 4)"". The KryssTal. Archived from the original on 2006-10-31. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
  14. ^ "Illinois". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
  15. ^ Bright (2004:181)
  16. ^ 2001. "Plains", ed. Raymond J. DeMallie. Vol. 13 of "Handbook of North American Indians", ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pg. 445
  17. ^ "Iowa". American Heritage Dictionary. Archived from the original on May 17, 2006. Retrieved 2007-02-26. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Bright (2004:185)
  19. ^ Mithun, Marianne. 1999. Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pg. 312
  20. ^ Bright (2004:213)
  21. ^ a b Salwen, Bert, 1978. Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period. In "Northeast", ed. Bruce G. Trigger. Vol. 15 of "Handbook of North American Indians", ed. William C. Sturtevant, pp. 160–176. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Quoted in: Campbell, Lyle. 1997. American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pg. 401
  22. ^ a b c "Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary".
  23. ^ "Michigan in Brief: Information About the State of Michigan" (PDF). Michigan.gov. Retrieved 2006-11-28.
  24. ^ Harper, Douglas. "Minnesota". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
  25. ^ "Mississippi". American Heritage Dictionary. Yourdictionary.com. Archived from the original on February 20, 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ McCafferty, Michael. 2004. Correction: Etymology of Missouri. American Speech, 79.1:32
  27. ^ a b Koontz, John. "Etymology". Siouan Languages. Retrieved 2006-11-28.
  28. ^ Campbell (1997:378)
  29. ^ "Native Ohio". American Indian Studies. Ohio State University. Archived from the original on 2007-02-02. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
  30. ^ Bright (2004:3??)
  31. ^ Bruce, Benjamin (2003). "Halito Okla Homma! (Chahta Anumpa – Choctaw Language)". Hello Oklahoma!. Retrieved 2007-01-24.
  32. ^ "Tennessee". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Archived from the original on 2009-11-01. Retrieved 2007-02-25. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ Bright (2004:491)
  34. ^ Harper, Douglas. "Texas". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
  35. ^ a b 1986. "Great Basin", ed. Warren L. d'Azevedo. Vol. 11 of Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Cited in: Bright (2004:534)
  36. ^ McCafferty, Michael. 2003. On Wisconsin: The Derivation and Referent of an Old Puzzle in American Placenames. Onoma 38: 39-56
  37. ^ "Wisconsin's Name: Where it Came from and What it Means". Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
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  39. ^ Hudson, Charles M. (1997). Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun. University of Georgia Press. pp. 230–232.
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  45. ^ Burr, Charles R. (1920). "A Brief History of Anacostia, Its Name, Origin and Progress". Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 23: 167–179. Retrieved 2012-06-24.
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  47. ^ Kohn, Diana (November 2008). "Takoma Park at 125" (PDF). Takoma Voice. pp. 14–15. Retrieved 2012-06-24.
  48. ^ Simpson, J. Clarence (1956). Mark F. Boyd (ed.). Florida Place-Names of Indian Derivation. Tallahassee, Florida: Florida Geological Survey.
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  50. ^ Bright (2004:182)
  51. ^ Bright (2004:282)
  52. ^ Bright (2004:378)
  53. ^ Brown, Three Testaments (2014:43)
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  57. ^ "History of Mishawaka", Retrieved on March 24, 2013.
  58. ^ "Shipshewana History", Retrieved on March 24, 2013.
  59. ^ "About Wanatah", Retrieved on March 24, 2013.
  60. ^ De Witt Clinton Goodrich & Charles Richard Tuttle (1875). An Illustrated History of the State of Indiana. Indiana: R. S. Peale & co. p. 556.
  61. ^ De Witt Clinton Goodrich & Charles Richard Tuttle (1875). An Illustrated History of the State of Indiana. Indiana: R. S. Peale & co. p. 578.
  62. ^ Godfroy, Clarence (1987) [1961]. Miami Indian Stories. Winona Lake, IN: Life and Life Press. p. 164.
  63. ^ Bright, William (2004). Native American placenames of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 496. ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
  64. ^ "Bloodroot Trail" (PDF). Indiana State Parks and Reservoirs. 6 March 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
  65. ^ Godfroy, Clarence (1987) [1961]. Miami Indian Stories. Winona Lake, IN: Life and Life Press. p. 166.
  66. ^ Hay, Jerry M (2008). "Wabash River guide book", pg. 26, Indiana Waterways. ISBN 1-60585-215-5.
  67. ^ Lilly, Eli. Early Wawasee Days. Indianapolis: Studio Press Inc., 1960.
  68. ^ http://www.chacha.com/question/what-does-the-word-%22wapahani%22-mean%3F-%3C3
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  70. ^ http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:_z5CpX0tgegJ:www.ncmuseumofhistory.org/collateral/articles/S06.language.tells.NC.history.pdf+american+indian+place+names+north+carolina&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESh_weonEWHwbM-ry3YGFfT1mpKZfd9M7NR4dwMCjG7YtE1ovMVdmxJQuHWz5-FtWfM1WksRMrydQ5kADIhpb49T9oEaJ2J7MU-x8RllxBa45g_PEOschCqCi-0L9li8zSM3CsQ_&sig=AHIEtbQ1UXE9d45gEodPV1OW1yI-D2ODDQ
  71. ^ http://chenocetah.wordpress.com/index-2/
  72. ^ http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/northcarolina/
  73. ^ a b Mahr, August C. (November 1959). "Practical Reasons for Algonkian Indian Stream and Place Names". Ohio Journal of Science. 59 (6): 365–375. ISSN 0030-0950. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
  74. ^ "apchi". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
  75. ^ "tèpihële". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
  76. ^ Greene, Don; Noel Schutz (2008). Shawnee Heritage: Shawnee Genealogy and Family History. Oregon: Vision ePublications. p. 16. ISBN 9781435715738. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
  77. ^ Mahr, August C. (1957). "Indian River and Place Names in Ohio". Ohio History. 66 (2). Ohio Historical Society: 137–158. Retrieved 2012-01-07. (Mahr's footnote references Zeisberger's Indian Dictionary, p. 49.)
  78. ^ "Onondaga Animal Words". Native Languages of the Americas. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
  79. ^ "Seneca Animal Words". Native Languages of the Americas. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
  80. ^ "Geauga County, Ohio". Rootsweb. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
  81. ^ "Menkwe". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-05-25.
  82. ^ Brinton, Daniel Garrison (1885). The Lenâpé and Their Legends. Philadelphia: D.G. Brinton. p. 14 n. (Although Brinton makes no attempt to account for the change of initial y- to m-.)
  83. ^ Mahr, August C. (1957). "Indian River and Place Names in Ohio". Ohio History. 66 (2). Ohio Historical Society: 137–158. Retrieved 2012-05-22. "The Muskingum River was the channel by which eastern Ohio was penetrated, mainly by the Delawares during the first half of the eighteenth century, and to a much lesser extent by bands of Shawnees preceding the Delawares by a few decades. In its present form Muskingum, this river name has been in use among both Indians and whites for more than two centuries as another one of those terms of Indian-white travel-and-trade lingo, such as Ohio, Scioto, and others. Whatever its aboriginal form may have been, Muskingum as a river name was fragmentary, requiring in any Indian language the addition of a term signifying 'river.' Zeisberger and other Moravian missioners spelled it Muskingum, as we do today, as well as Mushkingum (transliterated from German-based Muschkingum). Most likely, both of these spellings represented two different pronunciations current among the Delawares. Zeisberger's definition of the name, based on a combination of moos, 'an elk,' and wuschking, 'eye' (in his own spelling), meaning 'elk's eye,' looks like a folk etymology resting on the similarity in sound between Muschkingum and wuschgingunk (Zeisberger's spelling), defined as 'on or in the eye.' John Johnston states that 'Muskingum is a Delaware word, and means a town on the river side.' This is partly correct and partly wrong. Muskingum (or Mushkingum, for that matter) indeed is a Delaware word, but by no stretch of the imagination does it mean 'a town on the river side.' It is certain though that it named a town on the river side. Possibly this town was an old Shawnee settlement whose name the nearby Delawares adapted to their own tongue in the form of *M'shkiink'm (Mushkinkum), and by force of folk etymology understood it to mean 'elk's eye.' It appears quite probable that the original Shawnee place name as assimilated by the Delawares, may have been *m'shkeenkw/aam(-), a Shawnee term combining *m'shkeenkw-, 'swampy,' with -aam, a stem approximately denoting '(land, soil, etc.) being as indicated,' and invariably followed by -'chki or some other adverbial determinant, with the composite meaning, 'where the land is swampy, soggy.' Where this place was located, it is impossible to ascertain. Evidently, in their assimilation of this Shawnee place name, the Delawares, disregarding as unessential the final locative affix, were solely concerned with *M'shkeenkwaam, from which it was but a small step, over intermediary *M'shkeenk'm, to folk-etymologically conditioned *Muushkiink'm ( Mushkinkum; Muskingum).
  84. ^ "mus". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
  85. ^ "wëshkinkw". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
  86. ^ Mahr, August C. (1957). "Indian River and Place Names in Ohio". Ohio History. 66 (2). Ohio Historical Society: 138. Retrieved 2012-05-03.
  87. ^ Trumbull, J. Hammond (1870). The Composition of Indian Geographical Names. Hartford, Conn. pp. 13–14. Retrieved 2013-01-21.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Alleghany, or as some prefer to write it, Allegheny,—the Algonkin name of the Ohio River, but now restricted to one of its branches,—is probably (Delaware) welhik-hanné or [oo]lik-hanné, 'the best (or, the fairest) river.' Welhik (as Zeisberger wrote it) is the inanimate form of the adjectival, meaning 'best,' 'most beautiful.' In his Vocabulary, Zeisberger gave this synthesis, with slight change of orthography, as "Wulach'neü" [or [oo]lakhanne[oo], as Eliot would have written it,] with the free translation, "a fine River, without Falls." The name was indeed more likely to belong to rivers 'without falls' or other obstruction to the passage of canoes, but its literal meaning is, as its composition shows, "best rapid-stream," or "finest rapid-stream;" "La Belle Riviere" of the French, and the Oue-yo´ or O hee´ yo Gä-hun´-dä, "good river" or "the beautiful river," of the Senecas. For this translation of the name we have very respectable authority,—that of Christian Frederick Post, a Moravian of Pennsylvania, who lived seventeen years with the Muhhekan Indians and was twice married among them, and whose knowledge of the Indian languages enabled him to render important services to the colony, as a negotiator with the Delawares and Shawanese of the Ohio, in the French war. In his "Journal from Philadelphia to the Ohio" in 1758, after mention of the 'Alleghenny' river, he says: "The Ohio, as it is called by the Sennecas. Alleghenny is the name of the same river in the Delaware language. Both words signify the fine or fair river." La Metairie, the notary of La Salle's expedition, "calls the Ohio, the Olighinsipou, or Aleghin; evidently an Algonkin name,"—as Dr. Shea remarks. Heckewelder says that the Delawares "still call the Allegany (Ohio) river, Alligéwi Sipu.
  88. ^ Mahr, August C. (1957). "Indian River and Place Names in Ohio". Ohio History. 66 (2). Ohio Historical Society: 141–143. Retrieved 2012-05-03.
  89. ^ Johnston, John (1858). Vocabularies of the Shawanoese and Wyandott Languages, etc.
  90. ^ a b "Wyandot Dictionary" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-05-22.
  91. ^ Hanna, Charles A. (1911). The Wilderness Trail. New York: Knickerbocker Press. p. 118. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
  92. ^ Mahr, August C. (1957). "Indian River and Place Names in Ohio". Ohio History. 66 (2). Ohio Historical Society: 137–158. Retrieved 2012-05-22."Until after 1800 the name Muskingum also applied to its north branch, today officially called Tuscarawas. The latter name commemorates the Iroquoian Tuscarora Indians, who once had a settlement, Tuscarawi, or Tuscarawas, at its upper course, near present Bolivar, on the line of Stark and Tuscarawas counties."
  93. ^ Mahr, August C. (1957). "Indian River and Place Names in Ohio". Ohio History. 66 (2). Ohio Historical Society: 137–158. Retrieved 2012-01-07.
  94. ^ Schutz, Noel. "Colors". Shawnee Traditions. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
  95. ^ "bone: hoʔkani" Wick R. Miller, "An Outline of Shawnee Historical Phonology" International Journal of American Linguist Vol. 25, No. 1 (Jan., 1959), pp. 16-21 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1263919
  96. ^ "welhik". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
  97. ^ "Heckewelder here does not give the strict meaning of hanne. The word in common use among Algonkin [i.e., Algonquian] tribes for river is sipu, and this includes the idea of 'a stream of flowing water'. But in the mountainous parts of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia sipu did not sufficiently convey the idea of a rapid stream, roaring down mountain gorges, and hanne takes its place to designate not a mere sipu, or flowing river, but a rapid mountain stream." Russell, Erret (1885). "Indian Geographical Names". The Magazine of Western History. 2 (1): 53–59. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
  98. ^ Alleghany, or as some prefer to write it, Allegheny,—the Algonkin name of the Ohio River, but now restricted to one of its branches,—is probably (Delaware) welhik-hanné or [oo]lik-hanné, 'the best (or, the fairest) river.' Welhik (as Zeisberger wrote it) is the inanimate form of the adjectival, meaning 'best,' 'most beautiful.' In his Vocabulary, Zeisberger gave this synthesis, with slight change of orthography, as "Wulach'neü" [or [oo]lakhanne[oo], as Eliot would have written it,] with the free translation, "a fine River, without Falls." The name was indeed more likely to belong to rivers 'without falls' or other obstruction to the passage of canoes, but its literal meaning is, as its composition shows, "best rapid-stream," or "finest rapid-stream;" "La Belle Riviere" of the French, and the Oue-yo´ or O hee´ yo Gä-hun´-dä, "good river" or "the beautiful river," of the Senecas. For this translation of the name we have very respectable authority,—that of Christian Frederick Post, a Moravian of Pennsylvania, who lived seventeen years with the Muhhekan Indians and was twice married among them, and whose knowledge of the Indian languages enabled him to render important services to the colony, as a negotiator with the Delawares and Shawanese of the Ohio, in the French war. In his "Journal from Philadelphia to the Ohio" in 1758, after mention of the 'Alleghenny' river, he says: "The Ohio, as it is called by the Sennecas. Alleghenny is the name of the same river in the Delaware language. Both words signify the fine or fair river." La Metairie, the notary of La Salle's expedition, "calls the Ohio, the Olighinsipou, or Aleghin; evidently an Algonkin name,"—as Dr. Shea remarks. Heckewelder says that the Delawares "still call the Allegany (Ohio) river, Alligéwi Sipu,"—"the river of the Alligewi" as he chooses to translate it. In one form, we have wulik-hannésipu, 'best rapid-stream long-river;' in the other, wuliké-sipu, 'best long-river.' Heckewelder's derivation of the name, on the authority of a Delaware legend, from the mythic 'Alligewi' or 'Talligewi,'—"a race of Indians said to have once inhabited that country," who, after great battles fought in pre-historic times, were driven from it by the all-conquering Delawares,—is of no value, unless supported by other testimony. Trumbull, J. Hammond (1870). The Composition of Indian Geographical Names. Hartford, Conn. pp. 13–14. Retrieved 2011-12-14.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  99. ^ "All this land and region, stretching as far as the creeks and waters that flow into the Alleghene the Delawares called Alligewinenk, which means 'a land into which they came from distant parts'. The river itself, however, is called Alligewi Sipo. The whites have made Alleghene out of this, the Six Nations calling the river the Ohio."Zeisberger, David (1999). David Zeisberger's History of the Northern American Indians in 18th Century Ohio, New York and Pennsylvania. Wennawoods Publishing. p. 33. ISBN 1-889037-17-6.
  100. ^ "alukwèpi". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  101. ^ Edgar Um Bucholtz (2009-07-23). "Life in Aliquippa (1993)". Telecorps All-Inclusive. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  102. ^ Storey, Henry Wilson (1907). History of Cambria County, Pennsylvania. Vol. 1. New York: Lewis. p. 63. Retrieved 2012-05-20.
  103. ^ "kwënëmuxkw". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
  104. ^ "kanshihakink". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  105. ^ "Kanshihakink". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  106. ^ "kishku". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
  107. ^ "manitu". Lenape Talking Dictionary. 2012-05-26.
  108. ^ Donehoo, George Patterson (1998). A History of the Indian Villages and Place Names in Pennsylvania. Harrisburg: Telegraph Press. p. 82.
  109. ^ "kithanink". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  110. ^ Smith, Robert Walker (1883). History of Armstrong County, Pennsylvania. Chicago: Waterman, Watkins, & Co.
  111. ^ Hodge, Frederick Webb (1911). Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Vol. 1. Washington: Government Printing Office. p. 751. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
  112. ^ "làxaohane". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
  113. ^ Sipe, Chester Hale (1971). The Indian Wars of Pennsylvania. Amos Press. p. 750.
  114. ^ "lèkaw". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
  115. ^ "mëne". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  116. ^ "màxkwchunk". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-05-25.
  117. ^ "Mënaonkihëla". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  118. ^ "mënaonkihële". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  119. ^ "mënaonke". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  120. ^ "mèxitkwèk". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  121. ^ Brinton & Anthony, ed. (1889). A Lenâpé-English Dictionary. Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania. p. 77. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  122. ^ Goddard, Ives (1978). "Delaware". In Trigger, Bruce (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15. Northeast. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 236–237. ISBN 0-16-004575-4.
  123. ^ "nèkwti". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
  124. ^ "kitahtëne". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
  125. ^ "ahi". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
  126. ^ "òpihële". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
  127. ^ Russell, Erret (1885). "Indian Geographical Names". The Magazine of Western History. 2 (1): 53–59. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
  128. ^ "pahsayunk". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  129. ^ "pënëpèkw". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2015-05-25.
  130. ^ Brinton; Anthony, eds. (1888). A Lenâpé-English Dictionary. Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania. p. 118.
  131. ^ "Punkwsutènay". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  132. ^ "pimëwe". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-06-04.
  133. ^ "hatu". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-06-04.
  134. ^ "Kwënamèsink". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  135. ^ "Quittapahilla Creek". Quittapahilla Watershed Association. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  136. ^ "kuwe". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  137. ^ "ktëpehële". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  138. ^ Du Ponceau, Peter S.; Fisher, J. Francis (1836). "A Memoir of the History of the Celebrated Treaty Made by William Penn with the Indians under the Elm Tree at Shackamaxon, in the Year 1682". Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, vol. III, part III. Philadelphia. pp. 183–184. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  139. ^ "sakima". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  140. ^ "Shahëmokink". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
  141. ^ "shoxamèke". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
  142. ^ "ahsën". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
  143. ^ Brinton, Daniel G.; Anthony, Albert Seqaqkind, eds. (1889). A Lenâpé-English Dictionary. Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania. p. 71. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
  144. ^ "siskuwihane". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  145. ^ "mahtanikunk". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  146. ^ "tulpehakink". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  147. ^ "tànkhane". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  148. ^ "Wiconisco Township". Retrieved 2012-06-30.
  149. ^ "wikin". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
  150. ^ "niske". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
  151. ^ "wisamèkw". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
  152. ^ Brinton, Daniel G.; Anthony, Albert Seqaqkind, eds. (1888). A Lenâpé-English Dictionary. Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania. p. 162. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
  153. ^ "alëmèkw". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
  154. ^ Del Collo, Deborah (2011). Roxborough. Charleston: Arcadia. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7385-7555-1. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
  155. ^ Brinton; Anthony, eds. (1888). A Lenâpé-English Dictionary. Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania. p. 48. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
  156. ^ "Wyoming: Word Origin & History". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  157. ^ Errett, Russell (1885). "Indian Geographical Names II". Magazine of Western History. 2 (1): 238–246. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  158. ^ Bright (2004:538)
  159. ^ Utah Place Names by John W. Van Cott, The New Utah’s Heritage by S. George Ellsworth, and A Teacher's Guide for the Maps and Chart Series Conquest for Indian America by Doloris Riley and Will Numkena
  160. ^ Bright (2004:427)
  161. ^ Bright (2004:454)
  162. ^ Bright (2004:459)
  163. ^ Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin History Chief Oshkosh
  164. ^ "Ojibwe Dictionary". Freelang. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
  165. ^ Bright (2004:95)

Bibliography

  • Bright, William (2004). Native American Placenames of the United States. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 080613576X.
  • Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195094271
  • O'Brien, Frank Waabu (2010). "Understanding Indian Place Names in Southern New England". Colorado: Bauu Press.
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