Jump to content

Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 2600:1001:b000:b04c:180c:10d8:7c99:349 (talk) at 16:40, 21 August 2017. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

I wish solar eclipses didn't exist.[1][2]

A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the moon's apparent diameter is larger than the sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometers wide.

The last time a total solar eclipse was visible across the entire contiguous United States was during the June 8, 1918, eclipse, and not since the February 1979 eclipse has a total eclipse been visible from anywhere in the mainland United States.[3] The path of totality will touch 14 states, although a partial eclipse will be visible in all fifty states.[3] The total area of the path of totality will be about 16% of the area of the United States,[4] although most of this area is over the ocean and not actually over the United States. The event's shadow began to cover land on the Oregon coast as a partial eclipse at 4:06 p.m. UTC (9:06 a.m. PDT) on August 21, and its land coverage will end later that day as a partial eclipse along the South Carolina coast at about 6:44 p.m. UTC (2:44 p.m. EDT).[3] Visibility as a partial eclipse in Honolulu, Hawaii will begin with sunrise at 4:20 p.m. UTC (6:20 a.m. HST) and end by 5:25 p.m. UTC (7:25 a.m. HST).[5]

There are expected to be logistical problems with the influx of visitors, especially for smaller communities.[6][7] There have also been problems with the sale of fake eclipse glasses.[8][9]

Future total solar eclipses will cross the United States in April 2024 (12 states) and August 2045 (10 states), and annular solar eclipses—meaning the apparent size of the Moon is smaller than that of the Sun—will occur in October 2023 (9 states) and June 2048 (9 states).

Visibility

Animation of the shadow created by the August 2017 eclipse wherein the tiny black dot represents totality
File:Great American Eclipse August 21, 2017.gif
Animation of the shadow created by the August 21, 2017 total solar eclipse with sun and moon zenith position indicated by yellow and grey lines.

The total eclipse will have a magnitude of 1.0306 and will be visible within a narrow corridor 70 miles (110 km) wide crossing fourteen states of the contiguous United States: Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, Montana, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina.[10][11] It will be first seen from land in the US shortly after 10:15 a.m. PDT (17:15 UTC) at Oregon's Pacific coast, and then it will progress eastward through Salem, Oregon; Idaho Falls, Idaho; Casper, Wyoming; Lincoln, Nebraska; Kansas City, Missouri; St. Louis, Missouri; Hopkinsville, Kentucky; Nashville, Tennessee; Columbia, South Carolina about 2:41 p.m.;[12] and finally Charleston, South Carolina. (A partial eclipse will be seen for a greater time period, beginning shortly after 9:00 a.m. PDT along the Pacific Coast of Oregon.) Weather forecasts predicted clear skies in Western US and some Eastern states, but clouds in the MidWest and East Coast.[13]

The longest duration of totality will be 2 minutes 41.6 seconds at about 37°35′0″N 89°7′0″W / 37.58333°N 89.11667°W / 37.58333; -89.11667 in Giant City State Park, just south of Carbondale, Illinois, and the greatest extent (width) will be at 36°58′0″N 87°40′18″W / 36.96667°N 87.67167°W / 36.96667; -87.67167 near the village of Cerulean, Kentucky, located in between Hopkinsville and Princeton.[14] This will be the first total solar eclipse visible from the Southeastern United States since the solar eclipse of March 7, 1970, which was only visible from Florida.

A partial solar eclipse will be seen from the much broader path of the Moon's penumbra, including all of North America, northern South America, Western Europe, and some of Africa and north-east of Asia.

Detailed map of the path in the United States

This eclipse will be the first total solar eclipse visible from the United States since the solar eclipse of July 11, 1991[15] (which was seen only from part of Hawaii),[16] and the first visible from the contiguous United States since 1979.[17]

The path of totality of the solar eclipse of February 26, 1979 passed only through the states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, and North Dakota. Many visitors traveled to the Pacific Northwest to view the eclipse, since it was the last chance to view a total solar eclipse in the contiguous United States for almost four decades.[18][19]

Some American scientists and interested amateurs seeking to experience a total eclipse participated in a four-day Atlantic Ocean cruise to view the solar eclipse of July 10, 1972 as it passed near Nova Scotia (side note: there is a reference of this event in the Carly Simon hit song "You're So Vain" in the lyric, "Then you flew your Lear Jet up to Nova Scotia to see the total eclipse of the sun"). Organizers of the cruise advertised in astronomical journals and in planetarium announcements emphasizing the lack of future total eclipses observable in the U.S. until this 2017 event.[20]

The August 2017 eclipse will be the first with a path of totality crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the U.S. since 1918. Also, its path of totality makes landfall exclusively within the United States, making it the first such eclipse since the country's independence in 1776. (The path of totality of the eclipse of June 13, 1257, was the last to make landfall exclusively on lands currently part of the United States.[21])

The path of this eclipse crosses the path of the upcoming total solar eclipse of April 8, 2024, with the intersection of the two paths being in southern Illinois in Makanda Township at Cedar Lake just south of Carbondale. A small land area, including the cities of Makanda, Carbondale, Cape Girardeau, Missouri, and Paducah, Kentucky, will thus experience two total solar eclipses within a span of less than seven years.

The solar eclipse of August 12, 2045 will have a very similar path of totality over the U.S., about 400 km (250 mi) to the southwest, also crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the country; however, duration of totality will last over twice as long.[22]

An eclipse of comparable length (up to 3 minutes, 8 seconds, with the longest eclipse being 6 minutes and 54 seconds) occurred over the contiguous United States on March 7, 1970 along the southern portions of the Eastern Seaboard, from Florida to Virginia.[23]

Total eclipse viewing events

During total eclipse the stars and 4 planets will be visible, including the star Regulus close to the Sun. Mars will be 8 degrees to the right, and Venus 34 degrees right. Mercury is 10 degrees left, and Jupiter 51 degrees left.

Oregon

Idaho

The independent bookstore Rediscovered Books in Boise, Idaho, touts the 2017 solar eclipse in a retail example of science outreach.
  • Craters of the Moon – The National Monument and Preserve will host NASA presentations, evening star parties hosted by the Idaho Falls Astronomical Society, high altitude balloon launches by the USC Astronautical Engineering department and NASA, and presentations by the New Mexico Chapter of the Charlie Bates Solar Astronomy Project.[30]
  • Idaho Falls – Free entertainment and educational seminars and an eclipse-watching event at the Museum of Idaho (an official NASA viewing site) and elsewhere, and a free eclipse-watching event at Melaleuca Field.[31][32]
  • Rexburg – Brigham Young University Idaho will offer a series of eclipse related educational events.[33]
  • Weiser – The city will sponsor a five-day festival prior to the eclipse.[34]

Wyoming

  • Casper – The Astronomical League, an alliance of amateur astronomy clubs, will hold its annual Astrocon conference,[35] and there will be other public events, called Wyoming Eclipse Festival 2017.[36]

Nebraska

Missouri

  • Kansas City – A 5-mile bicycle ride from downtown KCMO (where totality will only last about 30 seconds) to Macken Park in North Kansas City (where totality will last 1 minute 13 seconds) has been organized by KC Pedal Party Club, a local Meetup group.[41]
  • Columbia – The COSMO Park and the GANS CREEK Park are open for the eclipse.[42] For the Students of the University of Missouri-Columbia there is a watch party on the campus.[43] and the MU Health care has also released eye safety info.[44]
  • Lathrop – The city will celebrate its 150th anniversary with an eclipse festival.[45]
  • Parkville – TotalEclipseofthePark – August 20 educational program featuring NASA Glenn Research Center Hall of Famer Lynn Bondurant, '61, and August 21 watch party organized by Park University.[46]
  • St. Clair – An event organized by the St. Clair City Chamber of Commerce.[47]
  • St. Joseph – An event organized by Front Page Science will be held at Rosecrans Memorial Airport.[48]

Illinois

Kansas

  • Atchison – Benedictine College will host thousands in its football stadium. There will be students from schools from Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska and Oklahoma attending, plus numerous other guests who will hear from, amongst others, astronomers from the Vatican Observatory.[54]

Kentucky

Tennessee

  • Clarksville – Austin Peay State University will present several educational events, including an appearance by astronaut Rhea Seddon.[57]
  • Cookeville – Tennessee Technological University will be hosting a solar eclipse viewing party at Tucker Stadium, which is open to the public. Cookeville will be hosting special events Saturday-Monday.[58]
  • McMinnville – celebrating the eclipse by hosting BLACKOUT 2017, an eclipse viewing event to be held in the city square. In addition to the viewing, a selection of food trucks and musical acts which features The Pink Floyd Appreciation Society band who will be performing Pink Floyd's The Dark Side of the Moon in its entirety prior to the totality event. [59]
  • Nashville – offering many special events, including the Music City Eclipse Science & Technology Festival at the Adventure Science Center.[60] The Italian Lights Festival is hosting the largest Eclipse Viewing Party in Nashville, a free NASA-Certified Eclipse Event held at the Bicentennial Mall.[61] Two astrophysicists from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory will emcee the countdown.[62]

North Carolina

Georgia

South Carolina

Viewing from outside the United States

The boundaries of the sunset partial eclipse in Western Europe. Calculation with EclipseDroid with atmospheric refraction.

Russia

A partial eclipse will be visible only in the Chukchi Peninsula (with about ~40%).

Canada

A partial eclipse will be visible across the width of Canada, ranging from 89% in Victoria, British Columbia to 11% in Resolute, Nunavut.[67]

Central America, Mexico, Caribbean islands

A partial eclipse will be visible from Central America, Mexico, the Caribbean islands, and ships in the adjacent oceans.[68] On the other hand, just the northern countries of South America such as Colombia, Venezuela, and several others will get a partial view of the eclipse.

West Africa

In some locations in West Africa and western North Africa, a partial eclipse can be seen just before and during sunset.

Europe

In northwestern Europe, the eclipse will only be visible partially, in the evening or at sunset. Only those in Iceland, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland and the Portuguese Azores archipelago will see the eclipse from beginning to end; in the rest of the UK, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain and Portugal, sunset will occur before the end of the eclipse. In Germany, the beginning of the eclipse will be potentially visible just at sunset only in the extreme northwest of the country. In all regions east of the orange line in the map, the eclipse will not be visible.[69]

Media coverage

A large number of media outlets announced plans to broadcast coverage of the eclipse, including television and internet outlets. NASA announced plans to offer streaming coverage through its NASA TV and NASA Edge outlets, using cameras stationed on the ground along the path of totality, along with cameras on high-altitude balloons, jets, and coverage from the International Space Station; NASA stated that "never before will a celestial event be viewed by so many and explored from so many vantage points—from space, from the air, and from the ground."[70] ABC, CBS, and NBC announced that they would respectively broadcast live television specials to cover the eclipse with correspondents stationed across the path of totality, along with CNN, Fox News Channel, Science, and The Weather Channel. The PBS series Nova will present streaming coverage on Facebook hosted by Miles O'Brien, and air a special episode chronicling the event—"Eclipse Over America"—later in the day (which will mark the fastest production turnaround time in Nova history).[71][72]

Other institutions and services also announced plans to stream their perspectives of the eclipse, including the Exploratorium in San Francisco, the Elephant Sanctuary of Hohenwald, Slooh, and The Virtual Telescope Project. The Eclipse Ballooning Project, a consortium of schools and colleges that will send 50 high-altitude balloons into the sky during the eclipse to conduct experiments, will provide streams of footage and GPS tracking of its launches [70][73]

Counterfeit eclipse glasses

See also: Solar eclipse § Viewing
External image
image icon Comparison of genuine and counterfeit eclipse glasses. The top image is of genuine glasses manufactured by American Paper Optics. The bottom image is of a counterfeit product.[74]

In the months leading to the eclipse, counterfeits of light-filtering glasses for safe viewing of solar eclipses began proliferating, leading to concerns regarding safety. To be effective, eclipse glasses must filter visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light.[8][9] The eye's retina has no pain receptors, and thus damage could occur without a person being aware.[75][76]

The American Astronomical Society (AAS) stated products meeting the ISO 12312-2 standard would avoid risk damage, and issued a list of "reputable" vendors of eclipse glasses. The organization warned against products claiming ISO certification, even claiming this exact number, but not actually tested by an accredited laboratory, or bearing incomplete certification information. Another problem was counterfeits of reputable vendors' products, even claiming the company's name as in the above external image for American Paper Optics (which published information detailing the differences between its glasses and counterfeits).[74][8][75]

The AAS noted determining whether an eclipse viewer was safe required a spectrophotometer and lab equipment, but often the user should see little through the filter except for the Sun, sunlight reflected off shiny metal, or intense light sources such as an LED flashlight.[8][9]

On July 27, 2017, Amazon required all eclipse viewing products sold on its website have a submission of origin and safety information, and proof of an accredited ISO certification. In mid-August 2017, Amazon recalled and pulled listings for eclipse viewing glasses that "may not comply with industry standards", and refunded customers who had purchased them.[77][9][8]

Further images

  • August 21, 2017 total solar eclipse
    August 21, 2017 total solar eclipse
  • Animation
    Animation
  • Umbra (black oval), penumbra (concentric shaded ovals), and path of totality (red).
  • High-resolution map of the path in the United States.
    High-resolution map of the path in the United States.
  • This video features several visualizations of the event.

Planning

Officials inside and near the path of totality have been planning – sometimes for years – for the sudden influx of people.[78] Smaller towns struggled to arrange viewing sites and logistics for what could be either a tourism boom or a disaster.[6]

In the American West, illegal camping is a major concern, including near cities like Jackson Hole, Wyoming.[7] Idaho's Office of Emergency Management noted that Idaho was a prime viewing state, and advised jurisdictions to prepare for increased loads on their services; nearly every hotel and motel room, campground, and in some cases backyards for nearly 100 miles (160 km) miles north and south of the path of totality had been reserved several months if not years in advance.[79] The state anticipates up to 500,000 visitors to join its 1.6 million residents.[80]

Oregon has deployed six National Guard aircraft and 150 soldiers inasmuch as the influx of visitors coincides with the state's fire season.[81] Hospital staffing, and supplies of blood and anti–snake bite antidote, have been augmented along the totality line.[82]

Traffic problems

In North Carolina, the Department of Transportation added cameras, message boards and safety patrols in the counties where the total eclipse would take place, as well as stopping road work. The department warned that due to "unprecedented" traffic, ordinary activities requiring driving might be difficult, and people were advised to act as if there were snow.[83]

Impact on solar power

The eclipse is likely to cause a reduction of solar power generation where the moon shadow covers any solar panel. The North American Electric Reliability Corporation attempts to measure the impact of this eclipse, [84] and aims to predict minor impacts.[85] In California, solar power may decrease by 4–6,000 megawatts[86] at 70 MW/minute, and then ramp up by 90 MW/minute as the shadow passes. CAISO's typical ramp rate is 29 megawatts per minute.[87] Around 4 GW mainly in North Carolina and Georgia are expected to be 90% obscured.[86] The Solar eclipse of March 20, 2015 caused manageable solar power decreases in Europe;[88] in Germany, solar power dropped from 14 GW to 7 GW, of a 38 GW solar power capacity.[89]

Commemorative stamp

Main article: 2017 Total Solar Eclipse stamp

On June 20, 2017,[90] the United States Postal Service released the first application of thermochromic ink to postage stamps in its Total Eclipse of the Sun Forever stamp[91] to commemorate the solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. When pressed with a finger, body heat turns the black circle in the center of the stamp into an image of the full moon. The stamp image is a photo of the solar eclipse of March 29, 2006 seen in Jalu, Libya. The photo was taken by retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak.[91]

A partial lunar eclipse took place on August 7, 2017, in the same eclipse season. It was visible over eastern Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia.

Solar eclipses 2015–2018

This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.[92]

The partial solar eclipse on July 13, 2018 occurs in the next lunar year eclipse set.

Solar eclipse series sets from 2015 to 2018
Descending node   Ascending node
Saros Map Gamma Saros Map Gamma
120

Totality in Longyearbyen, Svalbard 		March 20, 2015

Total 		0.94536 125

Solar Dynamics Observatory
September 13, 2015

Partial 		−1.10039
130

Balikpapan, Indonesia 		March 9, 2016

Total 		0.26092 135

Annularity in L'Étang-Salé, Réunion 		September 1, 2016

Annular 		−0.33301
140

Partial from Buenos Aires, Argentina 		February 26, 2017

Annular 		−0.45780 145

Totality in Madras, OR, USA 		August 21, 2017

Total 		0.43671
150

Partial in Olivos, Buenos Aires, Argentina 		February 15, 2018

Partial 		−1.21163 155

Partial in Huittinen, Finland 		August 11, 2018

Partial 		1.14758

Saros series 145

This eclipse is a part of Saros series 145, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, and containing 77 events. The series started with a partial solar eclipse on January 4, 1639. It contains an annular eclipse on June 6, 1891; a hybrid eclipse on June 17, 1909; and total eclipses from June 29, 1927 through September 9, 2648. The series ends at member 77 as a partial eclipse on April 17, 3009. Its eclipses are tabulated in three columns; every third eclipse in the same column is one exeligmos apart, so they all cast shadows over approximately the same parts of the Earth.

The longest duration of annularity was produced by member 15 at 6 seconds (by default) on June 6, 1891, and the longest duration of totality will be produced by member 50 at 7 minutes, 12 seconds on June 25, 2522. All eclipses in this series occur at the Moon’s ascending node of orbit.[93]

Series members 10–32 occur between 1801 and 2200:
10 11 12

April 13, 1801
April 24, 1819
May 4, 1837
13 14 15

May 16, 1855
May 26, 1873
June 6, 1891
16 17 18

June 17, 1909
June 29, 1927
July 9, 1945
19 20 21

July 20, 1963
July 31, 1981
August 11, 1999
22 23 24

August 21, 2017
September 2, 2035
September 12, 2053
25 26 27

September 23, 2071
October 4, 2089
October 16, 2107
28 29 30

October 26, 2125
November 7, 2143
November 17, 2161
31 32

November 28, 2179
December 9, 2197

Metonic series

The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days). All eclipses in this table occur at the Moon's ascending node.

20 eclipse events between June 10, 1964 and August 21, 2036
June 10–11 March 28–29 January 14–16 November 3 August 21–22
117 119 121 123 125

June 10, 1964
March 28, 1968
January 16, 1972
November 3, 1975
August 22, 1979
127 129 131 133 135

June 11, 1983
March 29, 1987
January 15, 1991
November 3, 1994
August 22, 1998
137 139 141 143 145

June 10, 2002
March 29, 2006
January 15, 2010
November 3, 2013
August 21, 2017
147 149 151 153 155

June 10, 2021
March 29, 2025
January 14, 2029
November 3, 2032
August 21, 2036

See also

Notable total solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050:

Notable annular solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050:

References

  1. ^ Fraknoi, A.; Schatz, D.; Shore, L. (2015). "The Great American Eclipse of 2017: An Outreach Opportunity and Challenge" (PDF). Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series. 500, Celebrating Science: Putting Education Best Practices to Work: 55. Retrieved July 3, 2017.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Tracing The Path Of The Solar Eclipse Across The U.S. On August 21, 2017 | Solar Eclipse 2017 on YouTube published on August 2, 2017 TIME
  3. ^ a b c Chan, Melissa. "The 2017 Total Solar Eclipse: Everything You Need to Know", Time (July 25, 2017).
  4. ^ Wolfram, Stephen (August 15, 2017). "When Exactly Will the Eclipse Happen? A Multimillenium Tale of Computation". Wolfram Blog. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  5. ^ "How to view the partial solar eclipse in Hawaii". KHON2 Nexstar Media Group. August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  6. ^ a b Serven, Ruth (July 13, 2017). "Total solar eclipse offers small towns a tourism boom—if they can get ready". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
  7. ^ a b "Wyoming prepares for total solar eclipse in 2017". CTV News. July 29, 2017.
  8. ^ a b c d e Wolfson, Elijah. "Solar-eclipse fever means counterfeit glasses are flooding Amazon's market". Quartz. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  9. ^ a b c d "Amazon offers refunds to customers who bought fake eclipse glasses". CBC News. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  10. ^ "Eclipse: Who? What? Where? When? and How?", NASA.
  11. ^ "Voyages of Discovery: 2017 Total Solar Eclipse". Voyages of Discovery. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
  12. ^ Malik, Tariq (August 18, 2017). "Here's a Timeline of When the 2017 Solar Eclipse Begins and Ends". space.com. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  13. ^ "The Solar Eclipse: What to Expect". The New York Times. August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  14. ^ "2017 August 21 Total Solar Eclipse". USNO. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
  15. ^ "The Great Baja Eclipse", Discover January 1991. p. 90.
  16. ^ "Total and Annular Solar Eclipse Paths 1981–2000". NASA.
  17. ^ "Total and Annular Solar Eclipse Paths 1961–1980". NASA.
  18. ^ "Thousands Go West for a Total Solar Eclipse Tomorrow; Data May Aid Energy Research Partial Eclipse for New York Best Types of Film Image of Sun on Screen", The New York Times February 25, 1979. p. 26.
  19. ^ Browne, Malcolm W. (February 27, 1979). "Total Eclipse of the Sun Darkens Skies in Northwest; Total Eclipse Casts Two Minutes of Darkness in West Temperature Falls Sharply Learned of Weather Peculiarities Data on Plasma Sought". The New York Times. p. C4. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  20. ^ Schrag, Philip (July 30, 1972). "Let There Be Darkness, Please; When Mercury Is at Quadrature, the Social Director Is a Lonely Man For Two Extremely Short Minutes Everyone Gaped Into the Sky". The New York Times. p. 15. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  21. ^ Jubier, F. Espenak and Xavier. "NASA – Total Solar Eclipse of 1257 June 13". NASA.
  22. ^ Jubier, Xavier M. (2011). "Google Earth Gallery for Solar and Lunar Eclipses".
  23. ^ Espenak, Fred. "Total Solar Eclipse of 1970 Mar 07". NASA.
  24. ^ "EclipseFest". Retrieved August 8, 2017.
  25. ^ Quintana, Pedro (November 4, 2016). "Thousands will flock to Madras to view solar eclipse: City gearing up for space, shuttles next August". KTVZ. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
  26. ^ "Eclipse chasers blaze trail to Oregon for view of a lifetime". The Seattle Times. June 23, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
  27. ^ "Oregon Scores International Collaborative Festival With 'Oregon Eclipse'". Dance Music NW. November 11, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  28. ^ "Oregon Eclipse — A Total Solar Eclipse Gathering 17–23 August, 2017 – Oregon Eclipse 2017Oregon Eclipse 2017". oregoneclipse2017.com. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  29. ^ "OMSI Total Solar Eclipse Viewing in Salem, Oregon — August 21, 2017". NASA. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
  30. ^ "Event Details – Craters Of The Moon National Monument & Preserve". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
  31. ^ "Events Around Eastern Idaho". Eastern Idaho Eclipse. October 24, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
  32. ^ "Idaho Falls Eclipse". Big Kid Science. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
  33. ^ "Total Solar Eclipse 2017". Brigham Young University Idaho. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
  34. ^ "Eclipse Festival and Map". Weiser Eclipse 2017. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
  35. ^ "2017Astrocon, Casper, Wyoming". Astronomical League. Retrieved April 3, 2017. a unique opportunity for professional astronomers to intermingle with knowledgeable amateurs; gathering together to learn from each other and exchange ideas.
  36. ^ "Wyoming Eclipse Festival 2017". Retrieved April 2, 2017.
  37. ^ "Eclipse Events: We are planning a party – and YOU are invited!". 2017 Solar Eclipse in Alliance. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
  38. ^ "Eclipse Lunch on the Lawn". Nemaha County Hospital – via Facebook.
  39. ^ "Gem of the Prairie Eclipse Event". Stuhr Museum.
  40. ^ "Total Solar Eclipse Weekend of Events at Homestead National Monument of America – Homestead National Monument of America". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  41. ^ "Total solar eclipse ride". KC-PPC. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
  42. ^ "Show me totality COMO". Lathrop Eclipse. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  43. ^ "MU hosts weekend full of events leading to Mondays solar eclipse". Lathrop Eclipse. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  44. ^ "Eclipse 2017". Lathrop Eclipse. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  45. ^ "Total Solar Eclipse/150 Years Festival". Lathrop Eclipse. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
  46. ^ "Eclipsing Park University". Park University. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
  47. ^ "Darkening of the Sun – Eclipse 2017 – St. Clair MO".
  48. ^ "St. Joseph Eclipse". Front Page Science. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  49. ^ "Southern Illinois: eclipse crossroads of America". Southern Illinois University Carbondale. May 5, 2016.
  50. ^ Johnston, Bob (August 7, 2017). "Amtrak announces 'Eclipse Express' special to southern Illinois". Trains.
  51. ^ "Southern Illinois University Carbondale (NASA EDGE)". NASA. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  52. ^ Carley, Sean (March 28, 2017). "Remainder of "Moonstock" eclipse festival lineup announced". Daily Egyptian. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
  53. ^ "View the Eclipse with University of Illinois Astronomers in Goreville, IL". University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
  54. ^ "The Great American Eclipse Viewing at Benedictine College". Benedictine College.
  55. ^ "WKU Eclipse Events". Western Kentucky University.
  56. ^ "A Monumental Solar Eclipse Festival: August 18 – August 21". Solar Eclipse Hopkinsville, KY. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
  57. ^ "Eclipse: Events". Austin Peay State University. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  58. ^ "Eclipse 2017". Oakley STEM Center. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  59. ^ "BLACKOUT 2017". Main Street McMinnville. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  60. ^ "Eclipse-Themed Programs & Events". Music City Solar Eclipse. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
  61. ^ "Nashville's Italian Lights festival is official NASA location for solar eclipse". Music City Eclipse at Italian Lights Festival. WKRN News2. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  62. ^ "Solar Eclipse 2017 Viewing Event, Free Music City Eclipse Party". Music City Eclipse at Italian Lights Festival. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
  63. ^ "The 2017 Total Solar Eclipse Will Pass Through the Great Smoky Mountains of North Carolina". Bryson City North Carolina. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
  64. ^ "Get Off the Grid Fest". Get Off the Grid Fest.
  65. ^ "Solar Eclipse 2017 at the South Carolina State Museum". South Carolina State Museum.
  66. ^ "Eclipse at Furman". Furman University. Retrieved May 5, 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  67. ^ Mortillaro, Nicole (July 2, 2017). "When day turns into night: Canadians, Americans prepare for total solar eclipse". CBC News. Retrieved July 2, 2017.
  68. ^ "Bonnie Tyler Will Sing 'Total Eclipse of the Heart' During the Actual Total Solar Eclipse". Space.com. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  69. ^ Littmann, Espenak, Willcox: Totality: Eclipses of the Sun. pp 253ff
  70. ^ a b Rubin, Molly. "How to watch the Great American Eclipse, no matter where you are in the world". Quartz. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  71. ^ "Here Are The TV Network Plans For Covering the Total Solar Eclipse". TVNewser. Adweek. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  72. ^ Nyren, Erin (August 18, 2017). "Solar Eclipse Coverage: TV Goes Totally Looney for Lunar Moment". Variety. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  73. ^ Potenza, Alessandra (August 15, 2017). "Why NASA is sending bacteria into the sky on balloons during the eclipse". The Verge. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  74. ^ a b "ECLIPSE GLASSES SAFETY". Eclipse Glasses.com. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  75. ^ a b "How to Tell If Your Eclipse Glasses or Handheld Solar Viewers Are Safe". Solar Eclipse Across America - August 21, 2017. American Astronomical Society. February 23, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  76. ^ HERE'S HOW FAST YOUR RETINA COULD BURN LOOKING AT ECLIPSE UNPROTECTED 9 News, Denver, Colorado, Travis Pittman, August 18, 2017.
  77. ^ "How to tell if your solar eclipse glasses are safe or fake". CNET. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  78. ^ Mariano, Nick (June 17, 2016). "Local tourism, businesses make plans for solar eclipse in 2017". The Southern Illinosian. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
  79. ^ Richy, Brad (July 29, 2017). "IOEM-Letter-to-Eclipse-Communities" (PDF).
  80. ^ MOELLER, KATY (August 17, 2017). "Oregon eclipse traffic is already backing up. Idaho has an app for that". The Idaho Statesman. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  81. ^ "Oregon governor authorizes National Guard for solar eclipse". KBTX-TV. July 27, 2017. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
  82. ^ Lynne, Terry (August 10, 2017). "Eclipse 2017: Hospitals stock up on blood, rattlesnake bite antidote". The Oregonian. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  83. ^ "Western NC ready for eclipse, but roads clogged". Winston-Salem Journal. Associated Press. August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  84. ^ "2016 Long-Term Reliability Assessment" (PDF). North American Electric Reliability Corporation. December 2016. p. 70. Retrieved April 18, 2017. causes substantial effects to wide-scale solar generation within a very short amount of time. The output generated by PV/solar systems will be either diminished or drastically reduced within the window of this event. Sudden widespread diminishing of solar irradiance may heavily affect areas with large amounts of utility scale PV energy installations or behind-the-meter DERs.
  85. ^ "A Wide-Area Perspective on the August 21, 2017 Total Solar Eclipse" (PDF). North American Electric Reliability Corporation. April 2017. p. 20. Retrieved May 1, 2017. The analysis performed in this study showed no reliability impacts to bulk power system (BPS) operations.
  86. ^ a b "Solar eclipse on August 21 will affect photovoltaic generators across the country - Today in Energy". U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
  87. ^ Pyper, Julia (May 11, 2017). "This Summer's Eclipse Will Put California's Solar-Powered Grid to the Test". Greentech Media. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
  88. ^ "European power grids keep lights on through solar eclipse". Reuters. March 20, 2015.
  89. ^ "German power net survives solar eclipse". DW.COM. March 20, 2015. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
  90. ^ "Total Eclipse of the Sun to be commemorated on a Forever Stamp". United States Postal Service. April 27, 2017. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  91. ^ a b "Total Eclipse of the Sun". United States Postal Service (store). Retrieved June 27, 2017.
  92. ^ van Gent, R.H. "Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  93. ^ "NASA - Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 145". eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov.

Further reading

  • Bakich, Michael E. (2016). Your Guide to the 2017 Total Solar Eclipse. The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series. New York, NY: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-27630-4.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solar eclipse of 2017 August 21.

Frequently Asked Questions / Misconceptions / Information

Maps

Solar filters / glasses / viewers

Other

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_eclipse_of_August_21,_2017&oldid=796552291"