Jump to content

Timeline of Solar System exploration

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Usr365 (talk | contribs) at 17:14, 15 July 2019 (→Planned or scheduled: Removed Date). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Charted timeline of Solar System exploration, as of December 2014

This is a timeline of Solar System exploration ordered by date of spacecraft launch. It includes:

  • All spacecraft that have left Earth orbit for the purposes of Solar System exploration (or were launched with that intention but failed), including lunar probes.
  • A small number of pioneering or notable Earth-orbiting craft.[vague]

It does not include:

  • Centuries of terrestrial telescopic observation.
  • The great majority of Earth-orbiting satellites.
  • Space probes leaving Earth orbit that are not concerned with Solar System exploration (such as space telescopes targeted at distant galaxies, cosmic background radiation observatories, and so on).
  • Probes that failed at launch.

The dates listed are launch dates, but the achievements noted may have occurred some time later—in some cases, a considerable time later (for example, Voyager 2, launched 20 August 1977, did not reach Neptune until 1989).

1950s

Sputnik 1 – First Earth orbiter
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
Soviet Union Sputnik 1 4 October 1957 First Earth orbiter [1][2]
Soviet Union Sputnik 2 3 November 1957 Earth orbiter, first animal in orbit, a dog named Laika [2][3][4]
United States Explorer 1 1 February 1958 Earth orbiter; discovered Van Allen radiation belts [5]
United States Vanguard 1 17 March 1958 Earth orbiter; oldest spacecraft still in Earth orbit [6]
Soviet Union Luna 1 2 January 1959 First lunar flyby (attempted lunar impact?); first artificial satellite in heliocentric orbit. [7][8][9][10]
United States Pioneer 4 3 March 1959 Lunar flyby [11][12]
Soviet Union Luna 2 12 September 1959 First lunar impact, First artificial object on Moon [10][13]
Soviet Union Luna 3 4 October 1959 Lunar flyby; First images of another celestial body taken from space, most notably, the far side of Moon [10][14]

1960s

Vostok 1 – First crewed Earth orbiter
Mariner 2 – First successful Venus flyby
Mariner 4 – First successful Mars flyby
Luna 9 – First lunar lander
File:Venera-4.jpg
Venera 4 – First Venus atmospheric probe
Zond 5 – First lunar flyby and return to Earth, first lifeforms to circle the Moon
Apollo 8 – First crewed lunar orbiter
Apollo 11 – First crewed lunar landing
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
United States Pioneer 5 11 March 1960 Interplanetary space investigations [15][16]
Soviet Union Venera 1 12 February 1961 First probe to another planet; Venus flyby (contact lost before flyby) [17][18][19]
Soviet Union Vostok 1 12 April 1961 First crewed Earth orbiter [20][21]
United States Ranger 1 23 August 1961 Attempted lunar test flight (failed to leave Earth orbit) [22][23][24]
United States Ranger 2 18 November 1961 Attempted lunar test flight (failed to leave Earth orbit) [24][25][26]
United States Ranger 3 26 January 1962 Attempted lunar impact (missed Moon) [24][27][28]
United States Ranger 4 23 April 1962 Lunar impact (but unintentionally became the first spacecraft to hit the lunar farside and returned no data) [24][29][30][31]
United States Mariner 2 27 August 1962 First successful planetary encounter, First successful Venus flyby [32][33][34]
United States Ranger 5 18 October 1962 Attempted lunar impact (missed Moon) [24][35][36]
Soviet Union Mars 1 1 November 1962 First probe to Mars: flyby (contact lost) [37][38]
Soviet Union Luna 4 2 April 1963 Attempted lunar lander (missed Moon) [39][40]
Soviet Union Cosmos 21 11 November 1963 Attempted Venera test flight? [41]
United States Ranger 6 30 January 1964 Lunar impact (cameras failed) [42][43]
Soviet Union Zond 1 2 April 1964 Venus flyby (contact lost) [44][45][46]
United States Ranger 7 28 July 1964 Lunar impact [47][48]
Soviet Union Voskhod 1 12 October 1964 First orbiter with multimember crew [49][50]
United States Mariner 3 5 November 1964 Attempted Mars flyby (failed to attain correct trajectory) [51][52]
United States Mariner 4 28 November 1964 First successful Mars flyby [53][54]
Soviet Union Zond 2 30 November 1964 Mars flyby (contact lost) [46][55][56]
United States Ranger 8 17 February 1965 Lunar impact [57][58]
Soviet Union Voskhod 2 18 March 1965 First space walk by Alexei Leonov [50][59]
United States Ranger 9 21 March 1965 Lunar impact [60][61]
United States Lincoln Calibration Sphere 1 6 May 1965 Oldest spacecraft still in use[citation needed] [62]
Soviet Union Luna 5 9 May 1965 Lunar impact (attempted soft landing) [63]
Soviet Union Luna 6 8 June 1965 Attempted lunar lander (missed Moon) [64]
Soviet Union Zond 3 18 July 1965 Lunar flyby [46][65][66]
Soviet Union Luna 7 4 October 1965 Lunar impact (attempted soft landing) [67]
Soviet Union Venera 2 12 November 1965 Venus flyby (contact lost) [68][18]
Soviet Union Venera 3 16 November 1965 Venus lander (contact lost) – First spacecraft to reach another planet's surface, First Venus impact [69][18]
Soviet Union Luna 8 3 December 1965 Lunar impact (attempted soft landing?) [70]
United States Pioneer 6 16 December 1965 "Space weather" observations [71][72][73][74]
Soviet Union Luna 9 31 January 1966 First lunar lander [10][75]
United States AS-201 26 February 1966 Lunar programme test flight [76]
Soviet Union Luna 10 31 March 1966 First lunar orbiter [77]
United States Surveyor 1 30 May 1966 Lunar lander [78][79][80]
United States Explorer 33 1 July 1966 Attempted lunar orbiter (failed to attain lunar orbit) [81][82]
United States Lunar Orbiter 1 10 August 1966 Lunar orbiter [83][84][85]
United States Pioneer 7 17 August 1966 "Space weather" observations [74][86][87]
Soviet Union Luna 11 24 August 1966 Lunar orbiter [88]
United States Surveyor 2 20 September 1966 Attempted lunar lander (crashed into Moon) [89][90]
Soviet Union Luna 12 22 October 1966 Lunar orbiter [91]
United States Lunar Orbiter 2 6 November 1966 Lunar orbiter [92][93]
Soviet Union Luna 13 21 December 1966 Lunar lander [94]
United States Lunar Orbiter 3 5 February 1967 Lunar orbiter [95][96]
United States Surveyor 3 17 April 1967 Lunar lander [97][98]
United States Lunar Orbiter 4 4 May 1967 Lunar orbiter [99][100]
Soviet Union Venera 4 12 June 1967 First Venus atmospheric probe [18][101]
United States Mariner 5 14 June 1967 Venus flyby [102][103]
United States Surveyor 4 14 July 1967 Attempted lunar lander (crashed into Moon) [104][105]
United States Explorer 35 (IMP-E) 19 July 1967 Lunar orbiter [106]
United States Lunar Orbiter 5 1 August 1967 Lunar orbiter [85][107][108]
United States Surveyor 5 8 September 1967 Lunar lander [109][110]
United States Surveyor 6 7 November 1967 Lunar lander, first lift-off from an extraterrestrial body [79][111][112]
United States Apollo 4 9 November 1967 Lunar programme test flight in Earth orbit (uncrewed) [113]
United States Pioneer 8 13 December 1967 "Space weather" observations [74][114][115]
United States Surveyor 7 7 January 1968 Lunar lander [116][117]
United States Apollo 5 22 January 1968 Lunar programme test flight in Earth orbit (uncrewed) [118][119]
Soviet Union Zond 4 2 March 1968 Lunar programme test flight out of Earth orbit (uncrewed) [46][120][121][122]
Soviet Union Luna 14 7 April 1968 Lunar orbiter [123]
Soviet Union Zond 5 14 September 1968 First lunar flyby and return to Earth, first life forms to circle the Moon [46][124][125][126][127]
United States Apollo 7 11 October 1968 Lunar programme test flight in Earth orbit (crewed) [128][129]
United States Pioneer 9 8 November 1968 "Space weather" observations [74][130][131]
Soviet Union Zond 6 10 November 1968 Lunar flyby and return to Earth [46][132][133]
United States Apollo 8 21 December 1968 First crewed lunar orbiter [129][134][135]
Soviet Union Venera 5 5 January 1969 Venus atmospheric probe [18][136]
Soviet Union Venera 6 10 January 1969 Venus atmospheric probe [18][137]
United States Mariner 6 25 February 1969 Mars flyby [138][139]
United States Apollo 9 3 March 1969 Crewed lunar lander (LEM) flight test in Earth orbit [129][140]
United States Mariner 7 27 March 1969 Mars flyby [141][142]
United States Apollo 10 18 May 1969 Crewed lunar orbiter [129][143][144]
Soviet Union Luna 15 13 July 1969 Second attempted lunar sample return [145][146]
United States Apollo 11 16 July 1969 First crewed lunar landing and first successful sample return mission [147][148][149][150][151]
Soviet Union Zond 7 7 August 1969 Lunar flyby and return to Earth [46][152][153]
United States Apollo 12 14 November 1969 Crewed lunar landing [154][155][156]

1970s

File:Venera 1962 diagramm.jpg
Venera 7 – First Venus lander and the first spacecraft to land on another planet
Mars 3 – First Mars lander
Pioneer 10 – First Jupiter flyby
Mariner 10 – First Mercury flyby
Voyager 2 – First Uranus/first Neptune flyby
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
United States Apollo 13 11 April 1970 Crewed lunar flyby and return to Earth (crewed lunar landing aborted) Farthest from Earth a human has gone (401,056 km) [157][158][159][160]
Soviet Union Venera 7 17 August 1970 First Venus lander and the first spacecraft to land on another planet [18][161][162]
Soviet Union Luna 16 12 September 1970 First robotic lunar sample return [10][163]
Soviet Union Zond 8 20 October 1970 Lunar flyby and return to Earth [46][164][165]
Soviet Union Luna 17/Lunokhod 1 10 November 1970 First remote controlled rover [10][166]
United States Apollo 14 31 January 1971 Crewed lunar landing [167][168][169]
Soviet Union Salyut 1 19 April 1971 First space station [170][171]
Soviet Union Mars 2 19 May 1971 First Mars impact, Mars orbiter and attempted lander; First rover on Martian surface (Prop-M unsuccessful) [172][173][174][175][176]
Soviet Union Mars 3 28 May 1971 Mars orbiter, First Mars lander (lost contact after 14.5s) [177][178][179][180][181]
United States Mariner 9 30 May 1971 First Mars orbiter [182][183]
United States Apollo 15 26 July 1971 Crewed lunar landing; First crewed lunar rover [129][184][185][186]
Soviet Union Luna 18 2 September 1971 Attempted lunar sample return (crashed into Moon) [187][188]
Soviet Union Luna 19 28 September 1971 Lunar orbiter [189]
Soviet Union Luna 20 14 February 1972 Lunar robotic sample return [190]
United States Pioneer 10 3 March 1972 First Jupiter flyby [191][192][73]
Soviet Union Venera 8 27 March 1972 Venus lander [18][193][194]
United States Apollo 16 16 April 1972 Crewed lunar landing [195][196][197]
United States Apollo 17 7 December 1972 Last crewed lunar landing [198][199][200][201]
Soviet Union Luna 21/Lunokhod 2 8 January 1973 Lunar rover [202]
United States Pioneer 11 5 April 1973 Jupiter flyby and First Saturn flyby [73][203][204]
United States Explorer 49 (RAE-B) 10 June 1973 Lunar orbiter/radio astronomy [205][206]
Soviet Union Mars 4 21 July 1973 Mars flyby (attempted Mars orbiter) [207][208]
Soviet Union Mars 5 25 July 1973 Mars orbiter [209][210]
Soviet Union Mars 6 5 August 1973 Mars flyby and attempted lander (failed due to damage on Mars landing) [211][212]
Soviet Union Mars 7 9 August 1973 Mars flyby and attempted lander (missed Mars) [213][214]
United States Mariner 10 3 November 1973 Lunar and Venus flybys in addition to the First Mercury flyby [215][216][217][218]
Soviet Union Luna 22 29 May 1974 Lunar orbiter [10][219]
Soviet Union Luna 23 28 October 1974 Attempted lunar sample return (failed due to damage on lunar landing) [220]
United States West Germany Helios-A 10 December 1974 Solar observations [221][222]
Soviet Union Venera 9 8 June 1975 First Venus orbiter and lander; First images from surface of Venus [18][223][224][225]
Soviet Union Venera 10 14 June 1975 Venus orbiter and lander [18][226][227][228]
United States Viking 1 20 August 1975 Mars orbiter and lander; First clear pictures from Martian surface [229][230][231][232]
United States Viking 2 9 September 1975 Mars orbiter and lander [232][233][234][235]
United States West Germany Helios-B 15 January 1976 Solar observations [236][237]
Soviet Union Luna 24 9 August 1976 Lunar robotic sample return [10][238]
United States Voyager 2 20 August 1977 Jupiter/Saturn/first Uranus/first Neptune flyby [239][240][241]
United States Voyager 1 5 September 1977 Jupiter/Saturn flyby, first to exit the heliosphere [241][242][243]
United States Pioneer Venus 1 20 May 1978 Venus orbiter [244][245]
United States Pioneer Venus 2 8 August 1978 Venus atmospheric probes [246][247]
United States European Union ISEE-3 12 August 1978 Solar wind investigations; later redesignated International Cometary Explorer and performed Comet Giacobini-Zinner and Comet Halley flybys – First comet flyby [248][249][250]
Soviet Union Venera 11 9 September 1978 Venus flyby and lander [18][251][252][253]
Soviet Union Venera 12 14 September 1978 Venus flyby and lander [18][254][255][256]

1980s

Giotto – Comet Halley flyby
Galileo – Mission to Jupiter
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
Soviet Union Venera 13 30 October 1981 Venus flyby and lander [18][257][258][259]
Soviet Union Venera 14 4 November 1981 Venus flyby and lander [18][260][261][262]
Soviet Union Venera 15 2 June 1983 Venus orbiter [18][263][264]
Soviet Union Venera 16 7 June 1983 Venus orbiter [18][265][266]
Soviet Union Vega 1 15 December 1984 Venus flyby, lander and first balloon; continued on to Comet Halley flyby [267][268][269][270][271]
Soviet Union Vega 2 21 December 1984 Venus flyby, lander and balloon; continued on to Comet Halley flyby [271][272][273][274][275]
Japan Sakigake 8 January 1985 Comet Halley flyby [276][277]
European Union Giotto 2 July 1985 First close observation of comet (distance 596 kilometers), Comet Halley flyby [278][279][280]
Japan Suisei (Planet-A) 18 August 1985 Comet Halley flyby [281][282]
Soviet Union Mir 19 February 1986 First modular space station (operational 1986–2000; final module added 1996) [283][284][285]
Soviet Union Phobos 1 7 July 1988 Attempted Mars orbiter/Phobos landers (contact lost) [286][287]
Soviet Union Phobos 2 12 July 1988 Mars orbiter/attempted Phobos landers (contact lost) [288][289]
United States Magellan 4 May 1989 Venus orbiter [290][291]
United States Galileo 18 October 1989 Venus flyby, first Asteroid flyby (Gaspra), first Asteroid moon discovery (Dactyl), first Jupiter orbiter, first Jupiter atmospheric probe [292][293][294][295]

1990s

Mars Pathfinder – Mars lander and first successful Mars rover
Cassini–Huygens – First Saturn orbiter and first Titan lander
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
Japan Hiten (MUSES-A) 24 January 1990 Lunar flyby and orbiter [296][297]
United States European Union Hubble Space Telescope 24 April 1990 Orbital space telescope (operational since 1990[needs update]) [298][299][300]
United States European Union Ulysses 6 October 1990 Solar polar orbiter [301][302][303]
Japan United States Yohkoh (Solar-A) 30 August 1991 Solar observations (1991–2001) [304][305]
United States Mars Observer 25 September 1992 Attempted Mars orbiter (contact lost) [306][307]
United States Clementine 25 January 1994 Lunar orbiter/attempted asteroid flyby (contact lost) [308][309][310]
United States WIND 1 November 1994 Solar wind observations [311][312]
European Union United States SOHO 2 December 1995 Solar observatory (operational since 1996[needs update]) [313][314][315]
United States NEAR Shoemaker 17 February 1996 Eros orbiter, first near-Earth asteroid flyby, first asteroid orbit and first asteroid landing [316][317][318]
United States Mars Global Surveyor 7 November 1996 Mars orbiter [319][320]
Russia Mars 96 16 November 1996 Attempted Mars orbiter/landers (failed to escape Earth orbit) [321][322]
United States Mars Pathfinder 4 December 1996 Mars lander and first successful planetary rover [323][324][325]
United States ACE 25 August 1997 Solar wind and "space weather" observations (operational since 1998) [326][327]
United States European Union Italy Cassini–Huygens 15 October 1997 First Saturn orbiter and first outer planet lander [328][329][330][331][332]
United States Lunar Prospector 7 January 1998 Lunar orbiter [333][334]
Japan Nozomi (Planet-B) 3 July 1998 Attempted Mars orbiter (failed to enter Mars orbit) [335][336]
United States Deep Space 1 (DS1) 24 October 1998 Asteroid and comet flyby [337][338]
United States Russia European Union Japan CanadaBrazil ISS 20 November 1998 International space station [339][340]
United States Mars Climate Orbiter 11 December 1998 Attempted Mars orbiter (orbit insertion failed; entered atmosphere and was destroyed) [341][342]
United States Mars Polar Lander/Deep Space 2 (DS2) 3 January 1999 Attempted Mars lander/penetrators (contact lost) [343][344][345]
United States Stardust 7 February 1999 First comet coma sample return (returned 15 January 2006) [346][347][348]

2000s

Mars Express/Beagle 2 – First planetary mission by the ESA
MESSENGER – First Mercury orbiter
Chandrayaan-1 – Water Around Fresh Moon Crater
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
United States 2001 Mars Odyssey 7 April 2001 Mars orbiter [349][350]
United States Genesis 8 August 2001 First solar wind sample return [351][352][353][354]
United States CONTOUR 3 July 2002 Attempted flyby of comet nuclei (Encke, Schwassmann-Wachmann-3, and optionally a third one; lost in space) [355][356]
Japan Hayabusa (MUSES-C) 9 May 2003 Asteroid lander and first sample return from asteroid [357][358][359]
European Union United Kingdom Mars Express/Beagle 2 2 June 2003 Mars orbiter/attempted lander (lander failure) [360][361][362][363]
United States Mars Exploration Rover Spirit 10 June 2003 Mars rover [364][365]
United States Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity 8 July 2003 Mars rover [366][367]
European Union SMART-1 27 September 2003 Lunar orbiter [368][369]
European Union Rosetta/Philae 2 March 2004 Asteroid Šteins and Lutetita flybys; first comet orbiter and lander (Landed in November 2014) [370][371][372][373]
United States MESSENGER 3 August 2004 First Mercury orbiter (Achieved orbit 18 March 2011) [374][375][376]
United States Deep Impact 12 January 2005 Comet flyby and impact [377][378][379][380]
United States Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 12 August 2005 Mars orbiter [381][382]
European Union Venus Express 9 November 2005 Venus polar orbiter [383][384]
United States New Horizons 19 January 2006 First Pluto/Charon flyby (on 14 July 2015); continued on to (486958) 2014 MU69 flyby (on 1 January 2019) [385][386][387][388]
Japan United States United Kingdom Hinode (Solar-B) 22 September 2006 Solar orbiter [389][390]
United States STEREO 26 October 2006 Two spacecraft, solar orbiters [391][392][393]
United States Phoenix 4 August 2007 Mars polar lander (Mars landing on 25 May 2008) [394][395]
Japan SELENE (Kaguya) 14 September 2007 Lunar orbiters [396][397][398][399]
United States Dawn 27 September 2007 Asteroid Ceres and Vesta orbiter (Entered orbit around Vesta on 16 July 2011 and around Ceres on 6 March 2015) [400][401][402]
China Chang'e 1 24 October 2007 Lunar orbiter [403][404][405]
India Chandrayaan-1 22 October 2008 Lunar orbiter and impactor; discovered water on the Moon [406][407][408]
Europe Herschel Space Observatory 14 May 2009 Infrared space telescope at Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point [409][410]
United States Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter/LCROSS 18 June 2009 Lunar polar orbiter and lunar impactor [411][412][413][414]
United States WISE (NEOWISE) 14 December 2009 Infrared survey of celestial sky (WISE mission); later Near-Earth object survey (NEOWISE mission) [415][416][417]

2010s

Mars Science Laboratory – Mars lander and large rover
Mangalyaan – First Indian Mars orbiter
Trace Gas Orbiter – ESA/Roscosmos Mars orbiter


Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
United States Solar Dynamics Observatory 11 February 2010 Continuous solar monitoring [418][419]
Japan Akatsuki (Planet-C) 20 May 2010 Venus orbiter (orbit insertion failed in 2010 / successful orbit insertion on 7 December 2015) [420][421][422]
France PICARD 15 June 2010 Solar monitoring [423][424]
China Chang'e 2 1 October 2010 Lunar orbiter, Asteroid 4179 Toutatis flyby [405][425][426]
United States Juno 5 August 2011 Jupiter orbiter [427][428]
United States GRAIL 10 September 2011 Two spacecraft, Lunar orbiters [429][430][431]
Russia China Fobos-Grunt and Yinghuo-1 8 November 2011 Attempted Phobos sample return and Mars orbiter, respectively; both failed to escape Earth orbit [432][433]
United States Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity Rover) 26 November 2011 Mars rover (landed 6 August 2012) [434][435]
United States Van Allen Probes (RBSP) 30 August 2012 Earth Van Allen radiation belts study [436][437][438]
United States IRIS 28 June 2013 Solar observations [439]
United States LADEE 7 September 2013 Lunar orbiter [440][441]
Japan Hisaki 14 September 2013 Planetary atmosphere observatory [442]
India Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) 5 November 2013 Mars orbiter [443][444][445]
United States MAVEN 18 November 2013 Mars orbiter [446][447]
China Chang'e 3 1 December 2013 Lunar lander and rover (first lander since Soviet Luna 24 in 1976) [405][448][449][450]
China Chang'e 5-T1 23 October 2014 Circumlunar mission and Earth reentry; technology demonstration to prepare for Chang'e 5 mission [451]
Japan Germany France Hayabusa2 / MASCOT 3 December 2014 Asteroid lander and sample return (sample return scheduled for December 2020[needs update]), first asteroid rover [359][452][453]
Japan PROCYON 3 December 2014 Comet observer and attempted asteroid flyby (engine failure) [454]
United States Exploration Flight Test 1 5 December 2014 Uncrewed Earth orbital test of Orion vehicle [455]
United States DSCOVR 11 February 2015 Solar observation [456][457]
European Union Russia ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter and EDM lander 14 March 2016 Mars orbiter and attempted lander (lander failure) [458][459]
United States OSIRIS-REx 8 September 2016 Asteroid sample return mission (sample return scheduled for September 2023[needs update]) [460][461]
United States InSight 5 May 2018 Mars lander [462][463]
China Queqiao 20 May 2018 Relay satellite for Chang'e 4 in Halo orbit around Earth–Moon L2 Lagrange point [464]
United States Parker Solar Probe 12 August 2018 Solar corona probe, closest solar approach (0.04 AU) [465][466]
European Union Japan BepiColombo 19 October 2018 Two Mercury orbiters (orbit insertion planned in December 2025) [467][468]
China Chang'e 4 7 December 2018 Lunar lander and rover, first landing on the lunar far side [405][469][470]
Israel Beresheet 22 February 2019 Attempted lunar lander (crashed into Moon) [471][472]

Planned or scheduled

Rosalind Franklin rover of Euro-Russian ExoMars mission
American Mars 2020 rover


Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
India Chandrayaan-2 2019 Lunar orbiter and rover [473][474]
China Chang'e 5 2019[needs update] Lunar sample return mission [405][475]
European Union SolO February 2020[needs update] Solar orbiter [476]
United Arab Emirates Mars Hope 1 July 2020[needs update] Mars orbiter [477]
United States Mars 2020 July or August 2020[needs update] Mars rover [478][479]
South Korea Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter December 2020[needs update] Lunar orbiter [480]
European Union Russia ExoMars 2020[needs update] Mars lander and rover [481]
United States European Union Canada James Webb Space Telescope 30 March 2021[needs update] Orbital space telescope [482][483]
United States Peregrine lunar lander June 2021[needs update] Lunar lander [484]
United States Artemis 1 June 2021 at the earliest[needs update] Uncrewed lunar orbital test of Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System [485][486]
United States Italy DART 22 July 2021[needs update] Asteroid 65803 Didymos impactor [487][488]
United States Lucy 16 October 2021[needs update] Flyby of six Jupiter trojan asteroids [489][490]
European Union JUICE June 2022[needs update] Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa flyby; Ganymede orbiter [491][492]
United States Psyche August 2022[needs update] Metallic asteroid 16 Psyche orbiter [493][494]
Japan DESTINY+ 2022[needs update] Asteroid 3200 Phaethon flyby [495]
Japan Tera-hertz Explorer 2022[needs update] Mars lander [496]
China France Chang'e 6 2023–2024[needs update] Lunar sample return mission [497]
Japan France Germany MMX 2024 Martian moon sample return mission [498][499]
United States Europa Clipper 2023–2025[needs update] Europa orbiter [500][501]
United States Dragonfly 2026 Titan rotorcraft lander [502][503][504]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Sputnik 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  2. ^ a b "Sputnik | satellites". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  3. ^ "Sputnik 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  4. ^ Garcia, Mark (6 November 2017). "60 years ago: The First Animal in Orbit". NASA. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  5. ^ "Explorer 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  6. ^ "Vanguard 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  7. ^ "Luna 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  8. ^ Cavallaro, Umberto (5 October 2018). The Race to the Moon Chronicled in Stamps, Postcards, and Postmarks: A Story of Puffery vs. the Pragmatic. Springer. p. 46. ISBN 9783319921532.
  9. ^ JR, Wesley T. Huntress; Marov, Mikhail Ya (28 June 2011). Soviet Robots in the Solar System: Mission Technologies and Discoveries. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 77. ISBN 9781441978981.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h "Luna | space probe". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  11. ^ "Pioneer 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  12. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 4". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  13. ^ "Luna 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  14. ^ "Luna 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  15. ^ "Pioneer 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  16. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 5". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  17. ^ "Venera 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Venera | Soviet space probes". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  19. ^ Wright, John (23 May 2006). The New York Times Almanac 2002. Routledge. p. 1649. ISBN 9781135455866.
  20. ^ "Vostok 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  21. ^ "Vostok | Soviet spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  22. ^ "Ranger 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  23. ^ "In Depth | Ranger 1". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  24. ^ a b c d e "Ranger | space probe". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  25. ^ "Ranger 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  26. ^ "In Depth | Ranger 2". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  27. ^ "Ranger 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  28. ^ "In Depth | Ranger 3". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  29. ^ Williamson, Mark (1998). "Protecting the space environment: Are we doing enough?". Space Policy. 14 (1): 5–8. doi:10.1016/S0265-9646(97)00038-6.
  30. ^ "Ranger 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  31. ^ "In Depth | Ranger 4". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  32. ^ "Mariner 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  33. ^ "In Depth | Mariner 02". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  34. ^ "Missions to Venus and Mercury". www.planetary.org. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  35. ^ "Ranger 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  36. ^ "In Depth | Ranger 5". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  37. ^ "Mars 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  38. ^ "In Depth | Mars 01". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  39. ^ "Luna 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  40. ^ "In Depth | Luna 04". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  41. ^ "Cosmos 21". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  42. ^ "Ranger 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  43. ^ "In Depth | Ranger 6". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  44. ^ "Zond 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  45. ^ "In Depth | Zond 1". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  46. ^ a b c d e f g h "Zond | space probe". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  47. ^ "Ranger 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  48. ^ "In Depth | Ranger 7". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  49. ^ "Voskhod 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  50. ^ a b "Voskhod | spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  51. ^ "Mariner 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  52. ^ "In Depth | Mariner 03". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  53. ^ "Mariner 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  54. ^ "In Depth | Mariner 04". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  55. ^ "Zond 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  56. ^ "In Depth | Zond 2". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  57. ^ "Ranger 8". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  58. ^ "In Depth | Ranger 8". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  59. ^ "Voskhod 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  60. ^ "Ranger 9". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  61. ^ "In Depth | Ranger 9". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  62. ^ "LCS 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  63. ^ "Luna 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  64. ^ "Luna 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  65. ^ "Zond 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  66. ^ "In Depth | Zond 3". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  67. ^ "Luna 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  68. ^ "Venera 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  69. ^ "Venera 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  70. ^ "Luna 8". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  71. ^ "Pioneer 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  72. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 06". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  73. ^ a b c "Pioneer | space probes". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  74. ^ a b c d American Astronautical Society (23 August 2010). Space Exploration and Humanity: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 244. ISBN 9781851095193.
  75. ^ "Luna 9". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  76. ^ "AS-201". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  77. ^ "Luna 10". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  78. ^ "Surveyor 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  79. ^ a b "Surveyor | space probe". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  80. ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 1". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  81. ^ "Explorer 33". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  82. ^ "In Depth | Explorer 33". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  83. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  84. ^ "In Depth | Lunar Orbiter 1". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  85. ^ a b "Lunar Orbiter | spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  86. ^ "Pioneer 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  87. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 07". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  88. ^ "Luna 11". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  89. ^ "Surveyor 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  90. ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 2". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  91. ^ "Luna 12". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  92. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  93. ^ "In Depth | Lunar Orbiter 2". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  94. ^ "Luna 13". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  95. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  96. ^ "In Depth | Lunar Orbiter 3". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  97. ^ "Surveyor 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  98. ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 3". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  99. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  100. ^ "In Depth | Lunar Orbiter 4". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  101. ^ "Venera 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  102. ^ "Mariner 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  103. ^ "In Depth | Mariner 05". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  104. ^ "Surveyor 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  105. ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 4". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  106. ^ "Explorer 35". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  107. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  108. ^ "In Depth | Lunar Orbiter 5". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  109. ^ "Surveyor 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  110. ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 5". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  111. ^ "Surveyor 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  112. ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 6". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  113. ^ "Apollo 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  114. ^ "Pioneer 8". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  115. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 08". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  116. ^ "Surveyor 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  117. ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 7". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  118. ^ "Apollo 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  119. ^ "Apollo 5 LM-1/Descent". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  120. ^ "Zond 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  121. ^ "In Depth | Zond 4". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  122. ^ Wong, Michael (6 March 2018). "50 Years Ago: Zond 4 launched successfully". NASA. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  123. ^ "Luna 14". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  124. ^ "Zond 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  125. ^ "In Depth | Zond 5". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  126. ^ Mars, Kelli (18 September 2018). "50 Years Ago: On the Way to the Moon". NASA. Retrieved 16 April 2019. the first living organisms to have made a circumlunar flight {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  127. ^ Greeley, R. (17 April 2013). Planetary Landscapes. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 20. ISBN 9781475722932.
  128. ^ "Apollo 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  129. ^ a b c d e "Apollo | History, Missions, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  130. ^ "Pioneer 9". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  131. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 09". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  132. ^ "Zond 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  133. ^ "In Depth | Zond 6". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  134. ^ "Apollo 8". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  135. ^ "In Depth | Apollo 8". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  136. ^ "Venera 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  137. ^ "Venera 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  138. ^ "Mariner 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  139. ^ "In Depth | Mariner 06". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  140. ^ "Apollo 9". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  141. ^ "Mariner 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  142. ^ "In Depth | Mariner 07". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  143. ^ "Apollo 10". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  144. ^ "In Depth | Apollo 10". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  145. ^ "Luna 15". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  146. ^ "In Depth | Luna 15". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  147. ^ "Apollo 11 | Facts & Pictures". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  148. ^ "In Depth | Apollo 11". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  149. ^ "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module (CSM)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  150. ^ "Apollo 11 Lunar Module / EASEP". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  151. ^ "Apollo 11 Lunar Sample Overview". www.lpi.usra.edu. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  152. ^ "Zond 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  153. ^ "In Depth | Zond 7". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  154. ^ "Apollo 12 Command and Service Module (CSM)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  155. ^ "Apollo 12 Lunar Module / ALSEP". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  156. ^ "In Depth | Apollo 12". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  157. ^ "Apollo 13 | United States spaceflight". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  158. ^ "Apollo 13 Command and Service Module (CSM)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  159. ^ "Apollo 13 Lunar Module/ALSEP". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  160. ^ "In Depth | Apollo 13". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  161. ^ "Venera 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  162. ^ "In Depth | Venera 7". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  163. ^ "Luna 16". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  164. ^ "Zond 8". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  165. ^ "In Depth | Zond 8". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  166. ^ Howell, Elizabeth (20 December 2016). "Lunokhod 1: 1st Successful Lunar Rover". Space.com. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  167. ^ "Apollo 14 Command and Service Module (CSM)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  168. ^ "Apollo 14 Lunar Module /ALSEP". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  169. ^ "In Depth | Apollo 14". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  170. ^ "Salyut 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 17 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  171. ^ "Salyut | History & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  172. ^ "Mars 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 17 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  173. ^ "Mars 2 Lander". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 17 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  174. ^ "In Depth | Mars 02". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  175. ^ Coletta, Damon; Pilch, Frances T. (16 October 2009). Space and Defense Policy. Routledge. p. 428. ISBN 9781135969653.
  176. ^ Genta, Giancarlo (30 December 2016). Next Stop Mars: The Why, How, and When of Human Missions. Springer. p. 219. ISBN 9783319443119.
  177. ^ "Mars 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 17 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  178. ^ "Mars 3 Lander". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 17 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  179. ^ "In Depth | Mars 03". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  180. ^ "Mars - Spacecraft exploration". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  181. ^ "NASA Mars Orbiter Images May Show 1971 Soviet Lander". NASA’s Mars Exploration Program. Retrieved 17 April 2019. Mars 3 became the first successful soft landing on the Red Planet, but stopped transmitting after just 14.5 seconds for unknown reasons. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  182. ^ "Mariner 9". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  183. ^ "In Depth | Mariner 09". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  184. ^ "Apollo 15 Command and Service Module (CSM)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  185. ^ "Apollo 15 Lunar Module /ALSEP". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  186. ^ "In Depth | Apollo 15". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  187. ^ "Luna 18". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  188. ^ "In Depth | Luna 18". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  189. ^ "Luna 19". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  190. ^ "Luna 20". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  191. ^ "Pioneer 10". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  192. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 10". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  193. ^ "Venera 8". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  194. ^ "In Depth | Venera 8". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  195. ^ "Apollo 16 Command and Service Module (CSM)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  196. ^ "Apollo 16 Lunar Module /ALSEP". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  197. ^ "In Depth | Apollo 16". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  198. ^ "Apollo 17 | Overview & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  199. ^ "Apollo 17 Command and Service Module (CSM)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  200. ^ "Apollo 17 Lunar Module /ALSEP". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  201. ^ "In Depth | Apollo 17". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  202. ^ "Luna 21/Lunokhod 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  203. ^ "Pioneer 11". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  204. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 11". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  205. ^ "RAE-B". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 17 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  206. ^ "In Depth | Explorer 49". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  207. ^ "Mars 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  208. ^ "In Depth | Mars 04". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  209. ^ "Mars 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  210. ^ "In Depth | Mars 05". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  211. ^ "Mars 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  212. ^ "In Depth | Mars 06". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  213. ^ "Mars 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  214. ^ "In Depth | Mars 07". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  215. ^ https://history.nasa.gov/SP-424/ch5.htm
  216. ^ "Mariner 10". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  217. ^ "In Depth | Mariner 10". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  218. ^ "Mariner | United States space probes". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  219. ^ "Luna 22". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  220. ^ "Luna 23". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  221. ^ "Helios-A". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 18 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  222. ^ "In Depth | Helios 1". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  223. ^ "Venera 9". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  224. ^ "Venera 9 Descent Craft". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  225. ^ "In Depth | Venera 9". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  226. ^ "Venera 10". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  227. ^ "Venera 10 Descent Craft". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  228. ^ "In Depth | Venera 10". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  229. ^ "Viking 1 Orbiter". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  230. ^ "Viking 1 Lander". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  231. ^ "In Depth | Viking 1". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  232. ^ a b "Viking | spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  233. ^ "Viking 2 Orbiter". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  234. ^ "Viking 2 Lander". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  235. ^ "In Depth | Viking 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  236. ^ "Helios-B". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 18 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  237. ^ "Helios 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  238. ^ "Luna 24". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  239. ^ "Voyager 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 18 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  240. ^ "In Depth | Voyager 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  241. ^ a b "Voyager | Definition, Discoveries, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  242. ^ "Voyager 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 18 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  243. ^ "In Depth | Voyager 1". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  244. ^ "Pioneer Venus Orbiter". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  245. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer Venus 1". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  246. ^ "Pioneer Venus Probe Bus". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  247. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer Venus 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  248. ^ "ISEE 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 18 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  249. ^ "In Depth | ISEE-3/ICE". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  250. ^ "ISEE-3/ICE". stardust.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  251. ^ "Venera 11". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  252. ^ "Venera 11 Descent Craft". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  253. ^ "In Depth | Venera 11". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  254. ^ "Venera 12". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  255. ^ "Venera 12 Descent Craft". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  256. ^ "In Depth | Venera 12". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  257. ^ "Venera 13". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  258. ^ "Venera 13 Descent Craft". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  259. ^ "In Depth | Venera 13". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  260. ^ "Venera 14". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  261. ^ "Venera 14 Descent Craft". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  262. ^ "In Depth | Venera 14". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  263. ^ "Venera 15". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  264. ^ "In Depth | Venera 15". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  265. ^ "Venera 16". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  266. ^ "In Depth | Venera 16". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  267. ^ "Vega 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  268. ^ "Vega 1 Descent Craft". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  269. ^ "Vega 1 Balloon". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  270. ^ "In Depth | Vega 1". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  271. ^ a b "Vega 1 & 2". stardust.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  272. ^ "Vega 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  273. ^ "Vega 2 Descent Craft". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  274. ^ "Vega 2 Balloon". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  275. ^ "In Depth | Vega 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  276. ^ "Sakigake". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 17 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  277. ^ "In Depth | Sakigake". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  278. ^ "Giotto". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  279. ^ "In Depth | Giotto". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  280. ^ "Giotto". stardust.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  281. ^ "Suisei". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  282. ^ "In Depth | Suisei". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  283. ^ "Mir". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  284. ^ "Mir | Description, Launch, History, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  285. ^ Hamilton, John (15 December 2018). Space Stations and Beyond. ABDO. p. 30. ISBN 9781532171598.
  286. ^ "Phobos 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  287. ^ "In Depth | Fobos 1". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  288. ^ "Phobos 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  289. ^ "In Depth | Fobos 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  290. ^ "Magellan". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 17 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  291. ^ "In Depth | Magellan". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  292. ^ "Galileo Orbiter". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  293. ^ "Galileo Probe". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  294. ^ "Galileo - In Depth". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  295. ^ "In Depth | Galileo Probe". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  296. ^ "Hiten". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  297. ^ "In Depth | Hiten / Hagoromo". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  298. ^ "In Depth | Hubble Space Telescope". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  299. ^ "HST". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  300. ^ "Hubble Space Telescope | History, Discoveries, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  301. ^ "Ulysses". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  302. ^ "In Depth | Ulysses". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  303. ^ "Ulysses | European-United States space probe". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  304. ^ "Yohkoh". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  305. ^ "Yohkoh | Japanese satellite". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  306. ^ "Mars Observer". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  307. ^ "In Depth | Mars Observer". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  308. ^ "Clementine". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  309. ^ "In Depth | Clementine". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  310. ^ "Clementine | spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  311. ^ "Wind". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 17 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  312. ^ "In Depth | Wind". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  313. ^ "SOHO". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  314. ^ "In Depth | SOHO". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  315. ^ "Solar and Heliospheric Observatory | satellite". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  316. ^ "NEAR Shoemaker". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  317. ^ "In Depth | NEAR Shoemaker". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  318. ^ "Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous Shoemaker | spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  319. ^ "Mars Global Surveyor". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  320. ^ "In Depth | Mars Global Surveyor". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  321. ^ "Mars 96 Orbiter". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  322. ^ "In Depth | Mars 08/Mars 96". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  323. ^ "Mars Pathfinder". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  324. ^ "Mars Pathfinder Rover". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  325. ^ "In Depth | Mars Pathfinder". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  326. ^ "ACE". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 21 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  327. ^ "In Depth | ACE". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  328. ^ "Cassini-Huygens | Facts, Dates, & Images". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  329. ^ "Cassini". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 21 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  330. ^ "Huygens". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 21 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  331. ^ "Overview | Cassini". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  332. ^ "In Depth | Huygens". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  333. ^ "Lunar Prospector". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  334. ^ "In Depth | Lunar Prospector". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  335. ^ "Nozomi". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  336. ^ "In Depth | Nozomi". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  337. ^ "Deep Space 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  338. ^ "In Depth | Deep Space 1". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  339. ^ "International Space Station". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 April 2019. As of November, 1998 the global participants, in addition to the United States, included Russia, Canada, Japan, Brazil, and ESA (Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland). {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  340. ^ "International Space Station | Facts, Missions, & History". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 24 April 2019. Aside from the United States and Russia, station construction involved Canada, Japan, Brazil, and 11 ESA members. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  341. ^ "Mars Climate Orbiter". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  342. ^ "In Depth | Mars Climate Orbiter". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  343. ^ "Mars Polar Lander". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  344. ^ "Deep Space 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  345. ^ "In Depth | Mars Polar Lander / Deep Space 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  346. ^ "Stardust/NExT". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  347. ^ "Stardust Sample Return Capsule". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  348. ^ "In Depth | Stardust". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  349. ^ "2001 Mars Odyssey". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 4 May 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  350. ^ "In Depth | Mars Odyssey". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  351. ^ "Genesis". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 4 May 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  352. ^ "In Depth | Genesis". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  353. ^ "Genesis | United States spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  354. ^ "Genesis". www.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  355. ^ "CONTOUR". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 4 May 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  356. ^ "In Depth | CONTOUR". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  357. ^ "Hayabusa". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 7 May 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  358. ^ "In Depth | Hayabusa". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  359. ^ a b "Hayabusa | Spacecraft, Missions, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  360. ^ "Mars Express". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 8 May 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  361. ^ "Beagle 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 8 May 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  362. ^ "In Depth | Mars Express". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  363. ^ "In Depth | Beagle 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  364. ^ "Spirit". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 11 May 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  365. ^ "In Depth | Spirit". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  366. ^ "Opportunity". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 11 May 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  367. ^ "In Depth | Opportunity". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  368. ^ "SMART 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 18 May 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  369. ^ "In Depth | SMART-1". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  370. ^ "Rosetta". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 May 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  371. ^ "Philae". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 May 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  372. ^ "In Depth | Rosetta & Philae". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  373. ^ "Rosetta | European Space Agency spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  374. ^ "MESSENGER". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 May 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  375. ^ "In Depth | MESSENGER". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  376. ^ "Messenger | United States spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  377. ^ "Deep Impact/EPOXI". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 9 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  378. ^ "Deep Impact Impactor (DII) Vehicle". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 9 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  379. ^ "In Depth | Deep Impact (EPOXI)". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  380. ^ "Deep Impact | space probe". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  381. ^ "Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 9 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  382. ^ "In Depth | Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  383. ^ "Venus Express". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 9 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  384. ^ "In Depth | Venus Express". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  385. ^ "New Horizons Pluto Kuiper Belt Flyby". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 9 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  386. ^ "In Depth | New Horizons". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  387. ^ "New Horizons | Discoveries & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  388. ^ Chang, Kenneth (18 July 2015). "The Long, Strange Trip to Pluto, and How NASA Nearly Missed It". New York Times. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  389. ^ "Hinode". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 10 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  390. ^ "Hinode | satellite". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  391. ^ "STEREO A". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  392. ^ "STEREO B". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  393. ^ "In Depth | STEREO A & B". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  394. ^ "Phoenix Mars Lander". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  395. ^ "In Depth | Phoenix". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  396. ^ "Kaguya". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  397. ^ "Okina". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  398. ^ "Ouna". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  399. ^ "In Depth | Kaguya". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  400. ^ "Dawn". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  401. ^ "In Depth | Dawn". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  402. ^ "Dawn | United States satellite". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  403. ^ "Chang'e 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  404. ^ "In Depth | Chang'e 1". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  405. ^ a b c d e "Chang'e | Missions & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  406. ^ "Chandrayaan 1 Lunar Orbiter". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  407. ^ "In Depth | Chandrayaan 1". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  408. ^ "Chandrayaan-1 | Indian space probe". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  409. ^ "Herschel Space Observatory". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  410. ^ "In Depth | Herschel". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  411. ^ "Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  412. ^ "Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  413. ^ "In Depth | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  414. ^ "In Depth | LCROSS". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  415. ^ "WISE". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  416. ^ "In Depth | WISE/NEOWISE". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  417. ^ "Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer | United States satellite". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  418. ^ "Solar Dynamics Observatory". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 13 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  419. ^ "Solar Dynamics Observatory | United States satellite". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  420. ^ "Akatsuki". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 13 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  421. ^ "In Depth | Akatsuki". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  422. ^ "Akatsuki | Mission & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  423. ^ "Picard". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 13 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  424. ^ "Picard". Picard. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  425. ^ "Chang'e 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 13 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  426. ^ "In Depth | Chang'e 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  427. ^ "Juno". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 14 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  428. ^ "In Depth | Juno". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  429. ^ "Gravity Recovery And Interior Laboratory-A (GRAIL)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  430. ^ "Gravity Recovery And Interior Laboratory-B (GRAIL)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  431. ^ "In Depth | GRAIL". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  432. ^ "Phobos-Grunt". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  433. ^ "Yinghuo-1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  434. ^ "Mars Science Laboratory (MSL)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  435. ^ "In Depth | Curiosity (MSL)". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  436. ^ "Van Allen Probe A (RBSP-A)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  437. ^ "Van Allen Probe B (RBSP-B)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  438. ^ "Van Allen Probes". vanallenprobes.jhuapl.edu. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  439. ^ "Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 17 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  440. ^ "Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 18 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  441. ^ "In Depth | LADEE". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  442. ^ "Hisaki". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  443. ^ "Mangalyaan". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  444. ^ "In Depth | Mars Orbiter Mission". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  445. ^ "Mars Orbiter Mission | Indian space mission". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  446. ^ "Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  447. ^ "In Depth | MAVEN". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  448. ^ "Chang'e 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  449. ^ "Chang'e 3 Rover". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  450. ^ "In Depth | Chang'e 3". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  451. ^ "Chang'e 5-T1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  452. ^ "Hayabusa 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  453. ^ "In Depth | Hayabusa 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  454. ^ "PROCYON". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  455. ^ "Orion EFT-1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  456. ^ "DSCOVR". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  457. ^ "In Depth | DSCOVR". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  458. ^ "ExoMars 2016". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 22 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  459. ^ "In Depth | ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  460. ^ "OSIRIS-REx". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 23 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  461. ^ "In Depth | OSIRIS-REx". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  462. ^ "InSight". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 23 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  463. ^ "In Depth | InSight". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  464. ^ "Queqiao". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  465. ^ "Parker Solar Probe". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 23 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  466. ^ "In Depth | Parker Solar Probe". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  467. ^ "BepiColombo". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 23 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  468. ^ "In Depth | BepiColombo". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  469. ^ "Chang'e 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  470. ^ "In Depth | Chang'e 4". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  471. ^ "Beresheet". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  472. ^ "In Depth | Beresheet". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  473. ^ "Chandrayaan 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  474. ^ "In Depth | Chandrayaan 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  475. ^ "Chang'e 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  476. ^ "Solar Orbiter". sci.esa.int. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  477. ^ "Emirates Mars Mission (Hope)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  478. ^ "Mars 2020 Rover". mars.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  479. ^ "In Depth | Mars 2020 Rover". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  480. ^ "Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  481. ^ "ExoMars Mission (2020)". exploration.esa.int. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  482. ^ "In Depth | James Webb Space Telescope". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  483. ^ Dunbar, Brian (27 June 2018). "NASA Completes Webb Telescope Review, Commits to Launch in Early 2021". NASA. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  484. ^ "Astrobotic Awarded $79.5 Million Contract to Deliver 14 NASA Payloads to the Moon | Astrobotic". www.astrobotic.com. 31 May 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  485. ^ Hambleton, Kathryn (7 March 2018). "Around the Moon with NASA's First Launch of SLS with Orion". NASA. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  486. ^ "Artemis-1 flight faces delays suggests new report". Room, The Space Journal. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  487. ^ "Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  488. ^ "In Depth | DART". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  489. ^ "Lucy". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  490. ^ "In Depth | Lucy". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  491. ^ "In Depth | JUICE". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  492. ^ "JUICE's journey to Jupiter". sci.esa.int. 16 February 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  493. ^ "Psyche". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  494. ^ "In Depth | Psyche". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  495. ^ "DESTINY+: Deep Space Exploration Technology Demonstrator and Explorer to Asteroid 3200 Phaethon" (PDF). 15 August 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  496. ^ Kasai, Yasuko (13 June 2018). "Tera-hertz Explorer, TEREX, Mission" (PDF). University of Tsukuba. NICT. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  497. ^ ""和中国一起，法国真要探月了！"-观察者网". m.guancha.cn (in Chinese). 26 March 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2019. 据法新社3月25日报道，中法当天签署了一份探月计划意向书，法国将参与预计在2023-2024年实施的嫦娥六号探月计划。[needs translation] {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  498. ^ Yamakawa, Hiroshi; Le Gall, Jean-Yves; Ehrenfreund, Pascale; Dittus, Hansjörg (3 October 2018). "Joint Statement with Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) and German Aerospace Center (DLR) regarding Martian Moons eXploration" (PDF) (Press release). JAXA. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
  499. ^ "Mission Overview・Mission Flow". MMX - Martian Moons eXploration. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  500. ^ "Europa Clipper". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  501. ^ "In Depth | Europa Clipper". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  502. ^ Lorenz; et al. (2017). "Dragonfly: A Rotorcraft Lander Concept for Scientific Exploration at Titan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2017. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  503. ^ Northon, Karen (20 December 2017). "NASA Invests in Concept Development for Missions to Comet, Saturn Moon". NASA. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
  504. ^ Northon, Karen (27 June 2019). "NASA's Dragonfly Mission to Titan Will Look for Origins, Signs of Life". NASA. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration&oldid=906409012"