Chittagonian language: Difference between revisions

Chittagonian
Chittagonian
চাটগাঁইয়া; চিটাইঙ্গা
Pronunciation	[saŋʈgaiyaŋ]; [siʈaiŋga]
Native to	Bangladesh
Region	Chittagong region
Ethnicity	Chittagonian
Native speakers	13 million (2006); to 16 million (2007)
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Eastern Bengali–Assamese Chittagonian; ; ; ; ;
Writing system	Bengali-Assamese; Arabic; Latin;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	ctg
Linguist List	ctg
Glottolog	chit1275
Linguasphere	73-DEE-aa
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Chittagonian (চাটগাঁইয়া saṭgãia or চিটাইঙ্গা siʈaiŋga)^[1]^[2] is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in parts of the Chittagong Division in Bangladesh.^[3] Its speakers identify with Bengali culture and the Bengali language,^[7] but Chittagonian and Bengali are not mutually intelligible.^[3] Chittagonian is considered to be a separate language by many linguists.^[8] It is mutually intelligible with Rohingya and to a lesser extent with Noakhailla. It is estimated (2009) that Chittagonian has 13 million speakers, principally in Bangladesh.^[3]

Classification

Chittagonian is a member of the Bengali-Assamese sub-branch of the Eastern group of Indo-Aryan languages, a branch of the wider Indo-European language family. It is derived through an Eastern Middle Indo-Aryan from Old Indo-Aryan, and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European.^[3] Grierson (1903) grouped the dialects of Chittagong under Southeastern Bengali. Chatterji (1926) places Chittagonian in the eastern Vangiya group of dialects of Bengali language and notes that all Bengali dialects were independent of each other and did not emanate from the literary Bengali called "sadhu bhasha".^[9] Among the different dialect groups of these eastern dialects, Chittagonian has phonetic and morphological properties that are not present in other western dialects of Bengali.^[10]

Phonology

Shah Mohammad Tayeb share his travel story in America, in Chittagonian.

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Consonants

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	voiceless	p	t̪	ʈ		k
	aspirated	pʰ	t̪ʰ	ʈʰ		kʰ
	voiced	b	d̪	ɖ		ɡ
	breathy	bʱ	d̪ʱ	ɖʱ		ɡʱ
Affricate	voiceless		ts		tɕ
	aspirated				tɕʰ
	voiced				dʑ
	breathy				dʑʱ
Fricative	voiceless	f~ɸ	s		ʃ	x	h
Fricative	voiced		z			ɣ
Nasal		m	n			ŋ
Trill/Tap			ɾ~r	ɽ
Approximant	lateral		l
Approximant	central	(w)			(j)

Approximants [w j] are only heard as allophones of vowels /i u/.
/ts/ can have a post-alveolar allophone of [tʃ].
/ʃ/ can have an allophone of [ç].
/f/ can have a bilabial allophone of [ɸ] .^[11]

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
High-mid	e		o
Low-mid	(ɛ)		ɔ
Low	æ	a

Nasalization occurs for seven vowels /ĩ ẽ æ̃ ã ɔ̃ õ ũ/.
[ɛ] is heard as an allophone of /æ/.^[12]

Writing system

The Arabic script has historically been used to write this language.

The Bengali script (Bangla Lipi) and Latin script are used to write this language.

Gboard for Android has added Chittagongian Keyboard.^[13]

Bibliography

Chatterji, Suniti Kumar (1926). The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language. Calcutta University Press.
Grierson, G A, ed. (1903). Linguistic Survey of India: Indo-Aryan Family Eastern Group. Vol. V. Retrieved 27 June 2020.

References

^ ^a ^b Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). "Chittagong City". Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
^ ^a ^b "চট্টগ্রামের আঞ্চলিক স্বকীয়তা". Prothomalo (in Bengali). Retrieved 16 August 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Chittagonian at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^ Nationalencyklopedin "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007
^ "Chittagonian language and alphabet".
^ "Chittagonian language and alphabet".
^ Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 25.
^ Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 16. "The dialect of Chittagong, in southeast Bangladesh, is different enough to be considered a separate language."
^ "Dialects are independent of literary speech: as such East Bengali dialects, North Bengali dialects and West Bengali dialects are not only independent of one another, but also they are not, as it is popularly believed in Bengal, derived from literary Bengali, the "sadhu-bhasha", which is a composite speech on an early West Bengali basis."(Chatterji 1926:108)
^ Chatterji (1926), p. 138.
^ Hai, Muhammad A. (1965). A study of Chittagong dialect. In Anwar S. Dil (ed.), Studies in Pakistani Linguistics. pp. 17–38.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Moniruzzaman, M. (2007). Dialect of Chittagong. In Morshed, A. K. M.; Language and Literature: Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
^ "Gboard for Android Adds Support for Over 20 New Languages". NDTV Gadgets 360. Retrieved 25 May 2021.

External links

[b-1] Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). "Chittagong City". Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 12 May 2024.

[pro-2] "চট্টগ্রামের আঞ্চলিক স্বকীয়তা". Prothomalo (in Bengali). Retrieved 16 August 2022.

[e25-3] Chittagonian at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)

[NE100-4] Nationalencyklopedin "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007

[5] "Chittagonian language and alphabet".

[6] "Chittagonian language and alphabet".

[7] Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 25.

[8] Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 16. "The dialect of Chittagong, in southeast Bangladesh, is different enough to be considered a separate language."

[9] "Dialects are independent of literary speech: as such East Bengali dialects, North Bengali dialects and West Bengali dialects are not only independent of one another, but also they are not, as it is popularly believed in Bengal, derived from literary Bengali, the "sadhu-bhasha", which is a composite speech on an early West Bengali basis."(Chatterji 1926:108)

[FOOTNOTEChatterji1926[httpsarchiveorgdetailsOriginDevelopmentOfBengaliCHATTERJI_Origin-Development-of-Bengali_Vol-1pagen233mode2up_138]-10] Chatterji (1926), p. 138.

[11] Hai, Muhammad A. (1965). A study of Chittagong dialect. In Anwar S. Dil (ed.), Studies in Pakistani Linguistics. pp. 17–38.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[12] Moniruzzaman, M. (2007). Dialect of Chittagong. In Morshed, A. K. M.; Language and Literature: Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.

[13] "Gboard for Android Adds Support for Over 20 New Languages". NDTV Gadgets 360. Retrieved 25 May 2021.

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@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 ==Classification==
-Chittagonian is a member of the [[Bengali-Assamese languages|Bengali-Assamese]] sub-branch of the [[List of Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern group]] of [[Indo-Aryan languages]], a branch of the wider Indo-European language family. It is derived through an Eastern [[Middle Indo-Aryan]] from [[Old Indo-Aryan]], and ultimately from [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]].<ref name=e25/> {{harvp|Grierson|1903}} grouped the dialects of Chittagong under ''Southeastern Bengali'', alongside the dialects of [[Noakhailla language|Noakhali]] and [[Rohingya language|Akyab]]. {{harvp|Chatterji|1926}} places Chittagonian in the eastern [[Bangali (ethnic dialect)|Vangiya]] group of [[Magadhi Prakrit]] and notes that all Bengali dialects were independent of each other and did not emanate from the literary Bengali called "[[sadhu bhasha]]".<ref>"Dialects are independent of literary speech: as such East  Bengali dialects, North Bengali dialects (with which Assamese is to be associated) and West Bengali dialects are not only independent of one another, but also they are not, as it is popularly believed in Bengal, derived from literary Bengali, the "sadhu-bhasha", which is a composite speech on an early West Bengali basis."{{harvcol|Chatterji|1926|p=108}}</ref> Among the different dialect groups of these eastern dialects, Chittagonian has phonetic and morphological properties that are alien to standard Bengali and other western dialects of Bengali.{{sfnp|Chatterji|1926|p=[https://archive.org/details/OriginDevelopmentOfBengali/CHATTERJI_Origin-Development-of-Bengali_Vol-1/page/n233/mode/2up 138]}}
+Chittagonian is a member of the [[Bengali-Assamese languages|Bengali-Assamese]] sub-branch of the [[List of Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern group]] of [[Indo-Aryan languages]], a branch of the wider Indo-European language family. It is derived through an Eastern [[Middle Indo-Aryan]] from [[Old Indo-Aryan]], and ultimately from [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]].<ref name=e25/> {{harvp|Grierson|1903}} grouped the dialects of Chittagong under ''Southeastern Bengali''. {{harvp|Chatterji|1926}} places Chittagonian in the eastern [[Bangali|Vangiya]] group of dialects of [[Bengali language]] and notes that all Bengali dialects were independent of each other and did not emanate from the literary Bengali called "[[sadhu bhasha]]".<ref>"Dialects are independent of literary speech: as such East  Bengali dialects, North Bengali dialects and West Bengali dialects are not only independent of one another, but also they are not, as it is popularly believed in Bengal, derived from literary Bengali, the "sadhu-bhasha", which is a composite speech on an early West Bengali basis."{{harvcol|Chatterji|1926|p=108}}</ref> Among the different dialect groups of these eastern dialects, Chittagonian has phonetic and morphological properties that are not present in other western dialects of Bengali.{{sfnp|Chatterji|1926|p=[https://archive.org/details/OriginDevelopmentOfBengali/CHATTERJI_Origin-Development-of-Bengali_Vol-1/page/n233/mode/2up 138]}}
 ==Phonology==

v t e Bengali language
Written Bengali	Alphabet grammar consonant clusters Romanization Numerals Braille
Spoken Bengali	Phonology Vocabulary tôtsômô Dialects Bangali Chittagonian Christian Dhakaiya Kutti Dobhashi Manbhumi Rangpuri Rarhi Sadhu bhasha Sylheti Varendri
Language movements	Bengali language movement (Bangladesh) Language Movement Day (Bangladesh) Shoheed Minar International Mother Language Day Bengali Language Movement in Assam Bengali Language Movement in India Bengali language movement (Manbhum)
Language institutions	Bangla Academy Shilpakala Academy PôshchimBônggô Bangla Akademi Bônggiyô Sahityô Pôrishôd Bishwô Sahityô Kendrô Pôshchim Bônggô Natyô Akademi
Literature	Folk literature Authors Poets
Literary awards	Bangla Academy Literary Award Ekushey Padak Rabindra Puraskar Sahitya Akademi Award Bankim Puraskar Ananda Puraskar
Personalities	Ram Mohan Roy Kazi Nazrul Islam Rabindranath Tagore Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Nathaniel Brassey Halhed John Beames Suniti Kumar Chatterji Muhammad Shahidullah Humayun Azad
Mega-events	Ekushey Book Fair Kolkata Book Fair
Cinema	Cinema of Bangladesh Cinema of West Bengal
Other	Bengali input methods in computers States of India by Bengali speakers

v t e Languages of Bangladesh
Official language	Bengali
Indo-European	Assamese Chittagonian Bengali Dhakaiya Kutti Dobhashi Eastern Bengali Noakhailla Rangpuri Rarhi Rohingya Sylheti Varendri Bihari Bishnupriya Chakma English Bangladeshi English Hajong Hindustani Dhakaiya Urdu Hindi Urdu Khotta Odia Persian Sadri (Nagpuri)
Sino-Tibetan	Shö A'Tong Bawm Sak Kukish Falam Garo Hakha Chin (Laiholh) Khumi Koch Kokborok Megam Meitei (Manipuri) Mizo Mru Pangkhu Rakhine (Marma) Rengmitca Tanchangya
Austroasiatic	Khasi Koda Kol Mundari Pnar Santali War-Jaintia
Dravidian	Kurukh Sauria Paharia
Afro-Asiatic	Arabic
Sign	Indo-Pakistani Sign Language