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Indonesians
Orang Indonesia
Flag of Indonesia
Total population
 Indonesia
c. 270 million[1]
Indonesia 2020 census
c. 255 million[2]
2015 estimate
c. 237 million[3]
Indonesia 2010 census
Regions with significant populations
 Malaysiaest 3,550,000 (2019)[4]
 Netherlandsest 3,120,000 (2019)[5]
 Saudi Arabiaest 3,095,900 (2019)[6]
 Singaporeest 2,740,000 (2019)[7]
 Taiwan780,000 (2019)[8]
 Hong Kong645,200 (2019)[9]
 United States505,010 (2019)[10]
 Australia105,870 (2019)[11]
 Suriname102,000 (2019)[12]note
 United Arab Emirates100,000 (2019)[13]
 Qatar92,000 (2019)[14]
 Japan91,448 (2019)[15][16]
 South Korea84,279 (2019)[17]
 Canada56,136 (2019)[18]
 Germany54,941 (2019)[19]
Languages
Predominantly Austronesian languages (Indonesian, Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Balinese, Batak, Minangkabau, Buginese), Papuan languages and other Indonesian languages
Religion
Islam (majority) · Christianity (Protestantism and Roman Catholicism) · Hinduism · Buddhism · Confucianism · Animism · Shamanism
Related ethnic groups
Native Indonesians

Indonesians (Indonesian: orang Indonesia) are citizens or people of Indonesia,[20] regardless of their racial, ethnic or religious background.[21][22] There are more than 600 ethnicities in Indonesia,[23] making it a multicultural archipelagic country with a diversity of languages, culture and religious beliefs. The population of Indonesia according to the 2020 national census was 270.2 million.[24] 56% live on the island of Java,[25] the world's most populous island.[26] Around 98% of Indonesians are Native Indonesians (formerly grouped as "Pribumi"), with Javanese and 15% Sundanese forming the majority, while the other 2% are Indonesians with ancestry from foreign origin, such as Arab Indonesians, Chinese Indonesians, Indian Indonesians, and Indos.

Population

Main article: Demographics of Indonesia

As of 2018, Indonesians make up 3.5% of world total population[27] and Indonesia is the fourth most populous country after China, India and the United States.

Despite a fairly effective family planning program that has been in place since the 1967,[28] for the decade ending in 2020, Indonesia's population growth was 1.25 percent. At that rate, Indonesia's population is projected to surpass the present population of the United States and would - if the current US population did not rise – become the world's third biggest after China and India by 2043.[29] The family planning already revitalised based on the 1967 program to avoid Indonesia becoming the world's third most populous country.

With a population of 151.6 million, Java is home to 56 per cent of the Indonesian population, and is the most populous island on Earth.[30] The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is located on western Java. Much of Indonesian history took place on Java. It was the centre of powerful Hindu-Buddhist empires, the Islamic sultanates and the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies. Java was also the centre of the Indonesian struggle for independence during the 1930s and 1940s. Java dominates Indonesia politically, economically and culturally.

The other major islands of Indonesia are Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and New Guinea, which are home to the other 49 percent of Indonesian population. There are also other small populated island(s) such as Bali, Bangka, Madura, Nias, Maluku, Lesser Sunda Islands, Riau Islands and others.

Ethnic groups

Main article: Ethnic groups in Indonesia

There are over 600 ethnic groups[31] in Indonesia. This number makes Indonesia one of the most diverse populations in the world. 95% of those are of Native Indonesian ancestry.[32]

The largest ethnic group in Indonesia is the Javanese who make up nearly 40% of the total population. The Javanese are concentrated on the island of Java but millions have migrated to other islands throughout the archipelago because of the transmigration program.[33] The Sundanese, Malay, and Madurese are the next largest groups in the country.[33] Many ethnic groups, particularly in Kalimantan and Papua, have only hundreds of members. Most of the local languages belong to Austronesian language family, although a significant number, particularly in Maluku Islands and West Papua belong to Papuan languages. The Chinese Indonesians population makes up a little less than 1% of the total Indonesian population according to the 2000 census.[33] Some of these Indonesians of Chinese descent speak various Chinese dialects, most notably Hokkien and Hakka.

The classification of ethnic groups in Indonesia is not rigid and in some cases unclear due to migrations, cultural and linguistic influences; for example, some may consider Bantenese and Cirebonese to be members of Javanese people, however, some others argue that they are different ethnic groups altogether since they have their own distinct dialects. This is the same case with Baduy people that share many cultural similarities with the Sundanese people. An example of hybrid ethnicity is the Betawi people, descended not only from marriages between different peoples in Indonesia but also with foreign origin like Arab, Chinese and Indian migrants since the era of colonial Batavia (Jakarta).

Culture

Language

Main articles: Indonesian language and Languages of Indonesia
Example of Javanese script

The Indonesian language (bahasa Indonesia [baˈha.sa in.doˈne.sja]) is the official language of Indonesia. It is a standardized variety of Malay, an Austronesian language that has been used as a lingua franca in the Indonesian archipelago for centuries. Most Indonesians also speak one of more than 700 indigenous languages.[34][35]

Most Indonesians, aside from speaking the national language, are fluent in another regional language (examples include Javanese, Sundanese and others), which are commonly used at home and within the local community. Most formal education, and nearly all national media and other forms of communication, are conducted in Indonesian. In East Timor, which was an Indonesian province from 1975 to 1999, Indonesian is recognised by the constitution as one of the two working languages (the other being English), alongside the official languages of Tetum and Portuguese.

Literature

Main article: Indonesian literature

Indonesian literature can refer to literature produced in the Indonesian archipelago. It is also used to refer more broadly to literature produced in areas with common language roots based on the Malay language (of which Indonesian is one scion). This would extend the reach to the Maritime Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, but also other nations with a common language such as Malaysia and Brunei, as well as population within other nations such as the Malay people living in Singapore.

There are also works written in and about Indonesia in unrelated languages. There are several languages and several distinct but related literary traditions within the geographical boundaries of the modern nation of Indonesia. For example, the island of Java has its own Javanese pre-national cultural and literary history. There are also Sundanese, Balinese, and Batak or Madurese traditions. Indonesia also has a colonial history of Dutch, British and Japanese occupation, as well as a history of Islamic influence that brought its own texts, linguistic and literary influences. There is also an oral literature tradition in the area.

The term "Indonesian literature" is used in this article to refer to Indonesian as written in the nation of Indonesia, but also covers literature written in an earlier form of the Indonesian language i.e. Malay written in the Dutch East Indies.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Indonesia
Minang wedding

Indonesia is constitutionally a secular state and the first principle of Indonesia's philosophical foundation, Pancasila, is "belief in the one and only God". A number of different religions are practised in the country, and their collective influence on the country's political, economic and cultural life is significant.[36] The Indonesian Constitution guarantees freedom of religion.[37] However, the government recognises only six official religions (Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism and Confucianism).[38][39][40] Although based on data collected by the Indonesian Conference on Religion and Peace (ICRP), there are about 245 non-official religions in Indonesia.[41] Indonesian law requires that every Indonesian citizen hold an identity card that identifies that person with one of these six religions, although citizens may fill in 'believer' on that section in case that person adhere to other religion than six recognized religion[42] or leave that section blank.[43] Indonesia does not recognise agnosticism or atheism, and blasphemy is illegal.[44] Indonesia has the world's largest Muslim population[45][46] In the 2010 Indonesian census, 87.18% of Indonesians identified themselves as Muslim (with Sunnis more than 99%,[47] Shias 0.5%,[48] Ahmadis 0.2%[49]), 6.96% Protestant, 2.91% Catholic, 1.69% Hindu, 0.72% Buddhist, 0.05% Confucianism, 0.13% other, and 0.38% unstated or not asked.[50]

Indonesia's political leadership has played an important role in the relations between groups, both positively and negatively, promoting mutual respect by affirming Pancasila but also promoting a Transmigration Program, which has caused a number of conflicts in the eastern region of the country.[51]

Cuisine

Main article: Indonesian cuisine
Tumpeng rice,[52] the national dish of Indonesia.

Indonesian cuisine is one of the most vibrant and colourful cuisines in the world, full of intense flavor.[53] It is diverse, in part because Indonesia is composed of approximately 6,000 populated islands of the total 18,000 in the world's largest archipelago,[54] with more than 600 ethnic groups.[55] Many regional cuisines exist, often based upon indigenous culture and foreign influences.[54] Indonesia has around 5,350 traditional recipes, with 30 of them considered the most important.[52]

Indonesian cuisine varies greatly by region and has many different influences.[54][56][57] Sumatran cuisine, for example, often has Middle Eastern and Indian influences, featuring curried meat and vegetables such as gulai and kari, while Javanese cuisine is mostly indigenous,[54] with some hint of Chinese influence. The cuisines of Eastern Indonesia are similar to Polynesian and Melanesian cuisine. Elements of Chinese cuisine can be seen in Indonesian cuisine: foods such as bakmi (noodles), bakso (meat or fish balls), and lumpia (spring rolls) have been completely assimilated.

Architecture

Main article: Architecture of Indonesia
Tongkonan, Torajan traditional house

Indonesian architecture reflects the diversity of cultural, historical and geographic influences that have shaped Indonesia as a whole. Invaders, colonizers, missionaries, merchants and traders brought cultural changes that had a profound effect on building styles and techniques.

Traditionally, the most significant foreign influence has been Indian. However, Chinese, Arab, and European influences have also played significant roles in shaping Indonesian architecture. Religious architecture varies from indigenous forms to mosques, temples, and churches. The sultans and other rulers built palaces. There is a substantial legacy of colonial architecture in Indonesian cities. Independent Indonesia has seen the development of new paradigms for postmodern and contemporary architecture.

See also

Non-indigenous Indonesians:

References

  1. ^ "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 21 January 2021. p. 9. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  2. ^ "Population Projection by Province, 2010–2035". Statistics Indonesia. 18 February 2014. Archived from the original on 25 July 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  3. ^ "Indonesia". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  4. ^ "Di Hadapan BMI Malaysia, Menlu Retno Tekankan Prioritas Perlindungan WNI" (in Indonesian). Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia, Kuala Lumpur. 27 January 2015. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016. Diperkirakan terdapat sekitar 2,5 juta warga Indonesia berada di Malaysia, dimana hampir setengahnya berstatus ilegal.
  5. ^ "Ada 1,8 Juta Diaspora Indonesia di Belanda". Swa.co.id. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  6. ^ Kompasiana (2016). Kami Tidak Lupa Indonesia. Bentang Pustaka. ISBN 9786022910046.
  7. ^ "Kian ramai dari Indonesia jadi warga" (PDF) (in Malay). Berita Harian. 20 February 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  8. ^ "Indonesia, Taiwan sign agreement on migrant protections". The Jakarta Post. 30 April 2011. Archived from the original on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  9. ^ Media Indonesia Online 30 November 2006
  10. ^ "Meet Marvell" (PDF). Forbes Magazine. 14 August 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2006.
  11. ^ "Statistics". Abs.gov.au.[dead link‍]
  12. ^ Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka – Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012
  13. ^ Ruiz, Ramona (30 May 2012). "Indonesian envoy wants fewer maids sent to UAE". The National. Abu Dhabi. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  14. ^ Snoj, Jure (18 December 2013). "Population of Qatar". Bqdoha.com. Archived from the original on 22 December 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
  15. ^ Sakurai 2003: 33
  16. ^ Sakurai 2003: 41
  17. ^ KIS Statistics 2013 (PDF). Korean Immigration Service. 29 May 2014. p. 378. ISSN 2005-0356. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
  18. ^ Census 2006
  19. ^ Indonesians in Germany – their engagement in the development Archived 19 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine (2016)
  20. ^ "Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2006 or Law No.12/2006" (PDF). 2006.
  21. ^ Center for Information and Development Studies. (1998) Pribumi dan Non-Pribumi dalam Perspektif Pemerataan Ekonomi dan Integrasi Sosial (Pribumi and Non-Pribumi in the Perspective of Economic Redistribution and Social Integration). Jakarta, Indonesia: Center for Information and Development Studies
  22. ^ Suryadinata, Leo. (1992) Pribumi Indonesians, the Chinese Minority, and China. Singapore: Heinemann Asia.
  23. ^ Zein, Subhan (2020). Language policy in superdiverse Indonesia. New York and London: Routledge. ISBN 9780367029548.
  24. ^ "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 21 January 2021. p. 9. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  25. ^ "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 21 January 2021. p. 9. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  26. ^ Calder, Joshua (3 May 2006). "Most Populous Islands". World Island Information. Retrieved 26 September 2006.
  27. ^ "Population by Country (2018) – Worldometers". www.worldometers.info.
  28. ^ Witton, Patrick (2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. p. 47. ISBN 1-74059-154-2.
  29. ^ Adam, Shamim; Berni Moestafa; Novrida Manurung (28 January 2014). "Indonesia Population Approaching U.S. Revives Birth Control". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  30. ^ "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 21 January 2021. p. 9. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  31. ^ Zein, Subhan (2020). Language policy in superdiverse Indonesia. New York and London: Routledge. p. 17. ISBN 9780367029548.
  32. ^ "Pribumi". Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. Macmillan Reference USA. Retrieved 5 October 2006.
  33. ^ a b c Suryadinata, Leo; Evi Nurvidya Arifin; Aris Ananta (19 April 2003). Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-981-230-212-0. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
  34. ^ Setiono Sugiharto (28 October 2013). "Indigenous language policy as a national cultural strategy". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  35. ^ Hammam Riza (2008). "Resources Report on Languages of Indonesia" (PDF). Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  36. ^ "Instant Indonesia: Religion of Indonesia". Swipa. Archived from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2006.
  37. ^ "The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia". US-ASEAN Business Council, Inc. Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 2 October 2006.
  38. ^ Yang, Heriyanto (2005). "The History and Legal Position of Confucianism in Post Independence Indonesia" (PDF). Marburg Journal of Religion. 10 (1). Retrieved 10 April 2017.
  39. ^ Hosen, N (8 September 2005). "Religion and the Indonesian Constitution: A Recent Debate" (PDF). Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 36 (3). Cambridge University Press: 419. doi:10.1017/S0022463405000238. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 August 2006. Retrieved 26 October 2006.
  40. ^ Sugana, Marsha (6 October 2011). "Religious Affiliation & National Identity: Kartu Tanda Penduduk (KTP)". imo.thejakartapost.com. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
  41. ^ Margareth S. Aritonang (7 November 2014). "Government to recognize minority faiths".
  42. ^ Sapiie, Marguerite Afra (7 November 2017). "Constitutional Court rules indigenous faiths 'acknowledged' by state". Jakarta Post. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  43. ^ "Section II. Status of Government Respect for Religious Freedom". 2009 Report on International Religious Freedom – Indonesia. United States Department of State. 26 October 2009. Retrieved 10 April 2017 – via UNHCR. The 2006 civil registration bill requires citizens to identify their religion on National Identity Cards (KTP). The bill does not allow citizens to identify themselves as anything outside of the six recognized religious groups. Legally, citizens may leave the religious section blank, but some local government officials are not familiar with this option. Members of unrecognized religious groups are often unable to obtain KTPs as a result. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  44. ^ "'God Does Not Exist' Comment Ends Badly for Indonesia Man". Retrieved 20 January 2012.
  45. ^ Frederick, William H.; Worden, Robert L., eds. (1993). Indonesia: A Country Study. Chapter Islam.
  46. ^ Gross 2016, p. 1.
  47. ^ "The Future of the Global Muslim Population: Sunni and Shia Muslims". Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
  48. ^ There are approximately 1 million Shia Muslims in the country which approximates to 0.5% of the total Muslim population. See: Reza, Imam. "Shia Muslims Around the World". Archived from the original on 22 May 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2009. approximately 400,000 persons who subscribe to the Ahmadiyya
  49. ^ There are approximately 400,000 Ahmadi Muslims in the country, which equates to 0.2% of the total Muslim population. See: "International Religious Freedom Report 2008". US Department of State. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  50. ^ "Population by Region and Religion: Indonesia". Population Census 2010. Jakarta, Indonesia: Central Bureau of Statistics, Indonesia. Retrieved 10 April 2017: Muslim 207176162 (87.18%), Christian 16528513 (6.96), Catholic 6907873 (2.91), Hindu 4012116 (1.69), Buddhist 1703254 (0.72), Confucianism 117091 (0.05), Other 299617 (0.13), Not Stated 139582 (0.06), Not Asked 757118 (0.32), Total 237641326{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  51. ^ "Transmigration". Prevent Conflict. April 2002. Retrieved 13 October 2006.
  52. ^ a b Nadya Natahadibrata (10 February 2014). "Celebratory rice cone dish to represent the archipelago". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  53. ^ "About Indonesian food". SBS Australia. 6 September 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  54. ^ a b c d "Indonesian Cuisine." Archived 23 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine Epicurina.com . Accessed July 2011.
  55. ^ "Mengulik Data Suku di Indonesia". Badan Pusat Statistik. 18 November 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  56. ^ "Indonesian food." Archived 2 February 2012 at WebCite Belindo.com Archived 7 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed July 2011.
  57. ^ "Indonesian Cuisine". Diner's Digest. Archived from the original on 9 April 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
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