Pumi language
Pumi | |
---|---|
Prinmi | |
Native to | People's Republic of China |
Region | Sichuan, Yunnan |
Ethnicity | Pumi |
Native speakers | (54,000 cited 1999)[1] |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
none | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either:pmi – Northern Pumipmj – Southern Pumi |
Glottolog | pumi1242 |
The Pumi language (also known as Prinmi[citation needed]) is a Qiangic language used by the Pumi people, an ethnic group from Yunnan, China, as well as by the Tibetan people of Muli in Sichuan, China.[2][3] Most native speakers live in Lanping, Ninglang, Lijiang, Weixi and Muli.
The autonym of the Pumi is pʰʐə̃˥mi˥ in Western Prinmi, pʰɹĩ˥mi˥ in Central Prinmi, and pʰʐõ˥mə˥˧ in Northern Prinmi with variants such as pʰɹə̃˥mə˥ and tʂʰə̃˥mi˥˧.[4][5]
In Muli Bonist priests read religious texts in Tibetan, which needs to be interpreted into Prinmi.[citation needed] An attempt to teach Pumi children to write their language using the Tibetan script has been seen in Ninglang.[6] A pinyin-based Roman script has been proposed, but is not commonly used.[7]
Dialects
Earlier works suggest there are two branches of Pumi (southern and northern), and they are not mutually intelligible. Ding (2014) proposes three major groups: Western Prinmi (spoken in Lanping), Central Prinmi (spoken in southwestern Ninglang, Lijiang, Yulong and Yongsheng) and Northern Prinmi (spoken in northern Ninglang and Sichuan).[8]
Lu (2001)
Dialects of Pumi include the following (Lu 2001).[9]
- Southern (22,000 speakers)
- Qinghua 箐花村, Lanping County, Yunnan
- Ludian 鲁甸县, Yunnan
- Xinyingpan 新营盘乡, Ninglang County, Yunnan
- Northern (55,000 speakers)
- Taoba 桃巴村, Muli County, Sichuan
- Tuoqi 拖七村, Ninglang County, Yunnan
- Zuosuo 左所区, Yanyuan County, Sichuan
- Sanyanlong 三岩龙乡, Jiulong County, Sichuan
Sim (2017)
Sims (2017)[10] lists the following dialects of Pumi.
- Northern
- Central
- Southern
Sims (2017)[10] reconstructs high tones and low tones for Proto-Prinmi.
Documentation
Transcribed, translated and annotated audio documents in the Pumi language are available from the Pangloss Collection.[19] They concern Northern dialects of Pumi.
Sounds
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Orthography
The pinyin-based Roman script for Pumi has been proposed, but yet to be promoted.
Initials:
Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | [p] | p | [pʰ] | bb | [b] | m | [m] | hm | [m̥] |
d | [t] | t | [tʰ] | dd | [d] | n | [n] | hn | [n̥] |
g | [k] | k | [kʰ] | gg | [ɡ] | h | [x] | hh | [ɣ] |
j | [tɕ] | q | [tɕʰ] | jj | [dʑ] | x | [ɕ] | xx | [ʑ] |
z | [ts] | c | [tsʰ] | zz | [dz] | s | [s] | ss | [z] |
zh | [ʈʂ] | ch | [ʈʂʰ] | zzh | [ɖʐ] | sh | [ʂ] | ssh | [ʐ] |
zr | [ʈ], [ʈʂ/kʴ] | cr | [ʈʰ], [ʈʂʰ/kʴʰ] | zzr | [ɖ], [ɖʐ/ɡʴ] | l | [l] | lh | [ɬ] |
br | [pʴ] | pr | [pʴʰ] | bbr | [bʴ] | r | [ɹ] | hr | [ɹ̥] |
ng | [ŋ] | hng | [ŋ̥] | w | [w] | y | [j] |
Rimes:
Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
i | [i/iə] | u | [u] | ui | [ɥi/wi] | e | [ə] |
ie | [jɛ/e] | iu | [ju] | uee | [ɥe/we] | ||
ii | [ɨ/ə] | uu | [uə/ʉ] | ue | [ɥɛ/wɛ/wə] | üa | [ɥɐ] |
in | [ĩ/ə̃] | ien | [(j)ɛ̃/ĩ] | uen | [ɥɛ̃/wɛ̃/wĩ] | uin | [ɥĩ] |
o | [o/ɤ] | io | [(j)ɐw/ɨɤ] | on | [õ] | ion | [jõ] |
a | [ɑ] | ia | [jɐ/jɜ] | ua | [wɑ/wɜ] | uan | [wɐ̃/wɜ̃] |
aa | [a] | uaa | [wa] | an | [ɐ̃] | ||
ea | [ɜ/ɛ] | ai | [ɜj] | uai | [wɜj] |
Tones:
- Monosyllabic words
- f - falling tone
- v - high tone
- none - rising tone
- Polysyllable words
- f - nonspreading of the high tone
- v - spreading of the high tone to the next syllable
- r - rising tone
- none - default low tone
Grammar
A reference grammar of the Wadu dialect of Pumi is available online.[20] A grammar of Central Pumi is also available.[21]
Example
Pumi[by whom?] | English |
---|---|
Tèr gwéjè dzwán thèr phxèungphxàr sì. Timitae llìnggwe zreungzrun stìng. |
He has broken several hammers. This man is crying and shouting all the time. |
References
- ^ Northern Pumi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Southern Pumi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Ding, Picus S. 2003. Prinmi: a sketch of Niuwozi. In Graham Thurgood and Randy LaPolla (eds.) The Sino-Tibetan Languages, pp. 588-601. London: Routledge Press.
- ^ Lu, S. (2001), Dialectal Studies of the Pumi Language, Beijing: Nationalities Press
- ^ Pumiyu Fangyan Yanjiu 2001.
- ^ Ding 2014, chapter 1
- ^ Wáng lěi and Shī Xiǎoliàng. 2011. Shínián, xiāngcūn “hánguī” zǒujìn xiànxué “pǔmǐbān”.[1]
- ^ Ding, Picus Sizhi (2007), "Challenges in Language Modernization in China: The Case of Prinmi" (PDF), in David, Maya; Nicholas Ostler; Caesar Dealwis (eds.), Working Together for Endangered Languages: Research Challenges and Social Impacts (Proceedings of FEL XI), Bath, England: Foundation for Endangered Languages, pp. 120–126, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-26
- ^ Ding 2014, chapter 1
- ^ Lù, Shàozūn. 2001. Pŭmĭyŭ fāngyán yánjiū [A dialectal study of the Pŭmĭ language]. Beijing: Mínzú Chūbănshè
- ^ a b Sims, Nathaniel. 2017. The suprasegmental phonology of proto-Rma (Qiang) in comparative perspective. Presented at the 50th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, Beijing, China.
- ^ a b Huang Bufan and Dai Qingxia, eds. 1992. Zangmianyuzu yuyan cihui 《藏緬語族語言詞匯》[A Tibeto-Burman Lexicon]. Beijing: Central Institute of Minorities.
- ^ a b Sun Hongkai et al. 1991. Zangmianyu yuyin he cihui 《藏缅语语音和词汇》 [Tibeto-Burman phonology and lexicon]. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press.
- ^ Jacques, G. (2011). Tonal alternations in the Pumi verbal system. Language and Linguistics, 12(2), 359-392.
- ^ http://www.ynszxc.net/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=230994
- ^ Daudey 2014
- ^ http://www.ynszxc.net/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=223332
- ^ Ding, Picus Shizhi (2001). "The Pitch-accent System of Niuwozi Prinmi" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 24 (2): 57–83.
- ^ Matisoff, James A. (1997). "Dàyáng Pumi Phonology and Adumbrations of Comparative Qiangic" (PDF). The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal. 27: 171–213.
- ^ "Pumi corpus". The Pangloss Collection.
- ^ Daudey 2014
- ^ Ding 2014
Bibliography
- Ding, Sizhi (1998). Fundamentals of Prinmi (Pumi): a Tibeto-Burman language of northwestern Yunnan, China (Ph.D. thesis). Australian National University. doi:10.25911/5D77885FBC7F9. hdl:1885/109290.
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(help) - Daudey, Henriëtte (2014). A grammar of Wadu Pumi (Ph.D. thesis). La Trobe University. hdl:1959.9/517239.
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(help) - Ding, Picus (2014). A grammar of Prinmi: based on the Central dialect of northwest Yunnan, China. Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region 14. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004279773.
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(help) - Jacques, Guillaume (2011). "A panchronic study of aspirated fricatives with new evidence from Pumi". Lingua. 121 (9): 1518–1538. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2011.04.003.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2011). "Tonal alternations in the Pumi verbal system". Language and Linguistics. 12 (2): 359–392.