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New Democracy (Greece)

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New Democracy
Νέα Δημοκρατία
Nea Dimokratia
AbbreviationND (ΝΔ)
PresidentKyriakos Mitsotakis
Vice PresidentsKostis Hatzidakis[1]
Adonis Georgiadis[1]
SecretaryLefteris Avgenakis
SpokespersonSofia Zacharaki
FounderKonstantinos Karamanlis
Founded4 October 1974; 50 years ago (1974-10-04)
Preceded byERE
Youth wingYouth Organisation of New Democracy
FoundationConstantinos Karamanlis Institute for Democracy
IdeologyLiberal conservatism[2][3][4]
Christian democracy[4][5]
Pro-Europeanism[6]
Political positionCentre-right[7][8][9]
European affiliationEuropean People's Party
European Parliament groupEuropean People's Party
International affiliationCentrist Democrat International
International Democrat Union
Colours  Blue
Anthem
"Νέα Δημοκρατία"[10]
"New Democracy"
Parliament
158 / 300
European Parliament
7 / 21
Regional Governors
12 / 13
Regional Councilors
332 / 703
Mayors
35 / 332
Website
nd.gr Edit this at Wikidata

New Democracy (ND; Template:Lang-el, Nea Dimokratia, IPA: [ˈnea ðimokraˈtia]) is a liberal-conservative[2][3][4] political party in Greece. In modern Greek politics, New Democracy has been the main centre-right[7] political party and one of the two major parties along with its historic rival, the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK). New Democracy and PASOK were created in the wake of the toppling of the military junta in 1974, and ruled Greece alternately for the next four decades. Following the electoral decline of PASOK, New Democracy remained one of the two major parties in Greece, the other being the Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA).

Having spent four and a half years in opposition to SYRIZA's government, New Democracy regained its majority in the Hellenic Parliament and returned to government under Kyriakos Mitsotakis after the 2019 legislative election.

The traditional support of New Democracy comes from an electorate leaning to the right and conservatives. From a geographical perspective, its main support base is in the rural areas of Greece as well as the city centers of Athens and Thessaloniki. Its support is generally weaker in areas like Achaia and Crete.

The party was founded in 1974 by Konstantinos Karamanlis and in the same year it formed the first cabinet of the Third Hellenic Republic. New Democracy is a member of the European People's Party, the Centrist Democrat International and the International Democrat Union.

History

Foundation

Konstantinos Karamanlis, founder of New Democracy

New Democracy was founded on 4 October 1974 by Konstantinos Karamanlis, in the beginning of the metapolitefsi era following the fall of the Greek military junta. Karamanlis, who had already served as Prime Minister of Greece from 1955 to 1963, was sworn in as the first Prime Minister of the Third Hellenic Republic in a national unity government on 24 July 1974, until the first free elections of the new era. He intended New Democracy to be a more modern and progressive political party than the right-wing parties that ruled Greece before the 1967 Greek coup d'état, including his own National Radical Union (ERE). The party's ideology was defined as "radical liberalism", a term defined as "the prevalence of free market rules with the decisive intervention of the state in favour of social justice." The party was formed out of dissident members the pre-Junta Centre Union and National Radical Union, both of former Monarchists and Venizelists.

First government (1974–1981)

In the 1974 legislative election, New Democracy obtained a massive parliamentary majority of 220 seats with a record 54.37% of the vote, a result attributed to the personal appeal of Karamanlis to the electorate. Karamanlis was elected as Prime Minister and soon decided to hold a referendum on 8 December 1974 for the issue of the form of government; with a large majority of 69.17%, monarchy was eventually abolished in favour of a republic. The next major issue for the New Democracy cabinet was the creation of the Constitution of Greece, which entered into force in 1975 and established Greece as a parliamentary republic. On 12 June 1975, Greece applied to join the European Communities, of which it was already an associate member since 1961, while it had already been readmitted to the Council of Europe on 28 November 1974.

In the 1977 election, New Democracy won again a large parliamentary majority of 171 seats, albeit with a reduced percentage of popular vote (41.84%). Under Karamanlis, Greece redefined its relations with NATO and tried to resolve the Cyprus dispute following the Turkish invasion of the island. In 1979, the first conference of the party was held in Chalkidiki, where its ideological principles defined under the term "radical liberalism" were unanimously approved, as well as its statute and the operating regulations of its organizations.[11] It was the first conference of any Greek political party whose delegates were elected by the members.[11]

Karamanlis' vision concerning the accession of Greece into the European Communities, despite the resolute opposition of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) and the Communist Party of Greece (KKE),[12] led to the signing of the Treaty of Accession on 28 May 1979 in Athens; following the ratification of the act by the Hellenic Parliament on 28 June 1979, Greece became the tenth member state of the European Communities on 1 January 1981. Karamanlis was criticised by opposing parties for not holding a referendum,[13] even though Greece's accession into the European Communities had been in the forefront of New Democracy's political platform, under which the party had been elected to power.[13] Meanwhile, Karamanlis relinquished the premiership in 1980 and was elected as President of Greece by the parliament, serving until 1985. Georgios Rallis was elected as the new leader of New Democracy and succeeded Karamanlis in premiership.

Opposition and Mitsotakis' rise to power (1981–1989)

Under the leadership of Georgios Rallis, New Democracy was defeated in the 1981 legislative elections by Andreas Papandreou's PASOK which ran on a left-wing populist platform, and was placed in opposition for a first time with 35.87% share of the vote and 115 seats. On the same day, on 18 October 1981, New Democracy was also defeated in the first Greek election to the European Parliament. In the following December, the party's parliamentary group elected Evangelos Averoff, former Minister for National Defence, as president of New Democracy, but he resigned in 1984 due to health problems. On 1 September 1984, Konstantinos Mitsotakis succeeded him in the party's presidency and he managed to increase its percentage in the 1985 elections to 40.85%, although it was defeated again and remained in opposition.

Second government (1989–1993)

Konstantinos Mitsotakis and Süleyman Demirel (Prime Ministers of Greece and Turkey respectively) in the 1992 World Economic Forum

Mitsotakis led New Democracy to a clear win in the June 1989 legislative elections registering 44.28% of the vote but, due to the modification of the electoral law by the outbound PASOK government, New Democracy obtained only 145 seats which were not enough to form a government on its own. The aftermath was the formation of a coalition government under Tzannis Tzannetakis, consisted of New Democracy and Coalition of the Left and Progress (Synaspismos), with the latter also including at the time the Communist Party of Greece. In the subsequent elections of November 1989, New Democracy took one more comfortable win, increasing its share to 46.19% of the vote and 148 seats but, under the same electoral law, they were still short of forming a government and this led to a national unity government along with PASOK and Synaspismos, under Xenophon Zolotas.

Eventually, in the 1990 election Mitsotakis' New Democracy defeated once again Papandreou's PASOK with a lead of 8.28%, but this time the 46.89% of votes awarded them with 150 seats, which allowed Mitsotakis to form a majority in the parliament with the support of Democratic Renewal's (DIANA) sole member of parliament and one more seat given by the Supreme Special Court, after a mistake in seat calculation was detected. After three consecutive wide wins with high vote percentages, Mitsotakis became the 178th Prime Minister of Greece, though with a slim parliamentary majority of 152 seats due to the electoral law in force at the time.

In a turbulent international political environment following the 1989 Fall of Communism in Europe, Mitsotakis' government focused on cutting government spending, the privatization of state enterprises, the reformation of the public administration and the restoration of the original electoral system, with the addition of an election threshold of 3%. In foreign policy, the priorities were the restoration of confidence among Greece's economic and political partners, NATO and the United States. Mitsotakis also supported a new dialogue with Turkey on the Cyprus dispute and a compromise over the Macedonia naming dispute; the latter triggered an irritation among the MPs of New Democracy, which led Antonis Samaras to leave it and form a new political party in June 1993, Political Spring; one more withdrawal later from its parliamentary group resulted in New Democracy's loss of the majority in the parliament and the call of early elections.

Opposition (1993–2004)

In the 1993 elections, New Democracy suffered an easy defeat with 39.30% of the vote, something that led to Mitsotakis' resignation and the election of Miltiadis Evert in the party's leadership. In the early 1996 legislative election, New Democracy was defeated again by Costas Simitis' PASOK registering 38.12%, but Evert obtained a re-election as the party's leader in the same year. However, in the spring of 1997 a new conference took place, in order to elect a new president among others. Kostas Karamanlis, nephew of the party's founder, was elected the sixth president of New Democracy.

Under Karamanlis, New Democracy experienced an evident increase in popularity, but in the 2000 elections they lost by only 1.06% of the popular vote, the smallest margin in modern Greek history, registering 42.74% and obtaining 125 seats in the parliament. By 2003, New Democracy was consistently leading Simitis' PASOK in opinion polls; in January 2004 Simitis resigned and announced elections for 7 March, while George Papandreou succeeded him in PASOK's leadership.

Third government (2004–2009)

Despite speculation that Papandreou would succeed in restoring the party's fortunes, in the 2004 election Karamanlis managed to take a clear win with 45.36% of the vote and 165 seats, and New Democracy returned to power after eleven years in opposition, scoring an all-time record of 3,359,682 votes in the history of Greek elections. The regions that consistently support New Democracy include the Peloponnese, Central Macedonia and West Macedonia. On the other hand, the party is weak in Crete, the Aegean Islands, Attica and West Greece.

Kostas Karamanlis giving an interview at a 2008 EPP summit

On 16 September 2007, Kostas Karamanlis won re-election with a diminished majority in Parliament, and stated: "Thank you for your trust. You have spoken loud and clear and chosen the course the country will take in the next few years." George Papandreou, PASOK, accepted defeat (New Democracy party with 41.84%, and opposition party PASOK had 38.1%).[14]

2009 defeat

Political campaign of party New Democracy before the European Parliament election in Greece in 2009.
Kiosk of political party in Athens in 2009.

On 2 September 2009 Karamanlis announced his intention to call an election, although one was not required until September 2011.[15] The parliament was dissolved on 9 September, and the 2009 legislative election was held on 4 October. New Democracy's share of the parliamentary vote dropped to 33.47% (down by 8.37%) and they won only 91 of 300 seats, dropping by 61 since the last election.[16] The rival PASOK soared to 43.92% (up 5.82%), and took 160 seats (up 58).[16] The 33.5% tally marked a historic low for the party since its founding in 1974.[17] Karamanlis conceded defeat and stated that he would resign as a leader of New Democracy, and would not stand as a candidate at the next party election.[18] Two former Ministers for Foreign Affairs, Dora Bakoyannis and Antonis Samaras, as well as Thessaloniki Prefect Panagiotis Psomiadis were announced as candidates,[19] with Samaras being the favorite to win.[20]

On 29 November 2009, Antonis Samaras was elected the new leader of New Democracy by the party base at the 2009 leadership election.[21] Following early results showing Samaras in the lead, his main rival Dora Bakoyannis conceded defeat and congratulated Samaras for his election;[22] later she left New Democracy to found her own party, Democratic Alliance. Samaras himself had also left New Democracy in 1992 because of his hard stance on the Macedonia naming dispute and found his own party, Political Spring; he returned to New Democracy in 2004.[23]

2011 government debt crisis

New Democracy was in opposition during the first phase (2009–11) of the Greek government debt crisis which included the First bailout package agreed in May 2010. The party did not support the first EU/IMF rescue package of May 2010 and the three related austerity packages of March 2010, May 2010 and June 2011.[24][25][26] Further measures were agreed by prime minister George Papandreou with the EU and private banks and insurers on 27 October 2011. The aim was to complete negotiations by the end of the year and put in place a full Second bailout package to supplement the one agreed in May 2010.[27] Samaras initially blasted the deal.[28] In reality New Democracy had dismissed cross-party agreement even before the deal was agreed.[29]

A few days later, Papandreou announced a surprise referendum.[30] During the frantic negotiations that followed, Samaras offered to support the austerity package he had initially condemned if Papandreou resigned and an interim government be appointed to lead the country to elections early in the new year.[31]

The referendum was never held, and Papandreou resigned in early November 2011. New Democracy supported the new national unity government headed by Lucas Papademos; however the party's support for austerity appeared lukewarm at first.[32][33]

Prime Minister Antonis Samaras in 2012

Within a few days, party officials spoke of "renegotiating" existing agreements with the EU and IMF.[34] EU partners requested that Samaras sign a letter committing him to the terms of the rescue package, in what was seen as an effort to keep the nationalist elements of his party happy. Samaras argued that his word should be enough and that the demand for a written commitment was "humiliating".[35] Both Papademos and the EU insisted on a written commitment. New Democracy repeated its call for new elections.[36] Samaras was said to be infuriating European leaders by only partly backing the international reform programme.[37] A meeting of Eurozone's Finance Ministers was postponed in February 2012, when it became apparent that not all the main political parties were willing to pledge to honour the conditions demanded in return for the rescue package; a day later Samaras reversed course and wrote to the European Commission and IMF, promising to implement the austerity measures if his party were to win a general election in April.[38] German finance minister Wolfgang Schäuble suggested postponing the election and setting up a small technocratic cabinet like Italy’s to run Greece for the next two years.[38]

Fourth government with PASOK (2012–2015)

In May 2012 general election, the New Democracy regained the largest party but could not obtain a majority. Anti-austerity leftist SYRIZA, led by Alexis Tsipras became the second largest party and refused to negotiate with New Democracy and PASOK. After the general election the New Democracy could not form a coalition government.

New Democracy during its rule introduced a strict immigration policy, and proposed strengthening this policy as part of its political agenda.[39]

In opposition (2015–2019)

In its electoral campaign for the January 2015 legislative election, Samaras promised to continue with his plan to exit the bailout and return to growth by further privatizations, a corporate tax rate reduced to 15 percent and a recapitalization of Greece's banks.[40] The party received a total of 747,214 € of state funding, the largest share of all political parties in Greece.[41] In the election, ND was defeated by SYRIZA. On 5 July 2015 Samaras stepped down from party leadership.[42]

New Democracy was once again defeated by SYRIZA in the September 2015 legislative election, but maintained its number of seats in the Hellenic Parliament. On 10 January 2016 Kyriakos Mitsotakis was elected as new party leader.[43]

On 4 October 2018, the party adopted a new logo.[44]

Fifth government (2019–present)

In the 2019 legislative election, New Democracy won 158 seats in the 300-seat Hellenic Parliament, a majority of the seats,[45] enabling it to form a government on its own under Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis.

International affiliation

New Democracy is a member of the European People's Party, the largest European political party since 1999, and its MEPs sit with the EPP Group in the European Parliament. Internationally, New Democracy is a member of the Centrist Democrat International,[46] and the International Democrat Union.[47]

Electoral history

Hellenic Parliament elections

Election Hellenic Parliament Rank Government Leader
Votes % ±pp Seats won +/−
1974 2,669,133 54.37% New
220 / 300
 Increase 220 #1 Government Konstantinos Karamanlis
1977 2,146,365 41.84% -12.53
171 / 300
 Decrease 49 #1 Government Konstantinos Karamanlis
1981 2,034,496 35.88% -5.96
115 / 300
 Decrease 56 #2 Opposition Georgios Rallis
1985 2,599,681 40.84% +4.96
126 / 300
 Increase 11 #2 Opposition Constantine Mitsotakis
June 1989 2,887,488 44.38% +3.54
145 / 300
 Increase 19 #1 Minority government
then caretaker 		Constantine Mitsotakis
November 1989 3,093,479 46.19% +1.81
148 / 300
 Increase 3 #1 Caretaker government Constantine Mitsotakis
1990 3,088,137 46.9% +0.71
150 / 300
 Increase 2 #1 Government Constantine Mitsotakis
1993 2,711,737 39.3% -7.6
111 / 300
 Decrease 39 #2 Opposition Constantine Mitsotakis
1996 2,586,089 38.1% -1.2
108 / 300
 Decrease 3 #2 Opposition Miltiadis Evert
2000 2,935,196 42.7% +4.6
125 / 300
 Increase 17 #2 Opposition Kostas Karamanlis
2004 3,360,424 45.4% +2.7
165 / 300
 Increase 40 #1 Government Kostas Karamanlis
2007 2,994,979 41.9% -3.5
152 / 300
 Decrease 13 #1 Government Kostas Karamanlis
2009 2,295,967 33.5% -8.4
91 / 300
 Decrease 61 #2 Opposition Kostas Karamanlis
May 2012 1,192,103 18.9% -14.6
108 / 300
 Increase 17 #1 Caretaker government Antonis Samaras
June 2012 1,825,497 29.7% +10.8
129 / 300
 Increase 21 #1 Coalition government Antonis Samaras
January 2015 1,718,694 27.9% -1.8
76 / 300
 Decrease 53 #2 Opposition Antonis Samaras
September 2015 1,526,205 28.3% +0.4
75 / 300
 Decrease 1 #2 Opposition Vangelis Meimarakis
2019 2,251,411 39.85% +11.55
158 / 300
 Increase 83 #1 Government Kyriakos Mitsotakis

European Parliament elections

European Parliament
Election Votes % ±pp Seats won +/− Rank Leader
1981 1,779,462 31.3% New
8 / 24
 Increase 8 #2 Georgios Rallis
1984 2,266,568 38.1% +6.8
9 / 24
 Increase 1 #2 Evangelos Averoff
1989 2,647,215 40.5% +2.4
10 / 24
 Increase 1 #1 Constantine Mitsotakis
1994 2,133,372 32.7% -7.8
9 / 25
 Decrease 1 #2 Miltiadis Evert
1999 2,314,371 36.0% +3.3
9 / 25
 Steady 0 #1 Kostas Karamanlis
2004A 2,633,961 43.0% +4.7
11 / 24
 Increase 2 #1 Kostas Karamanlis
2009 1,655,636 32.3% -10.7
8 / 22
 Decrease 3 #2 Kostas Karamanlis
2014 1,298,713 22.7% -9.6
5 / 21
 Decrease 3 #2 Antonis Samaras
2019 1,872,814 33.1% +10.4
8 / 21
 Increase 3 #1 Kyriakos Mitsotakis

B 2004 results are compared to the combined totals for ND and POLAN totals in the 1999 election.

Party leaders

# Leader Portrait Term of office Prime Minister
style="background:Template:New Democracy (Greece)/meta/color;" | 1 Konstantinos G. Karamanlis 4 October 1974 8 May 1980 1974–1980
style="background:Template:New Democracy (Greece)/meta/color;" | 2 Georgios Rallis 8 May 1980 9 December 1981 1980–1981
style="background:Template:New Democracy (Greece)/meta/color;" | 3 Evangelos Averoff 9 December 1981 1 September 1984 —
style="background:Template:New Democracy (Greece)/meta/color;" | 4 Konstantinos Mitsotakis 1 September 1984 3 November 1993 (Tzannetakis 1989)
1990–1993
style="background:Template:New Democracy (Greece)/meta/color;" | 5 Miltiadis Evert 3 November 1993 21 March 1997 —
style="background:Template:New Democracy (Greece)/meta/color;" | 6 Konstantinos A. Karamanlis 21 March 1997 30 November 2009 2004–2009
style="background:Template:New Democracy (Greece)/meta/color;" | 7 Antonis Samaras 30 November 2009 5 July 2015 2012–2015
style="background:Template:New Democracy (Greece)/meta/color" | – Vangelis Meimarakis
(interim) 		5 July 2015 24 November 2015 —
style="background:Template:New Democracy (Greece)/meta/color;" | – Ioannis Plakiotakis
(interim) 		24 November 2015 10 January 2016 —
style="background:Template:New Democracy (Greece)/meta/color;" | 8 Kyriakos Mitsotakis[48] 10 January 2016 Incumbent 2019–present

Symbols

Traditional symbol of the party was Greek freedom torch.

Logos

  • Party logo, 1976–2010
    Party logo, 1976–2010
  • Party logo, 2010–2018
    Party logo, 2010–2018
  • Current logo, since 2018
    Current logo, since 2018

References

  1. ^ a b "Kostis Hatzidakis and Adonis Georgiadis appointed New Democracy VPs". To Vima. 18 January 2016.
  2. ^ a b José M. Magone (2003). The Politics of Southern Europe: Integration Into the European Union. Praeger. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-275-97787-0.
  3. ^ a b Derek W. Urwin (2014). The Community of Europe: A History of European Integration Since 1945. Routledge. p. 206. ISBN 978-1-317-89252-6.
  4. ^ a b c Nordsieck, Wolfram (2015). "Greece". Parties and Elections in Europe.
  5. ^ Lawrence Ezrow (2011). "Electoral systems and party responsiveness". In Norman Schofield; Gonzalo Caballero (eds.). Political Economy of Institutions, Democracy and Voting. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 320. ISBN 978-3-642-19519-8.
  6. ^ Greece, Europe Elects
  7. ^ a b Robert Thomson (2011). Resolving Controversy in the European Union: Legislative Decision-Making before and after Enlargement. Cambridge University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-139-50517-8.
  8. ^ George Ross; Mathieu Vieira (2014). "Social democracy and social movements from crisis to crisis". In David Bailey; Jean-Michel De Waele; Fabien Escalona (eds.). European Social Democracy During the Global Economic Crisis: Renovation Or Resignation?. Oxford University Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-7190-9195-7.
  9. ^ Swen Hutter; Argyrios Altiparmakis; Guillem Vidal (2019). "Diverging Europe: the Political Consequences of the Crises in a Comparative Perspective". In Swen Hutter; Hanspeter Kriesi (eds.). European Party Politics in Times of Crisis. Cambridge University Press. pp. 340–341. ISBN 978-1-108-48379-7.
  10. ^ "Αυτά είναι τα τραγούδια της ΝΔ: Ο "Ανώνυμος Οννεδίτης" του Ουίλιαμς και τα έντεχνα του Χατζηκοκόλη!". thecaller.gr. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
  11. ^ a b "History". New Democracy official website (in Greek). Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  12. ^ "The accession of Greece". CVCE. 11 September 2012. p. 2. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  13. ^ a b Lauth Bacas, Jutta (2004). Ethnologia Balkanica. LIT Verlag. p. 8.
  14. ^ Yahoo.com, Prime minister's party wins Greek vote
  15. ^ Carassava, Anthee (3 September 2009). "Greek Premier, Dogged by Many Troubles, Takes Risk With Snap Elections". The New York Times.
  16. ^ a b "National elections, October 2009". Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
  17. ^ Becatoros, Elena (4 October 2009). "Socialists Trounce Conservatives in Greek Elections". The Huffington Post.
  18. ^ Smith, Helena (5 October 2009). "Greek socialists achieve resounding win in snap election". The Guardian.
  19. ^ "ND heads for tense election showdown". Kathimerini. 28 November 2009. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012.
  20. ^ "Samaras keeps lead in ND race". Kathimerini. 23 November 2009. Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
  21. ^ "Καθαρή νίκη Σαμαρά (Clear victory of Samaras)". Ta Nea (in Greek). 30 November 2009.
  22. ^ "Σαμαράς: "Νικήσαμε όλοι. Δεν υπάρχουν ηττημένοι" (Samaras: "We all won, there are no losers")". Ta Nea (in Greek). 29 November 2009.
  23. ^ Tagaris, Karolina (4 November 2011). "Greek opposition leader's U-turn opens path to power". Reuters.
  24. ^ "Greek parliament approves bill with austerity measures despite protest". Xinhua News Agency. 6 March 2010.
  25. ^ Smith, Helena (6 May 2010). "Greece approves sweeping austerity measures". The Guardian.
  26. ^ Donadio, Rachel; Kitsantonis, Niki (30 June 2011). "Greek Parliament Approves Implementation of Austerity Plan". The New York Times.
  27. ^ "Eurozone leaders, bankers agree 50 pct haircut for Greece". Ekathimerini. 27 October 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  28. ^ "Stocks up, but ND blasts debt deal". Ekathimerini. 27 October 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  29. ^ "Cross-party support appears unlikely". Ekathimerini. 25 October 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  30. ^ "Papandreou calls for referendum on EU debt deal". Ekathimerini. 31 October 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  31. ^ "Samaras: Our proposal is still on the table". Ekathimerini. 5 November 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  32. ^ "Samaras gives limited support to 'transitional' gov't". Ekathimerini. 14 November 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  33. ^ "Greece's politicians: In their own time". The Economist. 10 November 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
  34. ^ "ND takes more offensive stance". Ekathimerini. 29 November 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  35. ^ "Samaras ousts MP over 'far-right' comments". Ekathimerini. 14 November 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  36. ^ "Greece's government: Divided they stand". The Economist. 16 November 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
  37. ^ "Charlemagne: Angela the lawgiver". The Economist. 4 February 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
  38. ^ a b "Greece and the euro: From tragedy to farce". The Economist. 15 February 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
  39. ^ Nick Malkoutzis (30 March 2012). "Is immigration a bigger issue for Greece than the economy?". Kathimerini. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  40. ^ "Elections 2015 Party Profiles". 21 January 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  41. ^ "Elections 2015 Facts & Figures". 21 January 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  42. ^ Pappas, Gregory (5 July 2015). "Greek Opposition Leader Antonis Samaras Resigns as New Democracy Head". The Pappas Post. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  43. ^ Reuters (10 January 2016). "Kyriakos Mitsotakis elected as leader of Greek centre-right party". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 14 February 2019. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  44. ^ Kampouris, Nick. "Greece's New Democracy Marks 44th Anniversary Launching New Logo | GreekReporter.com". Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  45. ^ "Mitsotakis sworn in as Greek prime minister after resounding win". The Scotsman. 8 July 2019.
  46. ^ "Parties". Centrist Democrat International. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  47. ^ "Member parties". International Democrat Union. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  48. ^ "Kyriakos Mitsotakis elected as leader of Greek centre-right party". the Guardian and Reuters in Athens. 10 January 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
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