Mausoleum

A mausoleum is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or people. A mausoleum without the person's remains is called a cenotaph. A mausoleum may be considered a type of tomb, or the tomb may be considered to be within the mausoleum.

Overview

The word mausoleum derives from the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus (near modern-day Bodrum in Turkey), the grave of King Mausolus, the Persian satrap of Caria, whose large tomb was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.^[1]

Historically, mausolea were, and still may be, large and impressive constructions for a deceased leader or other person of importance. However, smaller mausolea soon became popular with the gentry and nobility in many countries. In the Roman Empire, these were often in necropoles or along roadsides: the via Appia Antica retains the ruins of many private mausolea for kilometres outside Rome. When Christianity became dominant, mausolea were out of use.^[2]

Later, mausolea became particularly popular in Europe and its colonies during the early modern and modern periods. A single mausoleum may be permanently sealed. A mausoleum encloses a burial chamber either wholly above ground or within a burial vault below the superstructure. This contains the body or bodies, probably within sarcophagi or interment niches. Modern mausolea may also act as columbaria (a type of mausoleum for cremated remains) with additional cinerary urn niches. Mausolea may be located in a cemetery, a churchyard or on private land.

In the United States, the term may be used for a burial vault below a larger facility, such as a church. The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels in Los Angeles, California, for example, has 6,000 sepulchral and cinerary urn spaces for interments in the lower level of the building. It is known as the "crypt mausoleum". In Europe, these underground vaults are sometimes called crypts or catacombs.

Notable mausolea

The interior of the Spring Valley Mausoleum in Minnesota, listed on the National Register of Historic Places

Africa

Mausoleum of Mohammed V
Bourguiba mausoleum
El Alia Cemetery, Mausoleum of the Late President, Algeria.
The Dr. John Garang De Mabior mausoleum in Juba, South Sudan.
Mastabas dating from ancient Egypt.
Agostinho Neto's Mausoleum in Luanda, Angola.
Mausolée (Pyramide) du Président Mathieu Kerekou, Natitingou, Benin.
Omar Bongo's Mausoleum (A replica of the Mausoleum of Mohammed V) in Franceville, Gabon.
Léon M'ba's Memorial Mausoleum in Libreville, Gabon.
Kwame Nkrumah Mausoleum
Atta Mills's Mausoleum at Asomdwee Park in Accra, Ghana.
Mausoleum of Late President Levy Mwanawasa, Frederick Chiluba and Michael Sata at Embassy Park in Lusaka, Zambia.
Domoni Mosque Mausoleum Indoor inside first president of Comoros, Ahmed Abdallah's Mausoleum.
Marien Ngouabi's mausoleum and Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza's mausoleum in Brazzaville, The Republic of Congo.
Mausoleum of the late president Felix Houphouet-Boigny in Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire.
Laurent Kabila's mausoleum in Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of Congo.
The pyramids of ancient Egypt and Nubian pyramids are also types of mausolea.^{[citation needed]}
Gamal Abdel Nasser Mosque, is the Mausoleum of Gamal Abdel Nasser, in Cairo, Egypt.
Unknown Soldier Memorial (Egypt)
Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania
Al Hussein Mosque, Cairo – Holy Shrine and mausoleum, and purported grave of the Islamic prophet Muhammad's grandson.
Qalawun Mausoleum is the Mausoleum of Qalawun, Located in Cairo, Egypt, it was regarded by scholars as the second most beautiful medieval mausoleum ever to be built.
Jedars - thirteen ancient monumental Berber mausoleums located south of Tiaret.
Palm Grove Cemetery, Monrovia, Liberia.
National Hall, Mausoleum of the Late President William Tubman in Monrovia, Montserrado, Liberia.
Late President Eyadema's Family Mausoleum in Kara, Togo.
Kamuzu Banda Mausoleum, in Lilongwe, Malawi.
Dr. Bingu wa Mutharika, President of Malawi built a mausoleum in which his late first wife and Bingu himself are buried.
Meles Zenawi's grave in Holy Trinity Cathedral, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
King Sobhuza II Memorial Park, Lobamba, Swaziland.
Julius Nyerere's mausoleum in Mwalimu Nyerere Museum Centre, Butiama, Tanzania.
The Heroes Square, Maputo, Mozambique.
Amilcar Cabral's mausoleum in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.
Mausoleum of the Late President of Kenya Mzee Jomo Kenyatta in Nairobi, Kenya.
Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Mausoleum, Bondo, Kenya.
Camayanne Mausoleum and contains the tombs of Guinea national hero Samori Ture, Sekou Toure and Alfa Yaya.
Nnamdi Azikiwe's burial site, Onitsha, Nigeria.
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa's tomb, Bauchi, Nigeria.
Mausoleum of Obafemi Awolowo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Mausoleum of Sani Abacha, Kano, Nigeria.
National Heroes Acre in Harare, Zimbabwe.

Asia, Eastern, Southern, and Southeast

Northern America

Canada

Eaton family mausoleum at Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Toronto, Ontario
Hart Massey's mausoleum at Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Toronto, Ontario
Sir Henry Pellatt's mausoleum at Forest Lawn in Toronto, Ontario

United States

Henry Flagler's mausoleum in St. Augustine, Florida
Presidential memorials in the United States and Presidents' graves of the United States
- Grant's Tomb in New York, New York
- Abraham Lincoln's tomb in Springfield, Illinois
MacArthur Memorial
Miles Mausoleum in Arlington National Cemetery
Queen of Heaven Mausoleum in Queen of Heaven Cemetery, Hillside, Illinois
Rose Chapel Mausoleum in Roseland Park Cemetery, Berkley, Michigan
Shrine of the Good Shepherd Chapel Mausoleum in Green Bay, Wisconsin
Tacoma Mausoleum in Tacoma, Washington
Tombs of the Uga mascots inside Sanford Stadium in Athens, Georgia
Brigadier General Egbert Ludovicus Viele's Egyptian-style pyramid mausoleum in West Point, New York
Rapper XXXTentacion's mausoleum at The Gardens of Boca Raton in Boca Raton, Florida

Oceania

Massey Memorial in Wellington, New Zealand where New Zealand Prime Minister William Massey and his wife are interred.
Savage Memorial at Bastion Point in Auckland, New Zealand where New Zealand Prime Minister Michael Joseph Savage is interred.
Royal Mausoleum in Honolulu, Hawaii where the members of the Kamehameha and Kalākaua dynasties are interred.

Notes

^ The plurals mausoleums and mausolea are both used in English, although mausoleums is more common.

Footnotes

^ Toms, J. Mason (Winter 2019). "Arkansas Listings in the National Register of Historic Places: The Community Mausoleums of Cecil E. Bryan". Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 78 (4): 423–431. ISSN 0004-1823.
^ Paul Veyne, in A History of Private Life: I. From Pagan Rome to Byzantium, Veyne, ed. (Harvard University Press) 1987:416.
^ al-Qummi, Ja'far ibn Qūlawayh (2008). Kāmil al-Ziyārāt. trans. Sayyid Mohsen al-Husaini al-Mīlāni. Shiabooks.ca Press. p. 63.

External links

[toms-1] Toms, J. Mason (Winter 2019). "Arkansas Listings in the National Register of Historic Places: The Community Mausoleums of Cecil E. Bryan". Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 78 (4): 423–431. ISSN 0004-1823.

[2] Paul Veyne, in A History of Private Life: I. From Pagan Rome to Byzantium, Veyne, ed. (Harvard University Press) 1987:416.

[3] -Qummi, Ja'far ibn Qūlawayh (2008). Kāmil al-Ziyārāt. trans. Sayyid Mohsen al-Husaini al-Mīlāni. Shiabooks.ca Press. p. 63.

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Sufis	Abdal Ahl al-Khutwa Al-Insān al-Kāmil Bash Hezzab Dervish Fakir Hafiz Hezzab Imam Khatib Majzoob Marabout Mudaqiq [ar] Muqaddam Muqarrab Murshid Mutahaqiq [ar] Murid Nass al-Houdhour Pir Qalandar Qāriʾ Qutb Rabbani Salik Sheikh Siddiq Sufis ranks Talibe The Seven ranks [ar] Wali Wasil
Concepts	Aayane [ar] Aayane Thabita [ar] Aql Baqaa Dhawq Fana Ghaflah Hal Hijab Huwa Ihsan Ishq Ismul Azam Lataif-e-Sitta Maqam Nafs Qalb Ran Rūḥ Sadr Yaqeen
Awrad	Dhikr Djamaa [ar] Djoua [ar] Dua Ibara [ar] Ichara [ar] Latifa Lazimi Muhasabah Muraqabah Raising hands in Dua Sabr Sahar [ar] Salat al-Fatih Salawat Samt [ar] Shuhud [ar] Shukr Sufism pillars Tafakur Tahara [ar] Tahlia [ar] Takhlia [ar] Tawajud [ar] Tawakkul Tawassul Tazkiah Uzla [ar] Wajd Wazifa Zarruqiyya Wird Zuhd
Waridates	Barakah Basirah Bast [ar] Djadba [ar] Fath [ar] Haqiqa Hidayah Ilham Irfan Ishrak Karamat Kashf Khatir Ma'rifa Nūr Qabdh [ar] Rabita [ar] Ru'ya Secret Tajalli Thawab Uns [ar] Walayah Warid
Misconducts	Antinomianism Rahbaniya Shath Taqabbur Zandaqa
Ceremonies	Ashura Bay'ah Haḍra Hizb Rateb Idjaza Mawlid Mawsim Salka Sbooa [fr] Sebiba Silsila Sufi orders Tariqa Tweeza Wezeea Ziyarat
Arts	Ashewiq [ar] Madih nabawi Nasheed Naʽat Qawwali Sama Sufi cosmology Sufism history Sufi literature Sufi metaphysics Sufi music Sufis persecution Sufi philosophy Sufi poetry Sufi psychology Sufi whirling
Places	Daara Dargah Datuk Keramat Eidgah Gonbad Gongbei Jama masjid Jama'at Khana Khalwa Khalawi Khanqah Külliye Kuttab Madrasa Maqam Maqbara Mausoleum Mazar Mosque Musalla Qubba Rauza Ribat Surau Takya Turbah Türbe Zawiya
Objects	Ammama Balgha Burnous Djellaba Gandoura Jellabiya Khirqa Misbaha Miswak Prayer rug Qashabiya Tagelmust Taqiyah Tarboosh Turban

Overview

Notable mausolea

Africa

Asia, Eastern, Southern, and Southeast

China

India and Pakistan

Japan

Philipines

Taiwan

Others

Asia, western

Europe

Latin America