Carbondale, Illinois

Carbondale is a city in Jackson County, in the state of Illinois, within the Southern Illinois region. It is located at the junction of Illinois Route 13 and U.S. Route 51, 96 miles (154 km) southeast of St. Louis, Missouri, on the northern edge of the Shawnee National Forest. Carbondale is the home of the main campus of Southern Illinois University.

As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 25,902, and is the 20th-most populated city outside of the Chicago Metropolitan Area. In addition, the city is the most populous in Southern Illinois outside of the St. Louis Metro-East region, and the most populous city in the Carbondale-Marion-Herrin, Illinois Combined Statistical Area and the Metro Lakeland area. The CSA has 126,575 residents, the sixth most populous Combined statistical area in Illinois.

History

In August 1852, Daniel Harmon Brush, John Asgill Conner, and Dr. William Richart bought a 360-acre (1.5 km²) parcel of land between two proposed railroad sites (Makanda and De Soto) and two county seats (Murphysboro and Marion). Brush named Carbondale for the large deposit of coal in the area. The first train through Carbondale was on the main line north from Cairo on Independence Day 1854.

On April 29, 1866, one of the first formal Memorial Day observations was held at the city's Woodlawn Cemetery. Local resident General John A. Logan gave the principal address.

By the time of the Civil War, Carbondale had become both a regional center for business and transportation, and an educational center with the founding of Carbondale College (which became Southern Illinois College in 1869). Carbondale won the bid for the new teacher training school for the region, and Southern Illinois Normal University opened in 1874. This gave the town new industry, new citizens, and a supplement to public schools. In 1947, the name was changed to Southern Illinois University which now has 21,000 students enrolled.

In the early 20th Century Carbondale was known as the "Athens of Egypt" thanks to Southern Illinois Normal University, as SIU was then known, and the region's moniker of Egypt, or Little Egypt. The phrase dates to at least 1903, when the local paper copied a social item from the Mt. Vernon News. "Mrs. Dr. McAnally, nee Pace, of Carbondale has returned to the Athens of Egypt after a week's visit with her sisters..." By 1922, the Carbondale Free Press was using the phrase on its flag.

Geography

Carbondale is located at 37°43′35″N 89°13′13″W (37.726418, -89.220270)Template:GR. It is in the watershed of the Big Muddy River, at 415 feet (126 m) above sea level. Carbondale will be in the totality path of two upcoming solar eclipses, first on August 21, 2017, and then again on April 8, 2024.

According to the 2010 census, the city has a total area of 17.51 square miles (45.4 km²), of which 17.08 square miles (44.2 km²) (or 97.54%) is land and 0.43 square miles (1.1 km²) (or 2.46%) is water.

Climate

Carbondale lies in the transitional zone between the humid continental climate type and the humid subtropical climate type (Köppen Dfa and Cfa, respectively). Neither large mountains nor large bodies of water are available to moderate its temperature. Thus, the city experiences extremes in both heat and cold. There are four distinct seasons:

Spring is the wettest of the seasons and also the most unstable, producing severe weather from thunderstorms to winter storms. When cold arctic air from Canada mixes with warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico powerful super cell storms can originate. These storms are often severe thunderstorms with large hail, damaging winds, and tornadoes.

Summers are often hot and humid. The humidity makes the heat index rise to temperatures well above 100 °F (38 °C) for many days. Temperatures reach 100 °F (38 °C) on average about 1 or 2 days per year and reach 90 °F (32 °C) on average of 38 to 40 days per year.

Fall brings milder temperatures with lower humidity. Large bouts of rainfall can be common. The first snow flurries usually start to fall around mid-to-late November.

Winters are usually cold and icy, with temperatures well below freezing. Highs will be below 32 °F (0 °C) for an average of 20 days per year. Lows will dip below 32 °F (0 °C) for an average of 110 days per year. Temperatures drop below 0 °F (−18 °C) for about 4 to 5 nights per year. Although deep freezes are common, thaws are usually frequent.

The average annual temperature is 54.6 °F (12.6 °C), and average precipitation is 45.9 inches (1,170 mm). The official record low is −25 °F (−32 °C) in January 1977, and the records high is 113 °F (45 °C) in August 1930.

Carbondale receives thunderstorms on an average of 50 days per year. Particularly in the spring, these storms can often be severe, with high winds, damaging hail, and tornadoes.

Climate data for Carbondale, Illinois
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	76 (24)	79 (26)	93 (34)	92 (33)	101 (38)	106 (41)	112 (44)	113 (45)	108 (42)	96 (36)	88 (31)	77 (25)	113 (45)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)	39.3 (4.1)	45.3 (7.4)	55.3 (12.9)	66.2 (19.0)	75.5 (24.2)	84.0 (28.9)	87.8 (31.0)	86.8 (30.4)	79.9 (26.6)	69.2 (20.7)	55.4 (13.0)	43.8 (6.6)	65.7 (18.7)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)	20.8 (−6.2)	24.2 (−4.3)	33.5 (0.8)	42.4 (5.8)	52.1 (11.2)	61.4 (16.3)	65.9 (18.8)	63.1 (17.3)	55.1 (12.8)	43.3 (6.3)	35.0 (1.7)	25.6 (−3.6)	43.5 (6.4)
Record low °F (°C)	−25 (−32)	−22 (−30)	−11 (−24)	20 (−7)	30 (−1)	39 (4)	42 (6)	41 (5)	30 (−1)	16 (−9)	−1 (−18)	−14 (−26)	−25 (−32)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	2.91 (74)	3.01 (76)	4.25 (108)	4.45 (113)	4.78 (121)	4.47 (114)	3.35 (85)	3.94 (100)	3.13 (80)	2.93 (74)	4.62 (117)	3.71 (94)	45.85 (1,165)
Average snowfall inches (cm)	5.8 (15)	3.4 (8.6)	2.0 (5.1)	0.3 (0.76)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.1 (0.25)	0.5 (1.3)	2.2 (5.6)	13.5 (34)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	9.6	8.6	11.5	11.6	11.7	9.5	8.5	8.1	7.8	8.2	9.8	10.3	115.2
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)	2.5	1.6	0.7	0.1	0	0	0	0	0	0.1	0.2	1.5	6.7
Source: http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/62901

Demographics

Historical population

Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1880	2,213		—
1890	2,832		28.0%
1900	3,318		17.2%
1910	5,411		63.1%
1920	6,207		14.7%
1930	7,528		21.3%
1940	8,550		13.6%
1950	10,921		27.7%
1960	14,670		34.3%
1970	22,816		55.5%
1980	26,414		15.8%
1990	27,033		2.3%
2000	25,597		−5.3%
2010	25,902		1.2%

As of the censusTemplate:GR of 2000, there were 25,597 people, 10,018 households, and 3,493 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,152.0 people per square mile (830.9/km²). There were 11,005 housing units at an average density of 925.2 per square mile (357.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 66.08% White, 23.14% Black or African American, 0.22% Native American, 6.67% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 1.42% from other races, and 2.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.05% of the population.

There were 9,981 households out of which 17.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 22.1% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.5% were non-families. 43.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.78.

In the city the population was spread out with 15.8% under the age of 18, 35.4% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 12.5% from 45 to 64, and 9.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25 years. For every 100 females there were 106.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $27,882, and the median income for a family was $34,601. Males had a median income of $30,217 versus $24,114 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,346. About 13.5% of families and 21.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.1% of those under the age of 18 and 13.2% of those 65 and older.

Government

The city of Carbondale has a council-manager government. There are a total of seven elected city officials: a mayor and six city council members elected at-large for four-year staggered terms. The City Manager, a professional hired by the city council, appoints the department heads. The city provides services such as police, fire, development services, public works, and public library. Several boards and commissions allow for citizen participation, helping to bridge the gap between the residents and the government. Carbondale is a zoned, home rule municipality. In 2010, the city approved a new comprehensive plan that lays out goals for the future and ways to accomplish these goals. On April 5, 2011, Joel Fritzler was elected mayor for a four-year term.

Culture

In addition to Southern Illinois University, the city has a variety of unique cultural institutions. PBS and NPR broadcasting stations (WSIU) are affiliated with the university. Carbondale also is home to WDBX Community Radio for Southern Illinois, and the Big Muddy Independent Media Center.

There are two daily newspapers, The Southern Illinoisan and the university's Daily Egyptian; two weeklies, the Carbondale Times and the Nightlife; and a bi-weekly Heartland Women.

SIU has a teaching museum on campus, the University Museum, which has 60,000 artifacts in its collection and hosts traveling shows from known artists. In addition to the University Museum, there is the African American Museum and The Science Center. Theater-goers can see both professional and student-produced plays and performances at the university's McLeod and Kleinau Theaters. SIUC is also home to the largest auditorium in Southern Illinois, Shryock Auditorium. Shryock Auditorium has brought in many performing artists, such as B.B. King, the Supremes, Ray Charles, and Judy Collins, along with orchestras and other musical productions. Theater-goers can also attend off-campus productions by The Jackson County Stage Company (Stage Company). In 2007, the Stage Company and Carbondale Community Arts (CCA) partnered to purchase and renovate the Varsity Theater, which had been vacant since 2003, into the Varsity Center for the Arts (VCA). The VCA is now the performing home of the Stage Company and also supports a variety of other fine arts and performances through the CCA.

Civic action is encouraged by groups such as Carbondale Conversations for Community Action (the local implementation of Study Circles). There are several lodges and clubs, such as the Fraternal Order of Eagles, Elks, Rotary, and the A.F.A.M (Freemasons).

The Women's Center, in continuous service since its founding in 1972, was one of the first domestic violence shelters in the United States.

Spirituality finds expression in Carbondale in churches of a variety of Christian denominations, a Unitarian Universalist fellowship, two mosques, a Jewish congregation, a Sufi community, and two Buddhist organizations — the Shawnee Dharma Group and the Sunyata Center. In April 2011 ground was broken to build a Hindu temple. The Gaia House Interfaith Center provides space for intercultural exchange and personal growth. It is also an education center to help the community become more ecologically conscious, understand how to incorporate better practices into daily life, and set goals for the future.

Carbondale is also sometimes referred to as a "Town of Poets" for their flourishing poetry community. Notable poets include Rodney Jones, Judy Jordan, Allison Joseph, and the Transpoetic Playground collective.

Retail

The city's business districts include several large shopping malls, featuring a mixture of national chain stores and locally owned businesses. In addition, Carbondale is home to many small shops and restaurants, many of them located in the downtown area. The downtown district is supported by Carbondale Main Street, which has listings and information about individual businesses. Because of the large student population in the city, there is a great variety of restaurants, featuring many nationalities of cuisine. Several bars and coffeehouses offer live music, poetry readings, and other entertainment. The Carbondale Chamber of Commerce offers information on local businesses in over 60 categories.

Celebrations

Carbondale is known for a number of yearly festivals, including the Lights Fantastic parade in December, the Big Muddy Film Festival (February/March), the Southern Illinois Irish Festival (April), the Indian celebration of Diwali (December), the Great Cardboard Boat Regatta (April), the Sunset Concerts (a summer series of free outdoor concerts on the Southern Illinois University campus and in city parks), and Brown Bag Concerts (a spring and fall series of free outdoor concerts in the Town Square Pavilion).

Recreation

Carbondale has 18 public tennis courts, as well as the Superblock, which is a sports multi-complex with baseball, softball, soccer, football, and track fields. The Carbondale Park District maintains seven parks and an indoor pool for public use. In 2010, the park district opened a new "spray park" in Attucks Park. Southern Illinois University's Recreation Center is open to the public; it provides swimming, bowling, rock climbing walls, tennis, basketball, an indoor track, racquetball, weight training, and a variety of exercise equipment.

Carbondale is adjacent to Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge, Shawnee National Forest, and Giant City State Park. There are 14 parks in the area. Located on the northern edge of the Shawnee National Forest, Carbondale is adjacent to a number of venues for outdoor activities. Giant City State Park, Little Grand Canyon, Piney Creek Ravine, Pomona Natural Bridge, Garden of the Gods, and Trail of Tears State Park are nearby areas that offer hiking, biking, and horseback riding.

Five minutes south of Carbondale is the city reservoir, Cedar Lake, which is open to kayaking and canoeing. The north access features several dramatic rock bluffs and secluded bays. Other lakes nearby include Little Grassy Lake, Devils Kitchen Lake, Crab Orchard Lake, and Kinkaid Lake. Another more remote location is Cache River Swamp, the northernmost cypress swamp in North America. The surrounding areas also offer hiking and mountain biking.

The Shawnee National Forest is also home to many wineries. The Shawnee Hills Wine Trail visits twelve vineyards in scenic settings, offering local wines and dining facilities. Several of the vineyards are bed-and-breakfasts or offer cabins for close accommodations.

Activism

Probably due to the presence of Southern Illinois University, Carbondale residents have a tradition of political activism. During the Vietnam War, and especially after the Kent State shootings, massive anti-war demonstrations took place on the SIU campus and on the streets of Carbondale. They resulted in the closure of SIU, more than $100,000 of property damage, more than 400 arrests, and the deployment of the National Guard to restore order.

In 2011 the Occupy Movement took up residence on the lawn of Quigley Hall at Southern Illinois University. They clashed with the local police and with University policy occasionally. They are currently indoors in town awaiting spring.

SIU's Faculty Association went to the picket lines on Thursday, November 3, 2011 after an agreement could not be made between the Faculty and school Administration concerning contracts. The Unions: Non-Tenure Track Faculty Association, the Association of Civil Service Employees, and Graduate Assistants United all settled with the Administration within hours of the strike coming to fruition. The strike was the first ever in the school's history.

Several local organizations are concerned with peace, justice, and the environment, including the Peace Coalition of Southern Illinois/Fellowship of Reconciliation, the Shawnee Green Party, the Student Environmental Center, the Southern Illinois Center for a Sustainable Future, and local chapters of the American Civil Liberties Union, the Sierra Club, and the National Audubon Society.

In 2001 the city was the location for the national Green Party Congress.

Transportation

Highways

The city of Carbondale sits on the intersection of U.S. Route 51 and Illinois Route 13. Interstate 57 is accessible to the east on Route 13 at Marion, and to the south on Rt. 51 near Dongola. Interstate 64 is accessible to the north on Rt. 51. Interstate 24 is accessible six miles south of Marion on I-57. The city is 331 highway miles from Chicago, Illinois, 96 highway miles from St. Louis, Missouri, and 213 highway miles from Memphis, Tennessee. (A historical note, when Illinois originally developed the state highway system in the 1920s, what's now Rt. 51, was then Illinois Route 2 which ran the length of the state).

Air Service

The city is twelve miles (19 km) away from the Williamson County Regional Airport, where one commercial airline service provides passenger service to St. Louis on four flights each day. The Southern Illinois Airport is located northwest of the city and offers private aviation services and is home to SIU's aviation program. On 2 April 2010, state and university officials broke ground on a long-awaited Transportation Education Center on the airport grounds.

Rail Service

See also: Carbondale (Amtrak station)

Amtrak, the US passenger rail system, provides service to Carbondale with three trains daily to and from Chicago, and one train daily to and from Memphis and New Orleans.

Amtrak Train 59, the southbound City of New Orleans, departs Carbondale daily with service to Memphis, Jackson, and New Orleans (with many stations along the way). Amtrak Train 58, the northbound City of New Orleans, departs Carbondale daily with service to Centralia, Effingham, Mattoon, Champaign-Urbana, Kankakee, Homewood, and Chicago. Carbondale is also served by Amtrak Train 390/391, the Saluki, daily in the morning, and Amtrak Train 392/393, the Illini, daily in the afternoon/evening. Both the Saluki and the Illini operate to Chicago, originating and terminating in Carbondale.

Amtrak shares tracks with the Canadian National Railway which provides freight service to the city's industrial park. The railroad runs along the original line of the Illinois Central Railroad that began service in 1854 in Carbondale.

Public Transit

The Saluki Express provides bus service around the city. SIUC students, faculty, and staff, as well as the greater Carbondale community, are encouraged to use the service. This system offers eleven routes operating seven days a week while the university is in session, and a "break route" operating during semester breaks.

Private Transit

Carbondale also has two licensed taxi companies, Yellow Cab and Ace Taxi. Greyhound offers intercity bus service from the BP Gas Station at 905 E. Main St.

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Carbondale, Illinois

Awards

• Winner, "All America City", 1971
• Selected as "Tree City USA", since 1981
• Selected as one of "The Best Towns in America," 1983
• Winner, "GFOA Distinguished Budget Presentation Award", since 1986
• Selected as "Best Small City in Illinois", 1990, 1997
• Winner, "Governor's Hometown Award", 1991, 1992, 2005, 2009
• Selected as one of the "101 Best Outdoor Towns in America," 2007
• Honorable Mention, "City Livability Award," 2009
• Finalist, "All America City Award," 2009
• Finalist, "Award for Municipal Excellence", 2009

Sister cities

• Tainai, Niigata, Japan (former town of Nakajo and the city of Carbondale became sister cities in the past)
• Tainan City, Taiwan
• Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India

Source

External links

• Official city website
• The Southern Illinoisan newspaper
• Recent weather observations for KMDH at NOAA/NWS

Further reading

• Brush, Daniel. 1992. Growing Up With Southern Illinois. Herrin, Ill.: Crossfire Press. 380 pages. ISBN 978-0-9623990-7-7
• Erwin, Milo, and Jon Musgrave. 2006. The Bloody Vendetta of Southern Illinois. Marion, Ill.: IllinoisHistory.com. 240 pages.
• Wright, John W. D. 1977. A History of Early Carbondale, Illinois, 1852-1905. Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press. 384 pages. ISBN 978-0-8093-0789-0.