Club of Madrid

Club of Madrid
	File:Club of Madrid logo.png
Formation	2001
Headquarters	Madrid, Spain
President	Vaira Vike-Freiberga;
Vice Presidents	Jorge Fernando Quiroga; Jennifer Mary Shipley;
Website	www.clubmadrid.org

The Club de Madrid is an independent non-profit organization created to promote democracy and change in the international community. Composed of 95 regular members, 64 of which are former presidents and 39 of which are former prime ministers (some are both)^[1] from 65 countries, the Club de Madrid is the world’s largest forum of former Heads of State and Government.^{[citation needed]}

Among its main goals are the strengthening of democratic institutions and counselling on the resolution of political conflicts in two key areas: democratic leadership and governance and response to crisis and post-crisis situations.

The Club de Madrid works together with governments, inter-governmental organizations, civil society, scholars and representatives from the business world, to encourage dialogue in order to foster social and political change. The Club de Madrid also works on the search for effective methods to provide technical advice and recommendations to transitional nations taking steps to establish democracy.

Composition

As of March 2014^[update], there are 95 full Members, all of whom are previous government officials with full voting rights. The Club also has institutional members and foundations – those who belong to private and public organizations that share similar democratic objectives, including FRIDE, the Gorbachev Foundation of North America (GFNA), both original sponsors of the founding conference in 2001, the Madrid City Council, the regional government of Madrid, and the Government of Spain. Additionally, there are six honorary members (e.g. Kofi Annan, Aung San Suu Kyi) and a number of fellows, who are experts on democratic changeover.

The Club is based in Madrid (Spain), although meetings are held worldwide. Currently, Vaira Vike-Freiberga, the former President of Latvia (1999–2007), is the organization's president, and it has two vice presidents: Jennifer Shipley (New Zealand) and Jorge Fernando Quiroga (Bolivia). The former president of the Club of Madrid is Wim Kok (2009–2013).

The Club was created from an event that was held in October 2001 in Madrid, a four-day Conference on Democratic Transition and Consolidation (CDTC). This event brought together 35 world leaders, over 100 esteemed academics and policy specialists from Europe, the Americas, Asia, and Africa to discuss ideas and means of implementation from both objective and subjective perspectives. The conference discussed eight main topics:

Constitutional design
The Legislative branch and its relation with the Executive branch
The Judicial branch and its relation with Executive branch
Anti-corruption procedures
The role of the armed forces and security forces
Reform of the state bureaucracy
Strengthening of political and social pluralism and of political parties
Economic and social conditions

Structure and Organization

The Club de Madrid's primary asset is its membership, which includes 95 distinguished former heads of state and government of democratic nations. The comparative advantage of the Club de Madrid is based on the following key assets:

Personal experience and status of its Members
Access to the world’s leading experts on democracy
Specialization in democratic transition and consolidation issues
Practical approach of its activities, through the implementation of projects with tangible results

Full Members are members of the Club de Madrid who provide their personal and political experience as former Heads of State and Government. Their appointment, based on a proposal from the Board of Directors, is approved by the General Assembly.

Direct exchanges with current leaders of countries in the process of democratic transition on a peer-to-peer basis, and the Member’s ability to deliver the right message at the right time, are two of the major assets of the Club de Madrid. In this sense, the Members of the Club de Madrid can also help focus much needed international attention on targeted countries and leverage the work of other institutions trying to promote democracy.

The Club's members are supported by a network of world-class experts who work together to offer assistance on a range of democratic reform issues. The Club de Madrid is composed of four executive and advisory bodies:

General Assembly
Board of Directors
General Secretariat
Advisory Committee

Funding Sources

The Club is a non-profit organisation and members offer their servies on a pro bono basis, It exists finanancially on donations which are used to support a permanent secretariat and fund some specific project. The Club's accounts are audited annually by an external organisation.

The Club of Madrid Foundation (USA)

The Club of Madrid Foundation Inc. (COMFI) is a grant-making foundation that has US 501(c)(3) tax exemption status. It exists to raise funds in support of the Club's charitable and educational activities.

COMFI is independent and not controlled by the Club itself, but solely by a four-person Board of Directors each of whom resides in the US.

Members

Several members of the Club played prominent roles in the diplomatic and military proceedings aimed at ending the wars in the former Yugoslavia during the 1990s:

In 1991, Milan Kučan, then the President of the newly independent Slovenia, negotiated the Brijuni Agreement, bringing an end to the Ten-Day War.
In 1993, Bosnian politician Zlatko Lagumdžija advised the then-President of Bosnia and Herzegovina against agreeing to the Vance-Owen peace plan. The two had been kidnapped by the JNA in Sarajevo in 1992, before their release was negotiated through the U.N.
Former Polish Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki was a special U.N. emissary to Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992 and, in 1993, issued a report on human rights violations in the former Yugoslavia. In 1995, Mazowiecki stepped down in protest of the lack of international response to the atrocities being committed in Bosnia, particularly the Srebrenica massacre.^[2]
U.S. President Bill Clinton was instrumental in pushing NATO to intervene in Bosnia and Kosovo. In 1995, his efforts produced Operation Deliberate Force, resulting in the Dayton Accords which ended the Bosnian War. In 1999, the U.S. and other NATO powers sought to end the Kosovo War with the Rambouillet Agreement, but Yugoslavia felt that the agreement forced them to concede too much and refused to sign. This refusal resulted in Operation Allied Force, during which NATO utilized air supremacy and strategic bombing to cripple Serbian forces and force them to withdraw from Kosovo.
Former Swedish Prime Minister Carl Bildt served as the EU's Special Envoy to the Former Yugoslavia and was a Co-Chairman of the Dayton Conference. He became the first High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina after the war, from 1995 to 1997, and was the UN Secretary-General's Special Envoy for the Balkans from 1999 to 2001.
Other Club de Madrid members involved in the diplomatic process include Helmut Kohl, the former Chancellor of Germany who oversaw the reunification of East and West Germany, who was a signee to the Dayton Accords, Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, who urged support for Canada's participation in Operation Allied Force, and Finnish President Martti Ahtisaari who, along with Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin, convinced Serbian President Slobodan Milošević to retreat from Kosovo in accordance with NATO's demands.

List of Current Members

	Name	Age	Nation	Party	Office(s) held
	Valdas Adamkus	98	Lithuania	None	President of Lithuania (1998–2003, 2004–2009)
	Esko Aho	70	Finland	Centre	Prime Minister of Finland (1991–1995)
	Martti Ahtisaari	87	Finland	Social Democratic	President of Finland (1994–2000)
	Abdul-kareem al-Eryani	90	Yemen North Yemen	GPC	Prime Minister of North Yemen (1980–1983) Prime Minister of Yemen (1998–2001)
	Sadiq al-Mahdi	88	Sudan	Umma	Prime Minister of Sudan (1966–1967, 1986–1989)
	Óscar Arias	84	Costa Rica	PLN	President of Costa Rica (1986–1990, 2006–2010)
	Hamadi Jebali	75	Tunisia	Ennahdha	Head of Government of Tunisia (2011-2013)
File:Mehdi Jomaa.jpg	Mehdi Jomaa	62	Tunisia	None	Head of Government of Tunisia (2014-2015)
	Álvaro Arzú	78	Guatemala	PAN	President of Guatemala (1996–2000)
	Patricio Aylwin	106	Chile	Christian Democratic	President of Chile (1990–1994)
	José María Aznar	71	Spain	PP	President of the Government of Spain (1996–2004)
	Michelle Bachelet	73	Chile	Socialist	President of Chile (2006–2010, 2014–present) Executive Director of UN Women (2010–2013)
	Rupiah Banda	87	Zambia	MMD	President of Zambia (2008–2011)
	Belisario Betancur	101	Colombia	Conservative	President of Colombia (1982–1986)
	Carl Bildt	75	Sweden	Moderate	Prime Minister of Sweden (1991–1994) High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995–1997)
	Valdis Birkavs	82	Latvia	LC	Prime Minister of Latvia (1993–1994)
	Kjell Magne Bondevik	77	Norway	Christian Democratic	Prime Minister of Norway (1997–2000, 2001–2005)
	Gro Harlem Brundtland	85	Norway	Labour	Prime Minister of Norway (1981, 1986–1989, 1990–1996) Director-General of the World Health Organization (1998–2003)
	John Bruton	77	Ireland	Fine Gael	Taoiseach of Ireland (1994–1997) EU Ambassador to the United States (2004–2009)
	Jerzy Buzek	84	Poland	Civic Platform	Prime Minister of Poland (1997–2001) President of the European Parliament (2009–2012)
	Felipe Calderón	62	Mexico	PAN	President of Mexico (2006–2012)
	Micheline Calmy-Rey	79	Switzerland	Social Democratic	Member of the Federal Council (2003–2011) (President in 2011)
	Kim Campbell	77	Canada	Progressive Conservative	Prime Minister of Canada (1993)
	Fernando Henrique Cardoso	93	Brazil	Social Democracy	President of Brazil (1995–2003)
	Aníbal Cavaco Silva	85	Portugal	Social Democratic	Prime Minister of Portugal (1985–1995) President of Portugal (2006–present)
	Joaquim Chissano	85	Mozambique	FRELIMO	President of Mozambique (1986–2005)
	Jean Chrétien	90	Canada	Liberal	Prime Minister of Canada (1993–2003)
	Bill Clinton	78	United States	Democratic	President of the United States (1993–2001)
	Philip Dimitrov	69	Bulgaria	SDS	Prime Minister of Bulgaria (1991–1992)
	Luísa Diogo	66	Mozambique	FRELIMO	Prime Minister of Mozambique (2004–2010)
	Leonel Fernández	70	Dominican Republic	PLD	President of the Dominican Republic (1996–2000, 2004–2012)
	José María Figueres	69	Costa Rica	PLN	President of Costa Rica (1994–1998)
	Vigdís Finnbogadóttir	94	Iceland	None	President of Iceland (1980–1996)
	Vicente Fox	82	Mexico	PAN	President of Mexico (2000–2006)
	Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle	82	Chile	Christian Democratic	President of Chile (1994–2000)
	Yasuo Fukuda	88	Japan	Liberal Democratic	Prime Minister of Japan (2007–2008)
	César Gaviria	77	Colombia	Liberal	President of Colombia (1990–1994) Secretary General of the Organization of American States (1994–2004)
	Amine Pierre Gemayel	82	Lebanon	Kata'eb	President of Lebanon (1982–1988)
	Felipe González	82	Spain	Socialist Workers	President of the Government of Spain (1982–1996)
	Mikhail Gorbachev	93	Russia Soviet Union	Communist (until 1991)	General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1985–1991) Chairman of the Supreme Soviet/President of the Soviet Union (1988–1991)
	Alfred Gusenbauer	64	Austria	Social Democratic	Chancellor of Austria (2007–2008)
	António Guterres	75	Portugal	Socialist	Prime Minister of Portugal (1995–2002) UN High Commissioner for Refugees (2005–present)
	Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie	88	Indonesia	Golkar	President of Indonesia (1998–1999)
	Tarja Halonen	80	Finland	Social Democratic	President of Finland (2000–2012)
	Han Seung-soo	87	South Korea	Saenuri	Prime Minister of South Korea (2008–2009)
	Osvaldo Hurtado	85	Ecuador	Christian Democratic	President of Ecuador (1981–1984)
	Alain Juppé	79	France	UMP	Prime Minister of France (1995–1997)
	Helmut Kohl	94	Germany West Germany	Christian Democratic	Chancellor of West Germany (1982–1990) Chancellor of Germany (1990–1998)
	Horst Köhler	81	Germany	Christian Democratic	President of Germany (2004–2010)
	Wim Kok	86	Netherlands	Labour	Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1994–2002)
	Alpha Oumar Konaré	78	Mali	ADEMA-PASJ	President of Mali (1992–2002) Chairman of the AU Commission (2003–2008)
	Milan Kucan	83	Slovenia Yugoslavia	Communist (until 1990) None (since 1990)	President of Slovenia (1991–2002)
	John Kufuor	86	Ghana	NPP	President of Ghana (2001–2009) Chairman of the AU (2007–2008)
	Chandrika Kumaratunga	79	Sri Lanka	SLFP	President of Sri Lanka (1994–2005)
	Aleksander Kwasniewski	70	Poland	None (since 1995)	President of Poland (1995–2005)
	Luis Alberto Lacalle	83	Uruguay	PN	President of Uruguay (1990–1995)
	Ricardo Lagos	86	Chile	PPD	President of Chile (2000–2006)
	Zlatko Lagumdžija	68	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Social Democratic	Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2001–2002)
	Lee Hong-koo	68	South Korea	NKP	Prime Minister of South Korea (1994–1995)
	Ruud Lubbers	85	Netherlands	Christian Democratic	Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1982–1994) UN High Commissioner for Refugees (2001–2005)
	James Mancham	85	Seychelles	Democratic	President of Seychelles (1976–1977)
	António Mascarenhas Monteiro	80	Cape Verde	MPD	President of Cape Verde (1991–2001)
	Ketumile Masire	99	Botswana	BDP	President of Botswana (1980–1998)
	Thabo Mbeki	82	South Africa	ANC	President of South Africa (1999–2008)
	Rexhep Meidani	80	Albania	Socialist	President of Albania (1997–2002)
	Benjamin Mkapa	86	Tanzania	CCM	President of Tanzania (1995–2005)
	Festus Mogae	85	Botswana	BDP	President of Botswana (1998–2008)
	Olusegun Obasanjo	87	Nigeria	PDP	Head of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria (1976–1979) President of Nigeria (1999–2007)
	Roza Otunbayeva	74	Kyrgyzstan	Social Democratic (2007–2010)	President of Kyrgyzstan (2010–2011)
	Anand Panyarachun	92	Thailand	None	Prime Minister of Thailand (1991–1992)
	George Papandreou	72	Greece	Socialist	Prime Minister of Greece (2009–2011)
	Andrés Pastrana	70	Colombia	Conservative	President of Colombia (1998–2002)
	P.J. Patterson	89	Jamaica	PNP (until 2011)	Prime Minister of Jamaica (1992–2006)
	Javier Pérez de Cuéllar	104	Peru	UPP	Secretary-General of the United Nations (1982–1991) President of the Council of Ministers of Peru (2000–2001)
	Romano Prodi	85	Italy	Democratic	President of the European Commission (1999–2004) President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1996–1998, 2006–2008)
	Jorge Quiroga	64	Bolivia	PODEMOS	President of Bolivia (2001–2002)
	Fidel V. Ramos	96	Philippines	Lakas	President of the Philippines (1992–1998)
	José Manuel Ramos-Horta	74	East Timor	None	Prime Minister of East Timor (2006–2007) President of East Timor (2007–2012)
	Poul Nyrup Rasmussen	81	Denmark	Social Democrats	Prime Minister of Denmark (1993–2001)
	Mary Robinson	80	Ireland	None	President of Ireland (1990–97) UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (1997–2002)
	José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero	64	Spain	Socialist Workers	President of the Government of Spain (2004–2011)
	Petre Roman	78	Romania SR Romania	FSN (1989–1991)	Prime Minister of Romania (1989–1991)
	Jorge Sampaio	85	Portugal	Socialist	President of Portugal (1996–2006)
	Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada	94	Bolivia	MNR	President of Bolivia (1993–1997, 2002–2003)
	Julio María Sanguinetti	88	Uruguay	PC	President of Uruguay (1985–1990, 1995–2000)
	Jennifer Mary Shipley	72	New Zealand	National	Prime Minister of New Zealand (1997–1999)
	Fuad Siniora	81	Lebanon	FM	Prime Minister of Lebanon (2005–2009)
	Mário Soares	100	Portugal	Socialist	Prime Minister of Portugal (1976–1978, 1983–1985) President of Portugal (1986–1996)
	Hanna Suchocka	78	Poland	UD	Prime Minister of Poland (1992–1993)
	Boris Tadic	66	Serbia	NDS-Greens	President of Serbia (2004–2012)
	Alejandro Toledo	78	Peru	PP	President of Peru (2001–2006)
	Martín Torrijos	61	Panama	PRD	President of Panama (2004–2009)
	Danilo Türk	72	Slovenia	None	President of Slovenia (2007–2012)
	Cassam Uteem	83	Mauritius	MMM	President of Mauritius (1992–2002)
	Guy Verhofstadt	71	Belgium	VLD	Prime Minister of Belgium (1999–2008)
	Vaira Vike-Freiberga	87	Latvia	None	President of Latvia (1999–2007)
	Ernesto Zedillo	72	Mexico	PRI	President of Mexico (1994–2000)

Member statistics

Regional background of members:

Africa and the Middle East – 17
the Americas – 27
Asia-Pacific – 10
Europe – 41

Political affiliation of members:

Socialist/Social democrat/Centre-left – 35
Centrist – 16
Liberal conservative/Christian democrat/Centre-right – 21
Conservative/Right-wing – 14
No affiliation – 9

Office held (some members have held both):

President – 64
Prime Minister – 37

List of Honorary Members

	Name	Age	Nation	Party	Office(s) held
	Kofi Annan	86	Ghana	None	Secretary-General of the United Nations (1997–2006)
	Aung San Suu Kyi	79	Myanmar	NLD	Member of the Burmese House of Representatives (2012–present^[update])
	Jimmy Carter	100	United States	Democratic	President of the United States (1977–81)
	Enrique V. Iglesias	94	Uruguay Spain	(unknown)	President of the Inter-American Development Bank (1998–2005) Secretary General of the Iberoamerican General Secretariat (2005–13)
File:Delors 01.jpg	Jacques Delors	99	France	Socialist	President of the European Commission (1985–95)
	Javier Solana	82	Spain	Socialist	Secretary General of NATO (1995–99) and High Representative of the EU for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (1999–2009)

List of Members of the Constituent Foundations

Name	Age	Nation	Party	Office(s) held
Diego Hidalgo	82	Spain	(unknown)	Founder and President of, and donor to, Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior (FRIDE) Founding Member and Senior Fellow of the Gorbachev Foundation of North America (GFNA)^[3]
T. Anthony Jones	(unknown)	(unknown)	(unknown)	Vice-President and Executive Director of GFNA^[4]
George Matthews	(unknown)	United States	(unknown)	Chairman and co-founder of GFNA^[5]
José Manuel Romero Moreno	(unknown)	Spain	(unknown)	Vice President of FRIDE^[6]

List of former members (deceased)

	Name	Died	Nation	Party	Office(s) held
	Raúl Alfonsín	20090331March 31, 2009(2009-03-31) (aged 82)	Argentina	UCR	President of Argentina (1983–89)
	Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo	20080503May 3, 2008(2008-05-03) (aged 82)	Spain	UCD	President of the Government of Spain (1981–82)
	Inder Kumar Gujral	20121130November 30, 2012(2012-11-30) (aged 92)	India	Janata Dal	Prime Minister of India (1997–98)
	Václav Havel	20111218December 18, 2011(2011-12-18) (aged 75)	Czech Republic Czechoslovakia	OF (1989–93) None (1993–2004)	President of Czechoslovakia (1989–92) President of the Czech Republic (1993–2003)
	Ferenc Mádl	20110529May 29, 2011(2011-05-29) (aged 80)	Hungary	None	President of Hungary (2000–05)
	Tadeusz Mazowiecki	20131028October 28, 2013(2013-10-28) (aged 86)	Poland PR Poland	KO "S" (1980–91) UD (1991–94)	Prime Minister of Poland (1989–91)
	Lennart Meri	20060314March 14, 2006(2006-03-14) (aged 76)	Estonia Soviet Union	Isamaa (since 1992)	President of Estonia (1992–2001)
File:VPC May 2003.jpg	Valentín Paniagua	20061016October 16, 2006(2006-10-16) (aged 70)	Peru	AC	President of Peru (2000–01)
	Adolfo Suárez	20140313March 13, 2014(2014-03-13) (aged 81)	Spain Estado Español	MN (until 1977) UCD (1977–82)	President of the Government of Spain (1976–81)