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Justin Amash
Amash as U.S. Representative in 2015
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Michigan's 3rd district
Incumbent
Assumed office
January 3, 2011
Preceded byVern Ehlers
Member of the Michigan House of Representatives
from the 72nd district
In office
January 1, 2009 – January 1, 2011
Preceded byGlenn Steil
Succeeded byKen Yonker
Personal details
Born (1980-04-18) April 18, 1980 (age 44)
Grand Rapids, Michigan, U.S.
Political partyRepublican
SpouseKara Janell Day
Children3
Residence(s)Cascade Township, Michigan, U.S.
EducationUniversity of Michigan (BA, JD)
WebsiteHouse website

Justin Amash (/əˈmɑːʃ/; born April 18, 1980) is an American attorney and politician serving as the U.S. Representative for Michigan's 3rd congressional district. The district is based in Grand Rapids and includes most of its suburbs, as well as Battle Creek.

First elected to Congress in 2010, Amash previously served in the Michigan House of Representatives representing the 72nd District, which is centered on the city of Kentwood and includes his home in Cascade Township as well as the townships of Caledonia and Gaines. He is chair of the House Liberty Caucus.

Amash is a libertarian Republican. Politico described him as "one of the most conservative members of Congress."[1]

Early life and education

Born in Grand Rapids, and raised in Kentwood, Amash is the son of a Palestinian Christian father and a Syrian Christian mother.[2]

His father Attallah immigrated to the United States in 1956[3] through the sponsorship of a Christian pastor and his family. His mother, Mimi, is a Syrian immigrant to the United States.[4][5]

Amash attended Kelloggsville Christian School in Kelloggsville and graduated as class valedictorian from Grand Rapids Christian High School. He graduated from the University of Michigan with a B.A. degree in economics and earned his J.D. degree at the University of Michigan Law School in 2005.[5]

Business career

After graduating from the University of Michigan Law School in 2006, Amash spent about a year as an attorney at the Grand Rapids law firm Varnum.[5] He then became a consultant to Michigan Industrial Tools Inc. (also known as Tekton Inc.), a company founded and owned by his father.[6] He worked as a corporate attorney for his family's business for a year before being elected to the Michigan House of Representatives in 2008.[7][8] Amash's two brothers also have positions at Michigan Industrial Tools, and the trio shares ownership of Dynamic Source International, a Chinese company that is a supplier to Michigan Industrial Tools.[5][9]

Michigan House of Representatives

Election

Amash ran for the Michigan House of Representatives in 2008 in Michigan's 72nd House District. During this time, he donated to the campaigns of Congressman Ron Paul and John McCain.[citation needed] In the Republican primary, he won a five-way election with 41% of the vote, defeating opponent Ken Yonker by 723 votes, a 6.3% margin. The incumbent, Glenn D. Steil, Jr., was barred from running by term limits.[10] In the general election, Amash defeated Democrat Albert Abbasse 61–36%.[11]

Tenure

During his initial tenure in the State House, Amash sponsored five resolutions and twelve bills, but none of them passed.[12] While in the State House, he began using his Twitter and Facebook pages to report his floor votes and explain his reasoning.

U.S. House of Representatives

Elections

2010

See also: United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan, 2010 § District 3
Amash as U.S. Representative in 2011

On August 3, 2010, Amash won the five-way Republican primary for the seat vacated by retiring Republican Vern Ehlers with over 40% of the vote. He was endorsed by the Club for Growth,[13] Ron Paul,[14] and FreedomWorks PAC[15] during his primary campaign.

In the general election Amash campaigned on a conservative platform.[5] He defeated Democrat Patrick Miles, Jr. 60–37%.[16]

In its October 25, 2010, issue, Time magazine named Amash one of its "40 under 40 – Rising Stars of U.S. Politics".[17] At age 30 Amash was the youngest federal officeholder in the United States on Time's list.[18]

2012

Amash as U.S. Representative in 2011
Amash at the 2012 Liberty Political Action Conference
See also: United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan, 2012 § District 3

Amash won reelection to the U.S. House in 2012, defeating Steve Pestka 53–44%.[19][20]

2014

See also: United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan, 2014 § District 3

After initial speculation that he might run for the U.S. Senate, Amash confirmed that he would run for reelection to the House of Representatives in 2014.[21][22]

Amash was endorsed by the fiscally conservative Club for Growth PAC, which spent over $500,000 supporting Amash in his Republican primary against former East Grand Rapids School Trustee Brian Ellis, who was endorsed by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and spent more than $1 million of his own money on the race.[23][24][25]

After Amash defeated Ellis in the August primary, with 57% of the vote to Ellis's 43%, Amash was highly critical of Ellis and former Congressman Pete Hoekstra, who had backed Ellis. Of Hoekstra, Amash said, "You are a disgrace. And I'm glad we could hand you one more loss before you fade into total obscurity and irrelevance." Amash took exception to one of Ellis's television ads that quoted California Republican Congressman Devin Nunes calling Amash "Al Qaeda's best friend in Congress"; he demanded an apology from Ellis for running what he called a "disgusting, despicable smear campaign."[26][27] As Friedersdorf of The Atlantic notes, "Amash voted against the reauthorization of the Patriot Act, favored a measure to repeal indefinite detention, and opposed reauthorization of the FISA Amendments Act."[27]

In the general election Amash defeated Democrat Bob Goodrich and Green Party candidate Tonya Duncan with 58% of the vote.[28]

2016

See also: United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan, 2016 § District 3

Amash won reelection to the U.S. House in 2016 for his fourth term, defeating Democrat Douglas Smith 59–38%. Taxpayers Party candidate Ted Gerrard finished with 3%.[29]

2018

See also: United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan, 2018 § District 3

Amash won reelection to the U.S. House in 2018 for his fifth term, defeating Cathy Albro, 54–43%. U.S. Taxpayers party candidate Ted Gerrard finished 3rd with 2.4% of the vote. Amash was unopposed in the Republican primary.[30]

Tenure

Amash has been noted for his attendance. From January 2011 to January 2019, Amash missed only one of 5,374 roll call votes.[31][32]

Political positions

Amash is a libertarian Republican.[33][34][35][36][37] Politico described him as "one of the most conservative members of Congress."[1]

Amash has called economists F. A. Hayek and Frédéric Bastiat his "biggest heroes" and political inspirations.[18] When The New York Times asked him to explain his approach to voting on legislation, he replied, "I follow a set of principles, I follow the Constitution. And that's what I base my votes on. Limited government, economic freedom, and individual liberty."[38]

Abortion

Amash opposes abortion and the use of federal funding for abortion.[39]

Amash voted "present" rather than "yes" or "no" on the 2011 Full Year Continuing Appropriations Act, which provided for the cessation of federal funding to Planned Parenthood. Although Amash supports eliminating federal funding to Planned Parenthood, he abstained from defunding legislation, arguing that "legislation that names a specific private organization to defund (rather than all organizations that engage in a particular activity) is improper" and an "arguably unconstitutional" bill of attainder.[38][40]

Economy

Amash opposes government bailouts and tax increases.[18]

He was one of four Republicans who joined 161 Democrats to oppose a Constitutional amendment that would require a yearly balanced budget, due to serious concerns [clarification needed] with that specific proposal.[41] Earlier that year, Amash had introduced H.J. Res. 81, an alternative balanced budget amendment that addressed those concerns.[42]

Energy and environment

Amash has criticized the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), arguing that many environmental regulations are overreaching.[43] Amash voted in favor of the Energy Tax Prevention Act of 2011, which would have amended the Clean Air Act of 1963 to prohibit the EPA from regulating specified greenhouse gasses as air pollutants.[44] In a 2017 debate, Amash "exaggerated uncertainty around the basics of climate science"—specifically, the scientific consensus that carbon emissions cause climate change.[45] Amash opposed Obama's decision to sign the Paris Agreement to combat climate change.[46] Amash voted against legislation to block Trump's decision to withdraw the U.S. from the Paris Agreement.[47] Amash voted in favor of legislation "expressing the sense of Congress that a carbon tax would be detrimental to the United States economy."[47]

Amash voted against Great Lakes restoration legislation.[43]

Amash was the only representative from Michigan to oppose federal aid in response to the Flint water crisis, arguing that "the U.S. Constitution does not authorize the federal government to intervene in an intrastate matter like this one." Instead Amash contended that "the State of Michigan should provide comprehensive assistance to the people of Flint."[48]

Foreign policy

Amash speaking at the 2016 Young Americans for Liberty National Convention in Washington, D.C.

Amash supports decreasing U.S. military spending, and believes there is significant waste in the military spending of the U.S. Department of Defense.[49]

He believes only Congress has the power to declare war, criticizing President Obama's intervention in Syria against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant for proceeding without a Congressional declaration of war.[50]

In 2011 Amash was one of six members of Congress who voted against House Resolution 268 reaffirming U.S. commitment to a negotiated settlement of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict through direct Israeli–Palestinian negotiation, which passed with 407 members in support.[3][51] In 2014 he was one of eight members of Congress who voted against a $225 million package to restock Israel's Iron Dome missile defenses, which passed with 398 members in support.[52] He supports a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[3]

Amash joined 104 Democrats and 16 Republicans in voting against the 2012 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), which specified the budget and expenditures of the Department of Defense,[53] calling it "one of the most anti-liberty pieces of legislation of our lifetime".[54] Amash co-sponsored an amendment to the NDAA that would ban indefinite military detention and military trials so that all terror suspects arrested in the United States would be tried in civilian courts. He expressed concern that individuals charged with terrorism could be jailed for prolonged periods of time without ever being formally charged or brought to trial.[55]

On March 14, 2016, Amash joined the unanimous vote in the House to approve a resolution declaring the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) to be committing genocide against religious minorities in the Middle East (it passed 383–0), but joined Representatives Tulsi Gabbard (D-HI) and Thomas Massie (R-KY) in voting against a separate measure creating an international tribunal to try those accused of participating in the alleged atrocities (it passed 392–3).[56]

In 2017 Amash criticized U.S. involvement in Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen, arguing that "Al Qaeda in Yemen has emerged as a de facto ally of the Saudi-led militaries with whom [Trump] administration aims to partner more closely."[57]

In July 2017 Amash was one of only three House members to vote against the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act, a bill that imposed new economic sanctions against Russia, Iran, and North Korea. The bill passed the House on a 419–3 vote, with Representatives Thomas Massie (R-KY) and John Duncan Jr. (R-TN) joining Amash in voting no.[58][59] Trump initially opposed the bill—saying that relations with Russia were already "at an all-time and dangerous low"—but ultimately signed it.[59]

In 2019 Amash signed a letter led by Representative Ro Khanna and Senator Rand Paul to Trump asserting that it is "long past time to rein in the use of force that goes beyond congressional authorization" and that they hoped this would "serve as a model for ending hostilities in the future – in particular, as you and your administration seek a political solution to our involvement in Afghanistan.”[60][61]

Gerrymandering

Amash opposes political gerrymandering, saying in 2018 that he strongly supported adopting "an independent process for drawing districts" based on geographic considerations, so that districts would be "as compact and contiguous as possible."[62] As of February 2019 Amash was the only Republican member of Michigan's congressional delegation who did not join a federal lawsuit challenging the state's political boundaries.[63]

Health care

On May 4, 2017, Amash voted in favor of repealing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) and to pass a revised version of the American Health Care Act.[64] Amash initially opposed the American Health Care Act, describing it as "Swampcare",[65] tweeting that "It didn't take long for the swamp to drain @realDonaldTrump"[66] and criticizing House leadership for attempting to "ram it through."[67] Nevertheless, Amash voted for the updated AHCA plan before the Congressional Budget Office could determine its impact or cost.[68]

Immigration

In July 2018 House Republicans introduced a resolution supporting the officers and personnel of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). Amash was the only Republican in the chamber to vote against the resolution.[69][70] He tweeted, "The House voted today on an inane resolution regarding ICE. The resolution makes several dubious claims and denounces calls to abolish ICE. I wouldn't abolish ICE without an alternative, but there's no reason to treat a federal agency as though it's beyond reproach and reform."[70]

In December 2018 Amash was one of eight House Republicans to vote against a stopgap government funding bill that included $5.7 billion in border wall funding. Amash tweeted, "This massive, wasteful spending bill – stuffed with unrelated items – passed 217–185. It’s amazing how some wall funding causes my fellow Republicans to embrace big government."[71]

In February 2019 Amash was the only House Republican to co-sponsor a resolution to block Trump's declaration of a national emergency to redirect funds to build a wall on the U.S.-Mexico border without a congressional appropriation for such a project. Amash wrote that "A national emergency declaration for a non-emergency is void" and that Trump "is attempting to circumvent our constitutional system."[72] On February 25 Amash was one of 13 House Republicans to vote to block Trump's declaration.[73]

Marijuana legalization and forfeiture

Amash and fellow U.S. Representative Ted Lieu (D-CA) introduced a bill[74] to block the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) from financing its Cannabis Eradication Program through civil asset forfeitures.[75]

According to a DEA performance budget submitted to Congress for the fiscal year (FY) 2014, the DEA received $18 million in FY 2013 funding for cannabis eradication from the Department of Justice's Asset Forfeiture Fund.[76] Amash took aim at civil asset forfeiture in a statement, saying that the practice allows for "innocent people to have their property taken without sufficient due process".[77]

Amash co-sponsored H.R. 1227, also known as the Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act of 2017. The bill was introduced by U.S. Representative Thomas Garrett (R-VA).[78]

Same-sex marriage

Amash supported a repeal of the Defense of Marriage Act, saying that the "real threat" to traditional marriage and religious liberty is government, not gay couples.[39][79]

Security and surveillance

Amash has been a frequent critic of the National Security Agency's anti-terrorism surveillance programs.[4][80][81]

He voted against the 2011 reauthorization of the USA PATRIOT Act,[82] the 2012 reauthorization of the FISA Amendments Act,[83] and the USA Freedom Act.[84]

In 2013 Amash and 15 other members of Congress filed an amicus brief in Federal Intelligence Surveillance Court supporting the release of the Court's unpublished opinions regarding the "meaning, scope, and constitutionality" of Section 215 of the Patriot Act.[85]

Amash opposed President Donald Trump's 2017 executive order to ban citizens of seven majority-Muslim countries from entering the United States. Amash said: "Like President Obama's executive actions on immigration, President Trump's executive order overreaches and undermines our constitutional system."[86]

Amash proposed an amendment to the reauthorization bill of Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act.[87] The Amash amendment would have required the government in criminal cases to seek a warrant based on probable cause before searching surveillance data for information about Americans.[88][89] While the Amash amendment received bipartisan support as well as support from civil liberties groups including the American Civil Liberties Union,[90] the amendment ultimately failed by a vote of 183 to 233.[91]

Suicide prevention hotline

In July 2018 Amash was the only member of the U.S. House to vote against creating a three-digit national suicide prevention hotline. Amash argued that Congress lacked the constitutional power to pass the legislation.[92]

2012 and 2016 presidential endorsements

Amash is an ally of Ron Paul,[93] endorsing Paul in his campaign for the Republican presidential nomination in 2012.[94] Ron Paul's brother, David Paul, formerly an assistant pastor in Amash's district, introduced the two men.[32] Amash endorsed Paul's son, Senator Rand Paul, for president in 2016.[93] After Paul dropped out of the Republican primary race, Amash endorsed Senator Ted Cruz in his bid for the presidency.[95]

Donald Trump

In 2016 Amash made headlines by joining the list of Republicans who opposed the GOP nominee for President, Donald Trump.[96][97][98] After Trump was elected president, the Huffington Post profiled him in an article with the following title, "The One House Republican Who Can't Stop Criticizing Donald Trump". Amash said, "I'm not here to represent a particular political party; I'm here to represent all of my constituents and to follow the Constitution."[99][100]

On January 14, 2017, Trump sent out a series of tweets criticizing Rep. John Lewis (D-GA), one of the main leaders in the 1960s civil rights movement. Amash responded to Trump's tweets with one of his own: "Dude, just stop."[101]

On April 1, 2017, senior White House aide Dan Scavino tweeted that Amash was "a big liability" and urged followers to "defeat him in primary". Amash later referred to Trump as a "childish bully," saying that his attacks would be "constructive in the fifth grade. It may allow a child to get his way, but that's not how our government works."[99][102]

In May 2017 Trump was accused of pressuring fired FBI director James Comey to end an investigation into former national security adviser Michael Flynn. Amash was reported as the first Republican congressman to publicly state that the allegations, if proven true, merited impeachment.[103] This report was contested by the office of Representative Carlos Curbelo, who claimed that he was the first to say that.[104][105]

In June 2018 the Huffington Post asked House Republicans, "If the president pardoned himself, would they support impeachment?" Amash was the only Republican who said "definitively he would support impeachment".[106] In July 2018 Amash strongly criticized Trump's press conference with Russian president Vladimir Putin. He tweeted, "The impression it left on me, a strong supporter of the meeting, is that 'something is not right here.' The president went out of his way to appear subordinate. He spoke more like the head of a vassal state."[107]

When Trump's former attorney Michael Cohen testified before the House Oversight Committee on February 27, 2019, Amash asked him, "What is the truth President Trump is most afraid of people knowing?" Democrat Krystal Ball wrote, "Amash showed how someone actually can exercise oversight responsibility and try to get to the truth, even if the truth might not be in his party’s short-term best interest."[108] CNN editor Chris Cillizza wrote, "The Michigan Republican did something on Wednesday that almost none of his GOP colleagues seemed willing to even try: Ask Cohen questions about his relationship with Trump that might actually shed some new light on not only their relationship but on the President of the United States."[109]

In May 2019 Amash said that Trump "has engaged in impeachable conduct" based on the obstruction of justice findings of the Mueller Report, which, Amash said, "few members of Congress have read".[110] Amash also said that Attorney General William Barr "deliberately misrepresented" the report's findings[111] and that partisanship was making it hard to maintain checks and balances in the American political system.[112] Amash was the first Republican member of Congress to call for Trump's impeachment.[113] In response, Trump called Amash a "loser", accused him of "getting his name out there through controversy", and falsely stated that the Mueller report had concluded that there was no obstruction of justice.[112][1] Ronna McDaniel, chairwoman of the Republican National Committee, accused Amash of "parroting the Democrats' talking points on Russia."[112] She did not explicitly express support for a primary challenge against Amash, but tweeted, "voters in Amash’s district strongly support this president."[1] Republican Senator Mitt Romney described Amash's statement as "courageous", though he disagreed with Amash's conclusions. [114] The New York Times reported that while many Republicans supported Trump in public, they criticized his actions in private.[115]

Committee assignments

Note: This list is not complete.

115th Congress
114th Congress
113th Congress
112th Congress

The House Republican Steering Committee removed Amash from the House Budget Committee in late 2012 as part of a larger party leadership-caucus shift.[116][117] He joined Tim Huelskamp (R-Kansas) and David Schweikert (R-Arizona) in a letter to Speaker of the House John Boehner, demanding to know why they had lost their committee positions.[118]

A spokesperson for Republican Congressman Lynn Westmoreland of Georgia said that Amash, Huelskamp, and Schweikert had been removed for "their inability to work with other members." Politico said that the three were "the first members pulled off committees as punishment for political or personality reasons in nearly two decades".[119][120]: p.2 

Caucus memberships

Personal life

Amash is married and the father of three children.[124]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Andrew Desiderio. "Michigan GOP congressman says Trump's conduct impeachable". Politico. Retrieved May 19, 2019.
  2. ^ Ron Kampeas (October 13, 2010). "Political Points: Hannity told me not to come". JTA – Jewish & Israel News. Jewish Telegraphic Agency.
  3. ^ a b c Tim Mak. "Justin Amash casts himself in Ron Paul's mold". Politico.
  4. ^ a b "Will GOP Rebel Justin Amash Bring Down the NSA – and His Own Party?". Mother Jones.
  5. ^ a b c d e Jim Harger (October 24, 2010). "Profile: 3rd Congressional district candidate Justin Amash". The Grand Rapids Press. M Live.
  6. ^ "Justin Amash Got A Big Raise From His Dad Just Before Loaning His Campaign Money". Huffington Post. July 2, 2014. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
  7. ^ Newlin, Eliza. "Rep. Justin Amash (R-MI, 3rd District)". National Journal. Retrieved March 2, 2012.
  8. ^ Amash, Justin. "Justin Amash Full Biography". amash.house.gov. House of Representatives. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  9. ^ "Justin Amash schedules event to counter fellow Congressional candidate Patrick Miles' ads accusing him of owning Chinese factory". MLive. October 5, 2010. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
  10. ^ "MI State House 072 – R Primary Race". Our Campaigns. August 5, 2008. Retrieved March 2, 2012.
  11. ^ "MI State House 072 Race". Our Campaigns. November 4, 2008. Retrieved March 2, 2012.
  12. ^ Justin Amash sponsored legislation 2009–2010. Legislature.mi.gov.
  13. ^ Connolly, Michael. "Club for Growth PAC Endorses Justin Amash in Michigan-03". Retrieved March 12, 2012.
  14. ^ Ron Paul Endorses Justin Amash for Congress, eon.businesswire.com, June 21, 2010.
  15. ^ "FreedomWorks PAC Endorses Justin Amash, Candidate in Michigan`s Third Congressional District". Business Wire. July 29, 2010. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
  16. ^ "2010 Official Michigan General Election Results – 3rd District Representative in Congress 2 Year Term (1) Position". Michigan Department of State. Archived from the original on January 29, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ TIME Magazine, "40 under 40 – Rising Stars of U.S. Politics – Justin Amash, time.com; accessed March 10, 2017.
  18. ^ a b c "Time Magazine names Justin Amash one of its 40 Rising Stars". Justin Amash for Congress. October 14, 2010.
  19. ^ "Official Michigan Generaral Candidate Listing". Miboecfr.nuctusa.com. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
  20. ^ 2012 Election Results Map by State – Live Voting Updates, Politico.com, June 21, 2013.
  21. ^ Alberta, Tim (September 17, 2013). "Justin Amash Will Not Run for Senate in Michigan". National Journal. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
  22. ^ Doherty, Brian (October 12, 2013). "Justin Amash Targeted by Michigan GOP Business Establishment for Lacking Party Discipline". Reason. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
  23. ^ "Justin Amash (MI-03) profile". PAC Candidates. Club for Growth PAC. Archived from the original on February 8, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Livingston, Abby (July 31, 2014). "Club For Growth Back on TV for Justin Amash". Roll Call. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
  25. ^ "Congressional Races – Michigan District 03 Race – Summary Data". Open Secrets. The Center for Responsive Politics. Retrieved August 8, 2014.
  26. ^ Blake, Aaron (August 6, 2014). "Justin Amash's absolutely amazing victory speech" (major news org. online blog). The Washington Post. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
  27. ^ a b Friedersdorf, Conor (August 6, 2014). "Why Justin Amash's Primary Victory Matters" (online staff comment). The Atlantic. Retrieved March 15, 2016. Representative Justin Amash, a Michigan Republican, is one of the most important civil libertarians in the House of Representatives. He isn't just a staunch opponent of the NSA's mass surveillance of Americans – he actually has a sophisticated understanding of surveillance policy (unlike the vast majority of his congressional colleagues) as well as a record of bringing forth actual reform proposals./Amash voted against the reauthorization of the Patriot Act, favored a measure to repeal indefinite detention, and opposed reauthorization of the FISA Amendments Act. Little wonder that an ACLU staffer told Mother Jones that he's 'a game changer.'
  28. ^ "2014 Michigan Election results". Michigan Department of State. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
  29. ^ "2016 Michigan Election results". Michigan Department of State. November 28, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2019.
  30. ^ "2018 Michigan Election Results". Lansing: Department of State, Michigan. November 20, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2019.
  31. ^ "Justin Amash". govtrack.us. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
  32. ^ a b Mak, Tim (December 8, 2011). "Justin Amash casts himself in Ron Paul's mold". Politico.
  33. ^ ., Daniel (January 11, 2018). "House Reauthorizes Controversial Surveillance Law | HuffPost". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved January 19, 2018. {{cite web}}: |last= has numeric name (help)
  34. ^ Matt Welch & Mark McDaniel | July 28, 2017 (July 28, 2017). "Rep. Justin Amash: The Two-Party System Needs to Die". Reason.com. Retrieved January 19, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  35. ^ "'Lowercase "L" Libertarian' Congressman Justin Amash is Another Potential 2020 Candidate". The Jack News. August 5, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
  36. ^ Glasser, Susan B. (May 15, 2007). "The End of the Libertarian Dream?". Politico.com. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
  37. ^ Ryan Lovelace (February 23, 2016). "Cruz wins libertarian GOP congressman's endorsement". Washingtonexaminer.com. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
  38. ^ a b Steinhauer, Jennifer (April 14, 2011). "Justin Amash, Republican Freshman, Bucks His Party". The New York Times.
  39. ^ a b "Justin Amash on the Issues". Ontheissues.org. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
  40. ^ Jesse Walker, Justin Amash: A Politician with Presence, Reason (May 24, 2011).
  41. ^ "Balanced-budget amendment comes up short in House vote". The Hill. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
  42. ^ "H.J. Res. 81 – 112th Congress (2011–2012): Proposing a balanced budget amendment to the Constitution of the United States". congress.gov. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
  43. ^ a b Climate change dominates U.S. Rep. Justin Amash's 8th town hall, MLive.com (April 13, 2017).
  44. ^ "H.R.910 – 112th Congress (2011–2012): Energy Tax Prevention Act of 2011". Congress.gov. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
  45. ^ Scott Waldman, Climate change dogging Republicans at town halls, E&E News (April 17, 2017).
  46. ^ Jennifer Bowman, Justin Amash says the U.S. wasn't 'validly' in Paris climate agreement, Battle Creek Enquirer (June 2, 2017).
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  48. ^ Nate Reens, Justin Amash stood alone opposing Flint water federal aid bid, MLive.com, January 19, 2016.
  49. ^ Kristina Peterson; Julian E. Barnes (January 29, 2015). "GOP Split Over Expected Obama Request for More Defense Outlays". Wall Street Journal.
  50. ^ Friedersdorf, Conor (August 29, 2013). "President Obama Faces Mounting Pressure to Stay Out of Syria" (online article). The Atlantic. Retrieved March 15, 2016. President Obama faces increasing pressure from lawmakers, foreign-policy experts, constitutional scholars, and anti-war activists to refrain from striking Syria. Opponents of war worry that an insular group of hawkish Washington, D.C., elites will succeed in prompting an intervention the consequences of which they cannot anticipate, despite widespread public opposition to U.S. involvement. The concerns of Syria anti-interventionists vary, but all agree that the president should not unilaterally decide to attack tyrant Bashar al-Assad's regime, even granting that recent chemical weapons attacks on civilians were atrocious.
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  55. ^ How Smith-Amash NDAA Amendment Bans Indefinite Detention (Fact Sheet), Human Rights First, November 5, 2012.
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  63. ^ Oosting, Jonathan (February 4, 2019). "Supreme Court rejects GOP delay bid in gerrymandering lawsuit". The Detroit News. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  64. ^ "How the House voted to pass the GOP health-care bill". Washington Post. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
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  66. ^ Kamisar, Ben, "Freedom Caucus member fires back: The swamp drained Trump", The Hill, March 30, 2017; retrieved 2017-05-09.
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  68. ^ Kliff, Sarah. "Congress is voting Thursday on a bill to replace Obamacare. The CBO still hasn't scored it". Vox. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
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  74. ^ Ted W. Lieu, Justin Amash (September 16, 2015). "Introduction of the Bill" (PDF). Mr. Ted W. Lieu, Mr. Justin Amash. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  75. ^ Mark Ram (October 5, 2015). "Civil Forfeiture for Marijuana Businesses". Mark Ram. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
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  78. ^ "Text – H.R.1227 – 115th Congress (2017–2018): Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act of 2017 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress". Congress.gov. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
  79. ^ Justin Amash Backs DOMA Repeal On Twitter, Huffington Post, March 29, 2013.
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  81. ^ "How a Palestinian-American won a GOP primary". aljazeera.com.
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  89. ^ "House rejects Amash measure on warrantless surveillance". Detroitnews.com. January 11, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
  90. ^ "House votes to renew a surveillance law that collects Americans' emails". Usatoday.com. January 11, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
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  123. ^ "Rep. Justin Amash among founders of pro-gun 'Second Amendment Caucus'". mLive. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  124. ^ Steve Gunn. "GOP congressman Amash is challenged by Democrat Albro". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |Date= ignored (|date= suggested) (help)
Michigan House of Representatives
Preceded by Member of the Michigan House of Representatives
from the 72nd district
2009–2011 		Succeeded by
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Michigan's 3rd congressional district
2011–present 		Incumbent
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded by United States Representatives by seniority
151st 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&oldid=898197959"