Portal:Feminism
The Feminism Portal
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Feminism is a range of socio-political movements and ideologies that aim to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and social equality of the sexes. Feminism holds the position that modern societies are patriarchal—they prioritize the male point of view—and that women are treated unjustly in these societies. Efforts to change this include fighting against gender stereotypes and improving educational, professional, and interpersonal opportunities and outcomes for women.
Originating in late 18th-century Europe, feminist movements have campaigned and continue to campaign for women's rights, including the right to vote, run for public office, work, earn equal pay, own property, receive education, enter into contracts, have equal rights within marriage, and maternity leave. Feminists have also worked to ensure access to contraception, legal abortions, and social integration; and to protect women and girls from sexual assault, sexual harassment, and domestic violence. Changes in female dress standards and acceptable physical activities for women have also been part of feminist movements.
Many scholars consider feminist campaigns to be a main force behind major historical societal changes for women's rights, particularly in the West, where they are near-universally credited with achieving women's suffrage, gender-neutral language, reproductive rights for women (including access to contraceptives and abortion), and the right to enter into contracts and own property. Although feminist advocacy is, and has been, mainly focused on women's rights, some argue for the inclusion of men's liberation within its aims, because they believe that men are also harmed by traditional gender roles. Feminist theory, which emerged from feminist movements, aims to understand the nature of gender inequality by examining women's social roles and lived experiences. Feminist theorists have developed theories in a variety of disciplines in order to respond to issues concerning gender.
Numerous feminist movements and ideologies have developed over the years, representing different viewpoints and political aims. Traditionally, since the 19th century, first-wave liberal feminism, which sought political and legal equality through reforms within a liberal democratic framework, was contrasted with labour-based proletarian women's movements that over time developed into socialist and Marxist feminism based on class struggle theory. Since the 1960s, both of these traditions are also contrasted with the radical feminism that arose from the radical wing of second-wave feminism and that calls for a radical reordering of society to eliminate patriarchy. Liberal, socialist, and radical feminism are sometimes referred to as the "Big Three" schools of feminist thought.
Since the late 20th century, many newer forms of feminism have emerged. Some forms, such as white feminism and gender-critical feminism, have been criticized as taking into account only white, middle class, college-educated, heterosexual, or cisgender perspectives. These criticisms have led to the creation of ethnically specific or multicultural forms of feminism, such as black feminism and intersectional feminism. Some have argued that feminism often promotes misandry and the elevation of women's interests above men's, and criticize radical feminist positions as harmful to both men and women. (Full article...)
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![Palestinian costume](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Ramallah_woman2.jpg/200px-Ramallah_woman2.jpg)
A young woman from Ramallah, c. 1898-1914. Until the 1940s, women of Palestine wore elaborate handcrafted garments. The creation and maintenance of these items played a significant role in their lives. A knowledgeable observer could determine a woman's village of origin and social status from her clothing. The circular band near this woman's forehead is a ring of coins made from a portion of her dowry money, and indicates that she is unmarried.
In this month
- 2 August 1894 – Birth of Bertha Lutz, a Brazilian scientist and feminist, who helped Brazilian women obtain the vote in 1934
- 9 August 1956 – National Women's Day (South Africa) commemorates the national march of women on this day to petition against legislation that required African persons to carry the "pass", special identification documents which curtailed their freedom of movement during the apartheid era.
- 18 August 1920 – Ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, specifically intended to extend suffrage to women
- 25 August 1954 – The National Constituent Assembly of Colombia unanimously recognized the political rights of women and women voted for the first time on 1 December 1957
- 31 August 1919 – Birth of Amrita Pritam (pictured), the first prominent female Punjabi poet, novelist, and essayist, she received the Jnanpith Award, one of India's highest literary honors
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![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg/47px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg.png)
- ... that after dying in her daughter's arms in an asylum in 1897, Maria Trubnikova was remembered as the "heart and soul" of feminist activism in Russia?
- ... that Margareth Rago seeks to establish a methodology for what she calls "feminist science"?
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- ... that Lydia Becker (pictured), founder of the Women's Suffrage Journal, was also an amateur botanist and friend of Charles Darwin?
- ... that Johanna Brandt detailed spying for the Boers with her mother in her book Petticoat Commando?
- ... that Mary Hallaren was the first woman to join the United States Army?
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Alice Manfield - Guide Alice, Mt Buffalo, c1900-30, SLV
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Alice Park - Records of the National Woman's Party
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Alice Paul (1915) by Harris & Ewing
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Angela Davis in a half-length portrait by Bernard Gotfryd - crop
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Anne Dallas Dudley LOC
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Avril de Sainte-Croix - Restored, cropped
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Bertha Lutz 1925
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Cabinet Card of Sojourner Truth - Collection of the National Museum of African American History and Culture
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Convicts Lunatics and Women! Have No Vote for Parliament, ca. 1907-1918
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Dr. Caroline Spencer 275029v
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Ethel Smyth
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Frances Benjamin Johnston, Self-Portrait (as "New Woman"), 1896
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Fredrikke Mørck
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George Charles Beresford - Virginia Woolf in 1902 - Restoration
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Henrietta Rodman from the George Grantham Bain Collection
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Henry Mayer, The Awakening, 1915 Cornell CUL PJM 1176 01 - Restoration
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Hester Jeffrey
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Hubertine Auclert 1910
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Iris Calderhead
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Joy Young Rogers outside the White House
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Lucretia Mott, signed photo, by F. Gutekunst
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Mabel Vernon, c. 1917, by Edmonston, Washington, D.C.
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Marguerite Durand 1910 - Restoration
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Marie Stopes in her laboratory, 1904 - Restoration
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Mary Garrity - Ida B. Wells-Barnett - Google Art Project - restoration crop
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Millicent Fawcett
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Mrs. Crystal Eastman Benedict by Edmonston, Washington, D.C.
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Mrs. Lillian Ascough, chairman of the Connecticut branch of the Woman's Party
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Mrs. Pauline Adams 147002v
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Portrett av Gina Krog (6276081582) - Restoration
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Poster by Anna Soós Korànyi for the Seventh Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance
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Ray Strachey restored
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Sojourner Truth, 1870 (cropped, restored)
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Victoria Claflin Woodhull by Mathew Brady - Oval Portrait
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Voltairine de Cleyre (Age 35)
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We Can Do It! NARA 535413 - Restoration 2
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