Ikshvaku
| Ikshvaku | |
|---|---|
| File:Chanting Brahmins and King Ikshwaku proceed to heaven.jpg Ishnvaku ascends to heaven, accompanied by Brahmins | |
| Affiliation | Vedic religion |
| Successor | Vikukshi |
| Texts | Vishnu Purana |
| Genealogy | |
| Parents | Vaivasvata Manu (father) Shraddha (mother) |
| Children | Vikukshi, Nimi, and other 98 sons |
| Dynasty | Suryavamsha (Ikshvaku) |
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Ikshvaku (Sanskrit Ikṣvāku; Pāli: Okkāka) is a legendary king. He is described to be the first king of the Kosala kingdom, and was one of the ten sons of Shraddhadeva Manu, the first man on the earth. He was the founder and first king of the Ikshvaku dynasty, also known as the Suryavamsha, in the kingdom of Kosala, which also historically existed in ancient India.[1] He had a hundred sons,[2] among whom the eldest was Vikukshi. Another son of Ikshvaku's, named Nimi, founded the Kingdom of the Videhas.[3] Rama and the Buddha are also stated to have belonged to the Suryavamsha or Ikshvaku dynasty.[4] He is mentioned in the Vishnu Purana.
In Jain texts, it is mentioned that Rishabhadeva is the same as King Ikshvaku (son of Nabhiraja). Except for Munisuvrata and Neminatha, the remaining Jain Tirthankaras are believed to have been royals of the Ikshvaku lineage.[5]
Origin
From Kashyapa, through Aditi, Vivasvan was generated, and from him came Shraddhadeva Manu, who was born from the womb of Sanjna. Shraddhadeva's wife, Shraddha, gave birth to 10 sons, including Ikshvaku and Nriga.
The Atharvaveda and Brahmanas associate the Ikshvakus with non-Aryan people, distinct from the Aryans who composed the hymns of the four Vedas.[6][7] F. E. Pargiter has equated the Ikshvakus with the Dravidians.[8] According to Franciscus Kupier, Manfred Mayrhofer and Levman, the Iskvaku is derived from a Munda name.[9][note 1]
However, there are those who contend with Pargiter. Ghurye holds that the Ikshvakus were Aryan horsemen and must have arrived in the subcontinent before the Aryans who composed the Rigveda. The Brahmana texts do also state that the Ikshvakus were a line of princes descended from the Purus. The Rigveda mentions that the Purus are one of the Aryan tribes. Mandhatri, an Ikshvaku ruler, is described in the Rigveda to have annihilated the Dasyus, and seeks the help of the Ashvin twins, the divine physicians of the Vedic religion.[10]
Literature
Agastya explains the origin of Ikshvaku to Rama in the Ramayana:[11]
In ancient times in the golden age, O Rama, the Lord Manu was the ruler of the earth. His son was Ikshvaku, the enhancer of the felicity of his race. Having placed his eldest son, the invincible Ikshvaku on the throne, Manu said:—
“‘Become the founder of royal dynasties in the world!’
“O Rama, Ikshvaku promised to follow his injunctions and Manu, greatly delighted, added:—
“‘I am pleased with you, O Noble One, undoubtedly you shalt found a dynasty but, whilst ruling your subjects with firmness, never punish any who is without fault! A punishment meted out to the guilty according to the law is instrumental in conducting a monarch to heaven, therefore, O Long-armed Hero, O Dear Child, exercise extreme care in wielding the sceptre, this is your supreme duty on earth.
The Vishnu Purana states that Ikshvaku emerged from the nostril of Manu when he happened to sneeze. He had a hundred sons, of whom the three most distinguished were Vikukshi, Nimi, and Danda. Fifty of his sons were the kings of the northern nations, while forty-eight of them were princes of the south. During an occasion known as Ashtaka, Ikshvaku wished to perform an ancestral rite, and ordered Vikukshi to bring him flesh suitable for the offering. The prince shot many deer in the forest, and other game, for the rite. Growing exhausted, he ate a hare among his catch and carried the other beasts to his father. Vashistha, the family priest of the dynasty of Ikshvaku, was requested to consecrate the offering. He declared that it was impure, since Vikukshi had eaten a hare among it, making his meal a residue. Vikukshi was abandoned by his father, offended by this act. But after the demise of Ikshvaku, the rule of Bhuloka passed on to Vikukshi, who was succeeded by his son, Puranjaya.[12]
See also
Notes
- ^ "The founder of the Sakya clan, King Ikṣvāku (Pāli: Okkāka) has a Munda name, suggesting that the Sakyas were at least bilingual (Kuiper 1991, 7;Mayrhofer 1992, vol. 1, 185). Many of the Sakya village names are believed to be non-IA in origin (Thomas 1960, 23), and the very word for town or city (nagara; cf.the Sakya village Nagakara, the locus of theCūḷasuññata Sutta ) is of Dravidian stock (Mayrhofer 1963, vol. 2, 125)." --- "The Sakya clan derive their ancestry from King Ikṣvāku, whose name is of Austro-Asiatic Munda origin."Levman, Bryan Geoffrey (1 January 2014). "Cultural Remnants of the Indigenous Peoples in the Buddhist Scriptures". Equinoxpub. 30 (2): 166. doi:10.1558/bsrv.v30i2.145. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
References
Citations
- ^ Thapar 2013, p. 308-309.
- ^ John Garrett (1975). A Classical Dictionary of India. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 259. GGKEY:YTLNG1DG7JN. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
- ^ Subodh Kapoor (2004). A Dictionary of Hinduism: Including Its History, Religion, History, Literature, and Pantheon. New Delhi: Cosmo Publications. p. 171. ISBN 978-81-7755-874-6. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
- ^ Peter Scharf. Ramopakhyana – The Story of Rama in the Mahabharata: A Sanskrit Independent-Study Reader. Routledge, 2014. p. 559.
- ^ Jain, Kailash Chand (1991). Lord Mahāvīra and his times (Rev. ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 2. ISBN 9788120808058. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
- ^ Indian History Congress. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Parts 1-2. pp. 32–33.
- ^ Ram Chandra Jain. Ethnology of Ancient Bhārata. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, 1970. p. 18.
- ^ Ram Chandra Jain. Ethnology of Ancient Bhārata. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, 1970. p. 21.
- ^ Levman, Bryan Geoffrey."Cultural Remnants of the Indigenous Peoples in the Buddhist Scriptures." Buddhist Studies Review ISSN (online) 1747-9681.
- ^ Pillai, S. Devadas (1997). Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary. Popular Prakashan. p. 154. ISBN 978-81-7154-807-1.
- ^ www.wisdomlib.org (28 September 2020). "The hundred Sons of Ikshvaku [Chapter 79]". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
- ^ www.wisdomlib.org (30 August 2014). "Birth of Ikshvaku and narration of Kakutstha [Chapter II]". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 4 August 2022.