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== Concerns and controversies ==
== Concerns and controversies ==
{{main|Concerns over the 2008 Summer Olympics}}
{{main|Concerns over the 2008 Summer Olympics}}
[[Image:Human Rights Abuse Cannot Co-exist with Beijing Olympics.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The banner reads: "Human Rights Abuse Cannot Co-exist with Beijing Olympic"]]
Concerns over the games include the potential for boycotts from pro-[[Tibet]]an organizations such as [[Students for a Free Tibet]] as well as from organizations such as [[Amnesty International <!-- Human Rights Organization -->]] upset with China's involvement in the crisis in Darfur. China has also been battling problems with [[air pollution]] both in the city of Beijing and in neighboring areas, which the Beijing Organizing Committee (BOCOG) says it hopes to remedy before the games. The head of [[Interpol]] warned China on April 25, 2008 that there is a "real possibility" that the Beijing Olympics will be targeted by terrorist groups<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080425.wolyminterpol0425/BNStory/International/?page=rss&id=RTGAM.20080425.wolyminterpol0425 ''Interpol says Olympic terror attack 'real possibility''. The Globe and Mail. Accessed: April 25, 2008]</ref>, as well as potentially violent disruption from pro-Tibet protestors.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080425/sp_wl_afp/chinaoly2008attacksinterpol_080425160630 ''Interpol chief warns of Olympic terror threat''. Yahoo! News. Accessed: April 25, 2008]</ref>
Concerns over the games include the potential for boycotts from pro-[[Tibet]]an organizations such as [[Students for a Free Tibet]] as well as from organizations such as [[Amnesty International <!-- Human Rights Organization -->]] upset with China's involvement in the crisis in Darfur. China has also been battling problems with [[air pollution]] both in the city of Beijing and in neighboring areas, which the Beijing Organizing Committee (BOCOG) says it hopes to remedy before the games. The head of [[Interpol]] warned China on April 25, 2008 that there is a "real possibility" that the Beijing Olympics will be targeted by terrorist groups<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080425.wolyminterpol0425/BNStory/International/?page=rss&id=RTGAM.20080425.wolyminterpol0425 ''Interpol says Olympic terror attack 'real possibility''. The Globe and Mail. Accessed: April 25, 2008]</ref>, as well as potentially violent disruption from pro-Tibet protestors.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080425/sp_wl_afp/chinaoly2008attacksinterpol_080425160630 ''Interpol chief warns of Olympic terror threat''. Yahoo! News. Accessed: April 25, 2008]</ref>


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* [[Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games]]
* [[Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games]]
* [[Beijing 2008 (video game)]]
* [[Beijing 2008 (video game)]]
* [[Human Rights Torch Relay]] awareness relay for [[Human Rights in China]]


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 19:52, 30 June 2008

Olympic rings
Part of a series on
2008 Summer Olympics

The 2008 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad, will be celebrated from August 8, 2008 to August 24, 2008, with the opening ceremony beginning at 08:08:08 pm CST (12:08:08 UTC) at the Beijing National Stadium in Beijing, People's Republic of China.[a] Some events will be held outside Beijing, namely football (in Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Shenyang, and Tianjin), equestrian (in Hong Kong) and sailing (in Qingdao). This will be the third time the Olympics are held under the jurisdiction of 2 different NOCs (Hong Kong and mainland China compete separately).

The Olympic games were awarded to Beijing, China after an exhaustive ballot of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on July 13, 2001. The official logo of the games, titled "Dancing Beijing," features a stylized calligraphic character jīng (京, meaning capital), referencing the host city. The mascots of Beijing 2008 are the five Fuwa, each representing one color of the Olympic rings. The Olympic slogan, One World, One Dream, calls upon the world to unite in the Olympic spirit. Athletes will compete in 302 events in 28 sports, just one event more than was on the schedule of the Athens games of 2004. Several new National Olympic Committees (NOCs) have also been recognized by the IOC.

The Chinese government has promoted the games to highlight China's emergence on the world stage.[2][3] and has newly built 12 venues, renovated 11, temporary built eight with a grand total of 37 venues hosting the events. There have also been growing concerns of major nations boycotting the Olympics in protest of China's actions in Tibet.[4][5][6] Earlier in 2007, former IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch had said that he believes that the Beijing games will be "the best in Olympic history."[7]

Host selection process

Countdown Clock
Main article: 2008 Summer Olympics bids

Beijing was elected the host city on July 13, 2001, during the 112th IOC Session in Moscow, beating Toronto, Paris, Istanbul, and Osaka. Prior to the session, five other cities—Bangkok, Cairo, Havana, Kuala Lumpur, and Seville—submitted bids to the IOC but failed to make the shortlist in 2000. The voting distributions were as follows:

2008 Summer Olympics bidding results
City NOC Round 1 Round 2
Beijing  China 44 56
Toronto, Ontario  Canada 20 22
Paris  France 15 18
Istanbul  Turkey 17 9
Osaka  Japan 6 —

After the first round of voting, Beijing held a significant lead over the other four candidates. Osaka received only six votes and was eliminated. In the second round, Beijing was supported by an absolute majority of voters, eliminating the need for subsequent rounds.[8]

After winning the bid, the vice premier of the PRC Li Lanqing declared (2001, August 17): "The winning of the 2008 Olympic bid is an example of the international recognition of China's social stability, economic progress and the healthy life of the Chinese people." Previously, Beijing had bid to host the 2000 Summer Olympics. It led the voting over the first three rounds, but ultimately lost to Sydney in the final round in 1993.

Development and preparation

The Beijing government has issued new mandates that require police officers in the city to act more appropriately. The government has circulated pamphlets urging officers to desist from using foul language, being arrogant, and hanging up on people who call to report crimes. They have been told that violators will be reprimanded. By doing this, Beijing hopes to clean up its image in time for the games.[9]

A drive has also been launched to improve the poor English translations common on Chinese signage and labeling in readiness for the Olympics.[10]

Venues

Main articles: 2008 Summer Olympic venues and Olympic Park

By May 2007, construction of all thirty-one Beijing-based Olympic Games venues had begun.[11] The Chinese government is also investing in the renovation and construction of six venues outside Beijing as well as fifty-nine training centers. Its largest architectural pieces will be the Beijing National Stadium, Beijing National Indoor Stadium, Beijing National Aquatics Centre, Olympic Green Convention Centre, Olympic Green, and Beijing Wukesong Culture & Sports Center. Almost 85 percent of the construction budget for the six main venues is being funded by US$2.1 billion (RMB¥17.4 billion) in corporate bids and tenders. Investments are expected from corporations seeking ownership rights after the 2008 Summer Olympics. Some venues will be owned and governed by the State General Administration of Sports, which will use them after the Olympics as facilities for all future national sports teams and events.

It was announced on July 8, 2005 that the equestrian events are to be held in Hong Kong because of the "uncertainties of equine diseases and major difficulties in establishing a disease-free zone." The five venues outside Beijing will be located in Qingdao, Hong Kong, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Qinhuangdao.[12]

Beijing National Stadium

Model of the Beijing National Stadium.
Main article: Beijing National Stadium

The centerpiece of the 2008 Summer Olympics will be the Beijing National Stadium, nicknamed the "Bird nest" because of its nest-like skeletal structure.[13] Construction of the venue began on December 24, 2003. The Guangdong Olympic Stadium was originally planned, constructed, and completed in 2001 for the Games, but a decision was made to construct a new stadium in Beijing.[14] Government officials engaged architects worldwide in a design competition. A Swiss firm, Herzog & de Meuron Architekten AG, collaborated with China Architecture Design & Research Group to win the competition. The National stadium features a lattice-like concrete skeleton forming the stadium bowl and will have a seating capacity of 80,000 people. Architects originally described the overall design as resembling a Bird nest with an immense ocular—an opening with a retractable roof over the stadium. However, in 2004, the idea of retractable roof was abandoned for economic and safety reasons. The Beijing National Stadium will be the site of the opening and closing ceremonies, as well as the athletics events and soccer finals. The stadium's designer Ai Weiwei has since withdrawn his support for China's Olympic games, saying "he wants nothing to do with them anymore".[15][16]

Transport

This is a map of the Olympic venues in Beijing. Several expressways encircle the center of the city, providing for quick transportation around the city and between venues.

In preparation for the huge rush during the games, Beijing's subway system underwent a major expansion which increased its capacity to more than twice its previous size. The previous system was composed of four lines and 64 stations. An additional seven lines and more than eighty new stations were constructed, including a direct link to Beijing Capital International Airport. In the airport itself, eleven unmanned trains, each transporting a maximum of 83 passengers, will expedite the movement of people throughout the new terminal building.[17] Most of them are scheduled to operate from June 30, 2008, one month before the beginning of the games. In January 2007, the BOCOG announced that the Metro cars will be fitted with video screens showing the latest news and events during the games. Additionally, cellphone signals would be made available, so that people can use their communication devices in the metro stations or underground.[18]

According to the General Administration of Civil Aviation of China, a new five-level emergency alert system for extreme weather and security threats will be implemented in the airport. This system is designed to ensure smooth and safe transportation for the estimated three million domestic and overseas visitors who will flock to Beijing for the games in August 2008.[19]

On the ground, Beijing is set to designate thirty-eight official public transit routes that will link the Olympic venues. During the games, 2,500 large-size buses and 4,500 minibuses will be operated by a total of 8,000 drivers to transport people across various venues. Prior to the games, public transport will be optimized in order to reduce the existing 110 overlapping routes.[20]

Beijing will be implementing a temporary road space rationing based on plate numbers during the Games in order to significantly improve air quality in the city.[21] Under the traffic plan made public on June 20, 2008, the rationing will be enforced for two months, between July 20 to September 20, as the Olympics will begin on August 8, and then will be followed by the 2008 Paralympics, from September 6 until 17. [22] The restrictions will be in placed on alternate days depending on the plates ending in odd or even numbers. This measure is expected to take 45% of the 3.3 million car fleet off the streets. In addition, 300,000 heavy polluting vehicles will be banned from July 1, and the plan also prohibits access to most vehicles coming from outside Beijing. The boosted public transport network is expected to absorve this additional demand, estimated in more than 4 million extra passengers per day.[23][22]

Smoking is banned in the 66,000 cabs, the violation of which would lead to a fine of 100 to 200 yuan (13 to 26 USD). Beijing authorities are thus trying to make the event a non-smoking event.

Marketing

Emblem

File:Beijing 2008 Tiananmen Square1.jpg
Dancing Beijing emblem depicted in a flower garden.
Main article: Dancing Beijing

The 2008 Summer Olympics emblem entitled "Dancing Beijing" (舞动的北京) was unveiled in August 2003 in a ceremony attended by 2,008 people at Qi'niandian (祈年殿) — the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests in Beijing's Temple of Heaven (天壇 or 天坛). The emblem combines elements of traditional Chinese society—a red seal and a calligraphic word for jing (京) ("national capital") with athletic features. The open arms of the calligraphic word symbolizes the invitation of China to the world to share in its culture. IOC president Jacques Rogge was very happy with the emblem, saying, "Your new emblem immediately conveys the awesome beauty and power of China which are embodied in your heritage and your people."[24]

Mascots

Main article: Fuwa
File:Friendlies All.jpg

The Fuwa (Chinese: 福娃; pinyin: Fúwá; literally "good-luck dolls") were designed by Han Meilin. They were originally named "The Friendlies", but this name was dropped as Chinese officials were worried that it would be misunderstood as "friendless" or "friend lies."[25]

The Fuwa consist of five members that incorporate fish, giant panda, fire, Tibetan antelope, and swallow designs. They roughly correspond with the five elements of Chinese philosophy: water, metal, fire, wood, and earth. The Fuwa each have as their primary color one of the colors of the five Olympic Rings that stand for the five continents. The five Fuwa are named Beibei, Jingjing, Huanhuan, Yingying, and Nini. When the first syllable of each of the five names are said together, the result is the phrase 北京欢迎你 (Běijīng huānyíng nĭ) which means "Beijing welcomes you".[26]

Tickets

The Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee began publicizing in early August 2006 that it will sell over 7 million tickets for various sporting events and ceremonies to the general public.[27] The chief of the committee expressed her hopes that all Chinese people would have a chance to come to the games. The committee has, therefore, set low ticket prices so as to encourage the Chinese people to become more involved in the Olympics.

On April 14 2007, tickets to the general public went on sale through the Beijing Organizing Committee for domestic tickets (which will account for 75% of the sales) and through each nation's NOC for overseas ticket sales.[28] By June 2007, 2.2 million tickets—about a third of the supply volume—had already been sold.[29]

Slogan

File:One World One Dream.png
Both the 2008 Olympic emblem and slogan appear side by side in this image.

The slogan for the 2008 Olympics is "One World, One Dream" (simplified Chinese: 同一个世界 同一个梦想; traditional Chinese: 同一個世界 同一個夢想; pinyin: Tóng Yíge Shìjiè Tóng Yíge Mèngxiǎng.)[30] The slogan calls upon the whole world to join in the Olympic spirit and build a better future for humanity. It was chosen from over 210,000 entries submitted from around the world.[13]

Merchandising

Officially branded merchandise is sold at special stores.

Since early 2007, licensed Olympics merchandise stores have been in business throughout China. More than 800 official stores were in operation at the end of July 2007. Since August 2007, Olympic merchandise has been made available online, with more than 5000 products available via the official merchandising website, which include apparel, mascot dolls, key-chains and commemorative chopsticks.[31] In November 2007, overseas Olympic E-shop provide online access to customers all over the world to Licensed Products of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. (Excluding the USA, Japan, UK, Canada and China)[32]

Music

The official song for the game's one-year countdown celebration was entitled "We Are Ready"[33] with a version recorded by Hong Kong's Jackie Chan[34]. 106 contestants of Miss World 2007 performed the English version of the torch relay song "Light the Passion Share the Dream", composed by Chris Babida[35] About ten Olympic-themed music videos were recorded, including "Every One is Number One" by Hong Kong's Andy Lau[36], "Hero" by Chris Yu from Taiwan featuring the story of athlete John Stephen Akhwari from Tanzania[37], "Dream in Sight" by Zhou Bichang from China[38], "Forever Friends" by American Coco Lee and Sun Nan[39], "You, me, and him -- happily we participate" by Super Girl and Happy Boys[40], and "Together on the Blue Planet" by Nicholas Tse and Joey Yung from Hong Kong[41].

It was announced that Canada's Celine Dion[42] and Taiwan's Jay Chou[43] would perform during the opening ceremony.

"Beijing Huan Ying Ni," or "Beijing welcomes you" was the theme song for the 100-day countdown celebration, a follow-up to "We Are Ready".[44] During the celebration on 30 April, the song "Light the Passion, Share the Dream" was selected as the official theme for the torch relay. "I am a Star" and "Smile Beijing" were selected as theme songs for the Beijing Olympic Volunteers Committee.[45]

Sports

This pictogram depicts Athletics.
File:Beijing 2008 Tiananmen Square2.jpg
Decorative flower garden in Tiananmen Square depicting various Olympic sports.

The program for the Beijing 2008 Games is quite similar to that of the Athens Games held in 2004. The 2008 Olympics will see the return of 28 sports, and will hold 302 events (165 men’s events, 127 women’s events, and 10 mixed events), one event more in total than in Athens.

Overall nine new events will be held, which include two from the new cycling discipline of BMX. Women will compete in the 3000 m steeplechase for the first time. In addition, marathon swimming events for men and women, over the distance of 10 kilometers, will be added to the swimming discipline. Team events (men and women) in table tennis will replace the doubles events. In fencing, women's team foil and women's team sabre will replace men's team foil and women's team epee.[b][46][47]

In mid-2006, video gamers held talks with the Chinese government in hopes of allowing video games to be a demonstration sport at the games. Demonstration events have not been held at any Olympic Games (Summer or Winter) since 1992.[48]

On August 7, 2006, a day before the 2-year countdown to the Beijing Games, the Beijing Organizing Committee released pictograms of the 35 Olympic disciplines. Each pictogram is designed so that people of nations around the world can recognize the different sports being played at the Olympic Games. This set of sport icons is named the beauty of seal characters, due to each pictogram's likeness to Chinese seal script.[49]

The following are the sports to be contested at the games. The Olympic sport of aquatics has been split into its constituent disciplines of diving, swimming, synchronized swimming, and water polo. The number of events to be contested in each sport is indicated in parentheses.

Torch relay

Main articles: 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay and 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay route
2008 Olympic Torch Relay

The plans accepted by the IOC for the Olympic torch relay were announced on 26 April 2007, in Beijing.[50] The relay, with the theme Journey of Harmony, is expected[51] to last 130 days and carry the torch 137,000 km (85,000 mi) — the longest distance of any Olympic torch relay since the Nazis started the tradition at the 1936 Berlin Olympics. So far, the torch relay has been a public relations disaster[52] for China, with protests of China's human rights record, particularly in Tibet.

The relay began 24 March 2008, in Olympia, Greece. From there, it traveled across Greece to Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens, and then to Beijing, arriving on 31 March. From Beijing, the torch followed a route passing through every continent except Antarctica. The torch visited cities on the Silk Road, symbolizing ancient links between China and the rest of the world. A total of 21,880 torchbearers have been selected from around the world by various organizations and entities.[53]

2008 Olympic Torch on display in Vilnius, February 16, 2008.

The BOCOG carried the flame to the top of Mount Everest[53] on a 108 km (67 mi) long "highway" scaling the Tibetan side of the mountain especially built for the relay. The $19.7 million blacktop project spanned from Tingri County of Xigazê Prefecture to the Everest Base Camp. Environmental concerns about the effects of the road on the fragile Himalayan region were expressed by the media.[54] In March 2008, China banned mountaineers from climbing its side of Mount Everest and later persuaded the Nepalese government to close their side as well, officially citing environmental concerns.[55] It also reflected concerns by the communist government that Tibet activists may try to disrupt its plans to carry the Olympic torch up the world's tallest peak.[56]

The original route included a stop in Taipei before heading for Hong Kong. Taiwan's government, however, later rejected this proposal, claiming that such arrangement would make the Taiwan relay be seen as part of China's domestic route, rather than the international route.[57] The IOC eliminated Taipei from the relay; both China and Taiwan have blamed each other for injecting politics into the event.[58]

Protesters in support of both the Beijing Olympics and the Tibetan Independence Movement during the Olympic torch relay in San Francisco.

The Olympic Torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional Chinese design known as the "Propitious Clouds" (祥云). The torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometer per hour winds, and in rain of up to 50 millimeters per hour.

The relay has been a problematic, month-long world tour that has seen wide-scale protests to China's human rights abuses and recent crackdown in Tibet. After trouble in London saw several attempts to put out the flame, the following day, the flame was extinguished in Paris .[59] The American leg in San Francisco on 9 April was altered without prior warning to avoid such scenes, although there were still demonstrations along the original route, [60] but the remaining legs have not been as disastrous. The relay was further delayed and simplified after the devastating 2008 Sichuan earthquake affecting western China.

Participating NOCs

Though the qualifying competitions for various sports are well underway, it cannot be certain which of the current 205 National Olympic Committees (NOCs)[61] will participate in 2008. Most NOCs participate regularly, although various circumstances could cause a nation to be absent from the games, as was the case for six NOCs at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Nevertheless, placements in various qualifying events can help predict which nations and how many athletes will be at the games. Steven Roush, chief of sport performance for the United States Olympic Committee, expects that the United States will bring about 600 competitors to the games, their largest Olympic team thus far.[62] Other delegations will be much smaller; Afghanistan, for example, will be represented by just four competitors.[63]

South African swimmer Natalie du Toit, five time gold medallist at the Athens Paralympics in 2004, has qualified to compete at the Beijing Olympics, thus making history by becoming the first amputee to qualify for the Olympic Games since Hector Castro in 1928 and the first leg amputee since George Eyser in 1904.[64] [65]


Participation changes

The Marshall Islands and Tuvalu gained National Olympic Committee status in 2006 and 2007 respectively, and are expected to participate in the Games.[66][67][68] In May 2006 (just after the 2006 Winter Olympics), the citizens of Montenegro severed its political union with Serbia. The states of Serbia and Montenegro, which participated at the 2004 Games jointly as Serbia and Montenegro, will now compete separately. The Montenegrin Olympic Committee was accepted as a new National Olympic Committee in 2007.[68] On February 17, 2008, the IOC also promised to recognize the Republic of Kosovo as a new independent nation. However, it is not probable that athletes from the newly formed republic will be able to qualify for the Olympics in time to send a delegation to Beijing. Their participation is additionally compromised by the fact that the new nation has yet to be recognized by many other international athletic federations.[69]

North Korea and South Korea have considered sending a united team to the 2008 Olympics.[70][71] In the past, the two nations have walked together in the parade of nations during the opening ceremonies, but have never competed as one team. The two NOCs met with IOC president Jacques Rogge on September 5, 2006, to discuss the possibility of creating such a combined team.[72] In early 2007, Korean Olympic Committee President Kim Jung-Kil and North Korean Olympic Committee President Mun Jae-duk met to further discuss the logistics of sending a unified team.[71] At the meeting, South Korea advocated for the selection of athletes based on performance, while North Korea hoped for equal representation of athletes if the two indeed sent a joint team.[73] The NOCs failed to reach an agreement on representation, but said they would have further discussions in the future.[74]

Broadcasting

These games will be the first to be produced and broadcast entirely in high definition television, and will likely garner upwards of four billion viewers.[99] In their bid for the Olympic games in 2001, Beijing confirmed to the olympic evaluation commission "that there will be no restrictions on media reporting and movement of journalists up to and including the Olympic Games."[100]

In Canada the public network CBC/Radio-Canada and cable networks TSN and RDS will broadcast its final games before a private consortium involving CTV/Rogers/TQS takes over for the 2010 Winter Olympics, which will be happening within Canadian borders, in Vancouver.

Issues

Likely competitors in the Games, especially swimmers, have voiced dissatisfaction with the IOC's decision to schedule some events to meet the requests of NBC, which paid US$5.7 billion[101] for exclusive United States broadcasting rights to the Summer and Winter Games from 2000 through 2012.[102] NBC requested that popular events, such as swimming, athletics, basketball, and gymnastics, be broadcast live during television primetime in the United States between 8:00 and 11:00 p.m. EDT (between 00:00 and 03:00 UTC) for maximum advertising revenue. This would require events to be held in the early morning between 8:00 and 11:00 a.m., Beijing time. The IOC granted the request for swimming and gymnastics but denied it for athletics and basketball.[103]

Concerns and controversies

Main article: Concerns over the 2008 Summer Olympics
The banner reads: "Human Rights Abuse Cannot Co-exist with Beijing Olympic"

Concerns over the games include the potential for boycotts from pro-Tibetan organizations such as Students for a Free Tibet as well as from organizations such as Amnesty International upset with China's involvement in the crisis in Darfur. China has also been battling problems with air pollution both in the city of Beijing and in neighboring areas, which the Beijing Organizing Committee (BOCOG) says it hopes to remedy before the games. The head of Interpol warned China on April 25, 2008 that there is a "real possibility" that the Beijing Olympics will be targeted by terrorist groups[104], as well as potentially violent disruption from pro-Tibet protestors.[105]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2008 Summer Olympics and 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay.

References

Citations

  1. ^ "6th Coordination Commission Visit To Begin Tomorrow". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2006-05-20.
  2. ^ "China's coming out party". Toronto Star. August 2007.
  3. ^ "2008-The Year of China?". BusinessCenter.TV. 2007-08-07. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  4. ^ EU may boycott Olympics over 'cultural genocide' Malaysia Sun, 26 March, 2008
  5. ^ Polish government to boycott opening of Olympics 27th March 2008
  6. ^ Sarkozy hints at boycott Toronto Star March 26, 2008
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  8. ^ "Beijing 2008: Election". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2006-12-18.
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  10. ^ "Beijing stamps out poor English", BBC News, 15 October 2006
  11. ^ "All Beijing-based Olympic venues under construction". BOCOG. 2007-05-11. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
  12. ^ Olympic Venues, Beijing 2008. Retrieved on May 15, 2006.
  13. ^ a b "The Olympic Games en route for Beijing". International Olympic Committee. 2007-07-13. Retrieved 2007-07-16.
  14. ^ ArchitectureWeek - Design - China's Banner Stadium - 2002.0501
  15. ^ "Stadium designer blasts China Olympics". Aljazeera. 2007-08-12. Retrieved 2007-07-16.
  16. ^ "Chinese architect slams Olympic 'pretend smile'". Reuters. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
  17. ^ "Un-manned trains to operate at new airport terminal building". BOCOG. 2007-06-13. Retrieved 2007-06-17. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ "Official: passengers can watch the Games in Beijing metro". BOCOG. 2007-01-31. Retrieved 2006-02-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ^ "Beijing airport to launch emergency alert mechanism for Olympics". BOCOG. 2007-06-25. Retrieved 2007-06-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  20. ^ "38 public transit routes to the Olympic venues". BOCOG. 2007-01-22. Retrieved 2007-01-29. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  21. ^ Andrew Jacobs (2008-04-14). "Traffic Beijing Stops Construction for Olympics". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
  22. ^ a b Stephen Wade (2008-06-20). "Beijing sets restrictions on cars during Olympics". National Examiner. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
  23. ^ Reuters (2008-06-23). "Beijing to launch Olympic 'odd-even' car ban". ABC news. Retrieved 2008-06-23. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  24. ^ "Rogge's Message for Beijing Olympics Emblem Unveiling". People's Daily Online. 2003-08-03. Retrieved 2006-12-19.
  25. ^ Mascot renamed Fuwa in English
  26. ^ "The Official Mascots of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games". BOCOG. Retrieved 2006-12-19.
  27. ^ "China to sell over 7mn tickets". Gulf Times Newspaper. 2006-08-07. Retrieved 2006-08-14. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  28. ^ "Beijing 2008 tickets go on sale". BOCOG. 2007-04-15. Retrieved 2007-05-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  29. ^ "Olympic Opening ceremony tickets getting hot". BOCOG. 2007-06-21. Retrieved 2007-06-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  30. ^ "'One World One Dream' selected as the Theme Slogan for Beijing 2008 Olympic Games". BOCOG. 2005-12-25. Retrieved 2007-05-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. ^ Lei, Lei (2007-07-31). "Official Olympics gear now just a click away". China Daily. Retrieved 2007-08-03. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  32. ^ "The Overseas Olympic E-shop goes on-line 29 November 2007". The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. Retrieved 2007-11-29.
  33. ^ "We Are Ready" - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
  34. ^ Jackie Chan is ready for the Paralympics - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
  35. ^ 106 Misses 'light the passion' for the Olympic Games - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
  36. ^ Andy Lau offers best wishes for the Olympics - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
  37. ^ Akhwari, 'Hero' of Olympic music video - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
  38. ^ Zhou Bichang hopes Olympic music video conveys moving story of athletes - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
  39. ^ Sun Nan and Coco Lee film 'Forever Friends' music video - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
  40. ^ Super Girls and Happy Boys have fun filming volunteer music video - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
  41. ^ Nicholas Tse and Joey Yung film Olympic music video in Beijing - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
  42. ^ Celine Dion to sing for 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
  43. ^ Jay Chou to treat fans to debut performance of Olympic song - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
  44. ^ Theme song for 100-day Olympic countdown released - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
  45. ^ Theme songs for Olympic Torch Relay, Volunteers unveiled on 100-day countdown - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
  46. ^ "Beijing 2008: Games Programme Finalised". International Olympic Committee. 2006-04-27. Retrieved 2006-05-10. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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Notes

  1. ^ The number 8 is associated with prosperity and confidence in Chinese culture.[1]
  2. ^ The fencing programme will again include all six individual events and four team events, though the team events will be a different set than were held in 2004. The International Fencing Federation's rules call for events not held in the previous Games to receive automatic selection and for at least one team event in each weapon to be held. Voting is conducted to determine the fourth event. In 2004, the three men's team events and the women's épée were held. Thus, in 2008, the women's foil and sabre events and men's épée were automatically selected. Men's sabre was chosen over foil by a 45–20 vote.[2]
  3. ^ Poor-quality air in China contributes to the death of about 400,000 Chinese annually. Ozone and fine particulate matter—bits of carbon, sulfates, and industrial by-products—will be the two biggest pollution threats to the athletes in 2008. When high ozone levels are present, lungs are not able to absorb as much air, causing coughing, wheezing, or headaches.[3]
Wikinews has related news:
  1. ^ "The Number Eight And The Chinese". Retrieved 2007-04-22.
  2. ^ "List of decisions of the 2006 General Assembly" (PDF) (pdf). Federation Internationale d'Escrime. 2006-04-08. Retrieved 2007-04-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference PopSci pollution article was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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