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===Chest CT scan===
===Chest CT scan===
Chest [[CT scan]], an imaging tool for [[pneumonia]], is fast and relatively easy to perform. One research found that the sensitivity of CT for COVID-19 infection was 98% compared to RT-PCR sensitivity of 71%.<ref name=tazy /> Most common CT scan findings were bilateral groundglass attenuation (patchy or diffuse) with subpleural dominance, crazy paving and consolidations at later stages. However, these findings are nonspecific and found as well in other types of pneumonia. No study yet has validated the accuracy and discriminatory value of CT scans to distinguish COVID from other viral pneumonia. Therefore, the CDC - does not recommend CT for initial screening, as emphasized in the COCA call on Thursday, 5 March. People with suspected COVID should be tested with RT - PCR -which is the most specific test.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}
Chest [[CT scan]], an imaging tool for [[pneumonia]], is fast and relatively easy to perform. One research found that the sensitivity of CT for COVID-19 infection was 98% compared to RT-PCR sensitivity of 71%.<ref name=tazy /> Most common CT scan findings were bilateral groundglass attenuation (patchy or diffuse) with subpleural dominance, crazy paving and consolidations at later stages.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Elaine Y. P. |last2=Ng |first2=Ming-Yen |last3=Khong |first3=Pek-Lan |title=COVID-19 pneumonia: what has CT taught us? |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=24 February 2020 |volume=0 |issue=0 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30134-1 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30134-1/fulltext |accessdate=13 March 2020 |language=English |issn=1473-3099}}</ref> However, these findings are nonspecific and found as well in other types of pneumonia. No study yet has validated the accuracy and discriminatory value of CT scans to distinguish COVID from other viral pneumonia. Therefore, the CDC - does not recommend CT for initial screening, as emphasized in the COCA call on Thursday, 5 March. People with suspected COVID should be tested with RT - PCR -which is the most specific test.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}


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Revision as of 08:09, 13 March 2020

COVID-19 testing statistics by country
Country or region Date[a] Tested Units[b] Confirmed
(cases) 		Confirmed /
tested,
% 		Tested /
population,
% 		Confirmed /
population,
% 		Ref.
Afghanistan 17 Dec 2020 154,767 samples 49,621 32.1 0.40 0.13 [1]
Albania 18 Feb 2021 428,654 samples 96,838 22.6 15.0 3.4 [2]
Algeria 2 Nov 2020 230,553 samples 58,574 25.4 0.53 0.13 [3][4]
Andorra 23 Feb 2022 300,307 samples 37,958 12.6 387 49.0 [5]
Angola 2 Feb 2021 399,228 samples 20,981 5.3 1.3 0.067 [6]
Antigua and Barbuda 6 Mar 2021 15,268 samples 832 5.4 15.9 0.86 [7]
Argentina 16 Apr 2022 35,716,069 samples 9,060,495 25.4 78.3 20.0 [8]
Armenia 29 May 2022 3,099,602 samples 422,963 13.6 105 14.3 [9]
Australia 9 Sep 2022 78,548,492 samples 10,112,229 12.9 313 40.3 [10]
Austria 1 Feb 2023 205,817,752 samples 5,789,991 2.8 2,312 65.0 [11]
Azerbaijan 11 May 2022 6,838,458 samples 792,638 11.6 69.1 8.0 [12]
Bahamas 28 Nov 2022 259,366 samples 37,483 14.5 67.3 9.7 [13]
Bahrain 3 Dec 2022 10,578,766 samples 696,614 6.6 674 44.4 [14]
Bangladesh 24 Jul 2021 7,417,714 samples 1,151,644 15.5 4.5 0.70 [15]
Barbados 14 Oct 2022 770,100 samples 103,014 13.4 268 35.9 [16]
Belarus 9 May 2022 13,217,569 samples 982,809 7.4 139 10.4 [17]
Belgium 24 Jan 2023 36,548,544 samples 4,691,499 12.8 317 40.7 [18]
Belize 8 Jun 2022 572,900 samples 60,694 10.6 140 14.9 [19][20]
Benin 4 May 2021 595,112 samples 7,884 1.3 5.1 0.067 [21]
Bhutan 28 Feb 2022 1,736,168 samples 12,702 0.73 234 1.71 [22]
Bolivia 5 Jun 2022 4,358,669 cases 910,228 20.9 38.1 8.0 [23]
Bosnia and Herzegovina 27 Sep 2022 1,872,934 samples 399,887 21.4 54.7 11.7 [24]
Botswana 11 Jan 2022 2,026,898 232,432 11.5 89.9 10.3 [25][26]
Brazil 19 Feb 2021 23,561,497 samples 10,081,676 42.8 11.2 4.8 [27][28]
Brunei 2 Aug 2021 153,804 samples 338 0.22 33.5 0.074 [29]
Bulgaria 2 Feb 2023 10,993,239 samples 1,295,524 11.8 158 18.6 [30]
Burkina Faso 4 Mar 2021 158,777 samples 12,123 7.6 0.76 0.058 [3][31]
Burundi 5 Jan 2021 90,019 884 0.98 0.76 0.0074 [32]
Cambodia 1 Aug 2021 1,812,706 77,914 4.3 11.2 0.48 [33]
Cameroon 18 Feb 2021 942,685 samples 32,681 3.5 3.6 0.12 [3]
Canada 26 Nov 2022 66,343,123 samples 4,423,053 6.7 175 11.7 [34]
Chad 2 Mar 2021 99,027 samples 4,020 4.1 0.72 0.029 [3][35]
Chile 1 Feb 2023 48,154,268 samples 5,123,007 10.6 252 26.9 [36]
China[c] 31 Jul 2020 160,000,000 cases 87,655 0.055 11.1 0.0061 [37][38]
Colombia 24 Nov 2022 36,875,818 samples 6,314,769 17.1 76.4 13.1 [39][40]
Costa Rica 2 Nov 2021 2,575,363 samples 561,054 21.8 51.5 11.2 [41]
Croatia 2 Feb 2023 5,481,285 cases 1,267,798 23.1 134 31.1 [42]
Cuba 2 Feb 2023 14,301,394 samples 1,112,470 7.8 126 9.8 [43][44]
Cyprus[d] 29 Jan 2023 27,820,163 samples 644,160 2.3 3,223 74.4 [45]
Czechia 1 Feb 2023 22,544,928 samples 4,590,529 20.4 211 42.9 [46]
Denmark[e] 31 Jan 2023 67,682,707 samples 3,399,947 5.0 1,162 58.4 [47][48]
Djibouti 28 Apr 2022 305,941 15,631 5.1 33.2 1.7 [49]
Dominica 20 Jun 2022 209,803 cases 14,821 7.1 293 20.7 [50]
Dominican Republic 22 Jul 2022 3,574,665 samples 626,030 17.5 32.9 5.8 [51]
DR Congo 28 Feb 2021 124,838 25,961 20.8 0.14 0.029 [3][52]
Ecuador 23 Jul 2021 1,627,189 samples 480,720 29.5 9.5 2.8 [53]
Egypt 23 Jul 2021 3,137,519 samples 283,947 9.1 3.1 0.28 [3][54]
El Salvador 18 Mar 2022 1,847,861 samples 161,052 8.7 28.5 2.5 [55]
Equatorial Guinea 30 Jan 2023 403,773 17,113 4.2 30.8 1.3 [56]
Estonia 31 Jan 2023 3,637,908 samples 613,954 16.9 274 46.2 [57]
Eswatini 8 Dec 2021 415,110 49,253 11.9 36.5 4.3 [58]
Ethiopia 24 Jun 2021 2,981,185 samples 278,446 9.3 2.6 0.24 [59]
Faroe Islands 27 Feb 2022 774,000 samples 34,237 4.4 1,493 65.7 [60]
Fiji 2 Jan 2023 667,953 samples 68,848 10.3 74.5 7.7 [61]
Finland 14 Jan 2022 9,042,453 samples 371,135 4.1 163 6.7 [62]
France[f][g] 15 May 2022 272,417,258 samples 29,183,646 10.7 417 44.7 [63]
Gabon 23 Jul 2021 958,807 samples 25,325 2.6 3.1 0.082 [64]
Gambia 15 Feb 2021 43,217 samples 4,469 10.3 2.0 0.21 [65]
Georgia[h] 3 Nov 2021 4,888,787 samples 732,965 15.0 132 19.7 [66]
Germany 7 Jul 2021 65,247,345 samples 3,733,519 5.7 77.8 4.5 [67][68]
Ghana 3 Jul 2021 1,305,749 samples 96,708 7.4 4.2 0.31 [69]
Greece 18 Dec 2022 101,576,831 samples 5,548,487 5.5 943 51.5 [70]
Greenland 30 Jan 2022 164,573 samples 10,662 6.5 293 19.0 [71]
Grenada 11 May 2021 28,684 161 0.56 25.7 0.14 [72]
Guatemala 6 Jan 2023 6,800,560 samples 1,230,098 18.1 39.4 7.1 [73]
Guinea 21 Jul 2021 494,898 samples 24,878 5.0 3.8 0.19 [3][74]
Guinea-Bissau 7 Jul 2022 145,231 8,400 5.8 7.7 0.45 [75]
Guyana 15 Jun 2022 648,569 cases 66,129 10.2 82.5 8.4 [76]
Haiti 26 Nov 2022 223,475 cases 33,874 15.2 2.0 0.30 [77]
Honduras 26 Nov 2021 1,133,782 samples 377,859 33.3 11.8 3.9 [78]
Hungary 10 May 2022 11,394,556 samples 1,909,948 16.8 118 19.8 [79]
Iceland 9 Aug 2022 1,988,652 samples 203,162 10.2 546 55.8 [80]
India 8 Jul 2022 866,177,937 samples 43,585,554 5.0 63 31.7 [81][82]
Indonesia 3 Jul 2023 76,062,770 cases 6,812,127 9.0 28.2 2.5
Iran 31 May 2022 52,269,202 samples 7,232,268 13.8 62.8 8.7 [83]
Iraq 3 Aug 2022 19,090,652 samples 2,448,484 12.8 47.5 6.1 [84]
Ireland 31 Jan 2023 12,990,476 samples 1,700,817 13.1 264 34.6 [85]
Israel 17 Jan 2022 41,373,364 samples 1,792,137 4.3 451 19.5 [86]
Italy 16 Mar 2023 269,127,054 samples 25,651,205 9.5 446 42.5 [87]
Ivory Coast 3 Mar 2021 429,177 samples 33,285 7.8 1.6 0.13 [88]
Jamaica 30 Sep 2022 1,184,973 samples 151,931 12.8 43.5 5.6 [89]
Japan 1 Mar 2021 8,487,288 432,773 5.1 6.7 0.34 [90]
Jordan 6 Jun 2021 7,407,053 samples 739,847 10.0 69.5 6.9 [91]
Kazakhstan 28 May 2021 11,575,012 samples 385,144 3.3 62.1 2.1 [92]
Kenya 5 Mar 2021 1,322,806 samples 107,729 8.1 2.8 0.23 [93]
Kosovo 31 May 2021 611,357 cases 107,410 17.6 33.8 5.9 [94]
Kuwait 9 Mar 2022 7,754,247 samples 624,573 8.1 181 14.6 [95]
Kyrgyzstan 10 Feb 2021 695,415 samples 85,253 12.3 10.7 1.3 [96]
Laos 1 Mar 2021 114,030 cases 45 0.039 1.6 0.00063 [97]
Latvia 5 Sep 2021 3,630,095 samples 144,518 4.0 189 7.5 [98]
Lebanon 14 Jun 2021 4,599,186 samples 542,649 11.8 67.4 8.0 [99]
Lesotho 30 Mar 2022 431,221 32,910 7.6 21.5 1.6 [100]
Liberia 17 Jul 2021 128,246 5,396 4.2 2.5 0.11 [101]
Libya 14 Apr 2022 2,578,215 samples 501,862 19.5 37.6 7.3 [3][102]
Lithuania 31 Jan 2023 9,046,584 samples 1,170,108 12.9 324 41.9 [103][104]
Luxembourg[i] 12 May 2022 4,248,188 samples 244,182 5.7 679 39.0 [105]
Madagascar 19 Feb 2021 119,608 cases 19,831 16.6 0.46 0.076 [106]
Malawi 29 Nov 2022 624,784 samples 88,086 14.1 3.3 0.46 [107]
Malaysia 7 Sep 2021 23,705,425 cases 1,880,734 7.9 72.3 5.7 [108]
Maldives 13 Mar 2022 2,216,560 samples 174,658 7.9 398 31.3 [109][110]
Mali 7 Jul 2021 322,504 samples 14,449 4.5 1.6 0.071 [3][111]
Malta 8 Sep 2021 1,211,456 samples 36,606 3.0 245 7.4 [112]
Mauritania 16 Apr 2021 268,093 18,103 6.8 6.1 0.41 [113]
Mauritius 22 Nov 2020 289,552 samples 494 0.17 22.9 0.039 [114]
Mexico 15 Oct 2021 10,503,678 cases 3,749,860 35.7 8.2 2.9 [115]
Moldova[j] 20 Apr 2022 3,213,594 samples 516,864 16.1 122 19.6 [116]
Mongolia 10 Jul 2021 3,354,200 cases 136,053 4.1 100 4.1 [117]
Montenegro 10 May 2021 394,388 samples 98,449 25.0 62.5 15.6 [118][119]
Morocco 6 Jan 2023 14,217,563 cases 1,272,299 8.9 38.5 3.4 [120]
Mozambique 22 Jul 2021 688,570 samples 105,866 15.4 2.2 0.34 [121]
Myanmar 16 Sep 2021 4,047,680 samples 440,741 10.9 7.4 0.81 [122]
Namibia 4 Jul 2022 1,062,663 samples 166,229 15.6 38.7 6.1 [123]
Nepal 26 Jul 2022 5,804,358 samples 984,475 17.0 20.7 3.5 [124]
Netherlands 6 Jul 2021 14,526,293 cases 1,692,834 11.7 83.4 9.7 [125]
New Caledonia 3 Sep 2021 41,962 samples 136 0.32 15.7 0.050 [126]
New Zealand 29 Jan 2023 7,757,935 samples 2,136,662 27.5 156 42.9 [127][128]
Niger 22 Feb 2021 79,321 cases 4,740 6.0 0.35 0.021 [129]
Nigeria 28 Feb 2021 1,544,008 samples 155,657 10.1 0.75 0.076 [130]
North Korea 25 Nov 2020 16,914 cases 0 0 0.066 0 [131]
North Macedonia 1 Jul 2021 881,870 samples 155,689 17.7 42.5 7.5 [132][133]
Northern Cyprus[k] 12 Jul 2022 7,096,998 samples 103,034 1.5 2,177 31.6 [134]
Norway 20 Jan 2022 9,811,888 samples 554,778 5.7 183 10.3 [135]
Oman 28 Oct 2020 509,959 samples 114,434 22.4 11.0 2.5 [136]
Pakistan 5 Mar 2021 9,173,593 samples 588,728 6.4 4.2 0.27 [137]
Palestine 5 Feb 2022 3,078,533 samples 574,105 18.6 60.9 11.4 [138]
Panama 28 Jan 2023 7,475,016 samples 1,029,701 13.8 179 24.7 [139]
Papua New Guinea 17 Feb 2021 47,490 cases 961 2.0 0.53 0.011 [140]
Paraguay 27 Mar 2022 2,609,819 samples 647,950 24.8 36.6 9.1 [141]
Peru 17 Nov 2022 36,073,768 samples 4,177,786 11.6 109.9 12.7 [142]
Philippines 7 Jan 2023 34,402,980 samples 4,073,980 11.8 34.1 4.0 [143][144]
Poland 27 Apr 2022 36,064,311 samples 5,993,861 16.6 94.0 15.6 [145]
Portugal 5 Jan 2022 27,515,490 samples 1,499,976 5.5 268 14.6 [146]
Qatar 11 Nov 2022 4,061,988 cases 473,440 11.7 141 16.4 [147]
Romania 29 Jan 2021 5,405,393 samples 724,250 13.4 27.9 3.7 [148]
Russia 6 Jun 2022 295,542,733 samples 18,358,459 6.2 201 12.5 [149][150]
Rwanda 6 Oct 2021 2,885,812 samples 98,209 3.4 22.3 0.76 [151]
Saint Kitts and Nevis 26 Aug 2021 30,231 cases 995 3.3 57.6 1.9 [152]
Saint Lucia 7 Oct 2022 212,132 samples 29,550 13.9 116.6 16.2 [153]
Saint Vincent 28 Jan 2023 113,504 cases 9,585 8.4 103.0 8.7 [154]
San Marino 29 Jan 2023 192,613 samples 23,427 12.2 563 68.4 [155]
Saudi Arabia 26 Apr 2022 41,849,069 samples 753,632 1.8 120 2.2 [156]
Senegal 12 Jul 2021 624,502 samples 46,509 7.4 3.9 0.29 [157]
Serbia 2 Feb 2023 12,185,475 cases 2,473,599 20.3 175 35.5 [158]
Singapore 3 Aug 2021 16,206,203 samples 65,315 0.40 284 1.1 [159][160]
Slovakia 2 Feb 2023 7,391,882 samples 1,861,034 25.2 135 34.1 [161]
Slovenia 2 Feb 2023 2,826,117 samples 1,322,282 46.8 135 63.1 [162]
South Africa 24 May 2021 11,378,282 cases 1,637,848 14.4 19.2 2.8 [163][164]
South Korea 1 Mar 2021 6,592,010 samples 90,029 1.4 12.7 0.17 [165]
South Sudan 26 May 2021 164,472 10,688 6.5 1.3 0.084 [166]
Spain 1 Jul 2021 54,128,524 samples 3,821,305 7.1 116 8.2 [167][168]
Sri Lanka 30 Mar 2021 2,384,745 samples 93,128 3.9 10.9 0.43 [169][170]
Sudan 7 Jan 2021 158,804 samples 23,316 14.7 0.36 0.053 [3]
Sweden 24 May 2021 9,996,795 samples 1,074,751 10.8 96.8 10.4 [171][172]
Switzerland[l] 7 Nov 2022 23,283,909 samples 4,276,836 18.4 270 49.7 [173]
Taiwan[m] 3 Feb 2023 30,275,725 samples 8,622,129 28.48 128.3 36.528 [174]
Tanzania 18 Nov 2020 3,880 509 13.1 0.0065 0.00085 [3]
Thailand 4 Mar 2021 1,579,597 cases 26,162 1.7 2.3 0.038 [175]
Togo 6 Jan 2023 807,269 39,358 4.9 9.4 0.46 [176]
Trinidad and Tobago 3 Jan 2022 512,730 cases 92,997 18.1 37.6 6.8 [177]
Tunisia 23 Aug 2021 2,893,625 samples 703,732 24.3 24.5 6.0 [178]
Turkey 2 Jul 2021 61,236,294 samples 5,435,831 8.9 73.6 6.5 [179]
Uganda 11 Feb 2021 852,444 samples 39,979 4.7 1.9 0.087 [180]
Ukraine 24 Nov 2021 15,648,456 samples 3,367,461 21.5 37.2 8.0 [181]
United Arab Emirates 1 Feb 2023 198,685,717 samples 1,049,537 0.53 2,070 10.9 [182]
United Kingdom 19 May 2022 522,526,476 samples 22,232,377 4.3 774 32.9 [183]
United States 29 Jul 2022 929,349,291 samples 90,749,469 9.8 281 27.4 [184][185]
Uruguay 16 Apr 2022 6,089,116 samples 895,592 14.7 175 25.8 [186]
Uzbekistan 7 Sep 2020 2,630,000 samples 43,975 1.7 7.7 0.13 [187]
Venezuela 30 Mar 2021 3,179,074 samples 159,149 5.0 11.0 0.55 [188]
Vietnam 28 Aug 2022 45,772,571 samples 11,403,302 24.9 46.4 11.6 [189]
Zambia 10 Mar 2022 3,301,860 samples 314,850 9.5 19.0 1.8 [190]
Zimbabwe 15 Oct 2022 2,529,087 samples 257,893 10.2 17.0 1.7 [3][191]
  1. ^ Local time.
  2. ^ For some countries it is unclear whether they report samples or cases. One person tested twice is recorded as one case and two samples.
  3. ^ Excluding Taiwan.
  4. ^ Excluding Northern Cyprus.
  5. ^ Excluding Greenland and the Faroe Islands.
  6. ^ Excluding Overseas France.
  7. ^ Testing data from 4 May to 12 May is missing because of the transition to the new reporting system SI-DEP.
  8. ^ Excluding Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
  9. ^ Data for residents only.
  10. ^ Excluding Transnistria.
  11. ^ Northern Cyprus is not recognized as a sovereign state by any country except Turkey.
  12. ^ Includes data for Liechtenstein.
  13. ^ Not a United Nations member.

Testing for the respiratory illness COVID-19 and the associated SARS-CoV-2 virus can be done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, nucleic acid tests and ELISA antibody test kits. One study published in February 2020 claims that chest CT scans perform better than PCR tests.[192]

Test methods

As of March 6, 2020, WHO listed the development laboratories and protocols[193]
Country Institute Gene targets
China China CDC ORF1ab and Nucleoprotein (N)
Germany Charité RdRP, E, N
Hong Kong HKU ORF1b-nsp14, N
Japan National Institute of Infectious Diseases Spike protein (Peplomer)
Thailand National Institute of Health N
US US CDC Three targets in N gene
France Pasteur Institute Two targets in RdRP

PCR

One of the early PCR tests was developed at Charité in Berlin in January 2020 using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and formed the basis of 250,000 kits that the WHO is distributing.[194]

A South Korean company called Kogenebiotech[195] developed a clinical grade, PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection kit called PowerChek Coronavirus on January 28, 2020.[196] It looks for the "E" gene shared by all beta coronaviruses, and the RdRp gene specific to SARS-CoV-2.[197] Other companies in the country like Solgent and Seegene also developed their versions of clinical grade detection kits called DiaPlexQ and Allplex 2019-nCoV Assay respectively in February 2020.

In China, BGI was one of the first companies to receive emergency use approval from China's National Medical Products Administration for a PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection kit.[198]

In the United States, the US Centers for Disease Control is distributing the CDC 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel to public health labs through its International Reagent Resource.[199] One of three genetic tests in older versions of the test kits caused inconclusive results, and a bottleneck of testing at the CDC in Atlanta; tests using two components were determined to be reliable on February 28, 2020, allowing state and local laboratories to complete testing quickly.[200] The test was approved by the Food and Drug Administration under an Emergency Use Authorization.

On March 12, 2020 Mayo Clinic reported to developed a test to detect COVID -19 infection[201]

Antibody

COVID-19 testing can also be done with antibody test kits. Antibody assays use a blood serum sample and can provide a positive result even if the person has recovered and the virus is no longer present. The first antibody test was demonstrated by a team at the Wuhan Institute of Virology on 17 February 2020.[202][203]

On February 25, a team from Duke–NUS Medical School in Singapore announced another antibody test for COVID-19 that can provide a result within a few days.[203][204]

On Feb. 28, 2020, another South Korean company called PCL filed a Fast Track Designation Request to Ministry of Food and Drug Safety of South Korea for their antibody-based detection kit, COVID-19 Ag GICA Rapid. Unlike a real-time RT-PCR based detection kit, PCL claims that their antibody-based kit could make a diagnosis within 10 min.

On March 8, 2010, Taiwan’s Academia Sinica announced that the world’s first monoclonal antibody specifically binding nucleocapsid protein (N protein) of the novel coronavirus had been successfully generated and tested in just 19 days. If the rapid immune-based test kit can be successfully developed and manufactured based on this antibody, it will prove very useful in detecting SARS-CoV-2 virus within 15 to 20 minutes just like a rapid influenza test.[205]

Nucleic acid

The 'Explify Respiratory' test by IDbyDNA is a metagenomic nucleic acid analysis test that can identify over 900 respiratory pathogens, including the SARS-CoV-2 virus strain. The actual data analysis takes less than an hour; the turnaround time from receipt of sample to test result is 36 hours. It is more expensive than PCR testing.[194]

Chest CT scan

Chest CT scan, an imaging tool for pneumonia, is fast and relatively easy to perform. One research found that the sensitivity of CT for COVID-19 infection was 98% compared to RT-PCR sensitivity of 71%.[192] Most common CT scan findings were bilateral groundglass attenuation (patchy or diffuse) with subpleural dominance, crazy paving and consolidations at later stages.[206] However, these findings are nonspecific and found as well in other types of pneumonia. No study yet has validated the accuracy and discriminatory value of CT scans to distinguish COVID from other viral pneumonia. Therefore, the CDC - does not recommend CT for initial screening, as emphasized in the COCA call on Thursday, 5 March. People with suspected COVID should be tested with RT - PCR -which is the most specific test.[citation needed]

  • Typical CT imaging findings
    Typical CT imaging findings
  • CT imaging of rapid progression stage.
    CT imaging of rapid progression stage.

Sample collection

Using real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR)[207] the test can be done on respiratory samples obtained by various methods, including nasopharyngeal swab or sputum sample.[208] Results are generally available within a few hours to 2 days.[209]

Hong Kong has set up a scheme where suspected patients can stay home, "emergency department will give a specimen tube to the patient", they spit into it, send it back and get a test result a while after.[210]

The British NHS has announced that it will start testing suspected cases at home, which removes the risk of a patient infecting others if they come to a hospital or having to disinfect an ambulance if one is used.[211]

Mayo Clinic has started drive-through testing for COVID-19 for suspected cases where a healthcare professional takes sample using all precautions advised by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention[212]

Production and volume of testing

Number of tests done per day in the United States

In China, BGI was one of the first companies to receive emergency use approval from China's National Medical Products Administration for a PCR-based 2019-nCoV detection kit.[213] To then scale up testing capacity, BGI founder Wang Jian oversaw the construction in 5 days of a 10,000 samples a day testing lab in Wuhan termed the Huo-Yan or “Fire Eye Lab”.[214]

China announced it was making 1.7 million nucleic acid-based tests and 350,000 antibody test kits each day as of 25 February 2020.[215]

As of March 4, 2020 BGI has set up 12 Huo-Yan laboratories across China, which have completed a total of 360,000 test samples and have a testing capacity of 50,000 samples a day.[216] Outside of China the kit has now received European CE-IVD certification,[217] allowing it to be commercially available in markets recognising CE marking.

References

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