2023 Nigerian presidential election: Difference between revisions
→General election: Corrected an error Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
|||
Line 1,373: | Line 1,373: | ||
}} |
}} |
||
{{Election box candidate with party link no change |
{{Election box candidate with party link no change |
||
| candidate = [[ |
| candidate = [[Omoyele Sowore]] |
||
| party = African Action Congress |
| party = African Action Congress |
||
| votes = |
| votes = |
Revision as of 00:41, 8 September 2022
![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
![]() |
---|
![]() |
The 2023 Nigerian presidential election will be held on 25 February 2023 to elect the president and vice president of Nigeria.[1] Incumbent APC President Muhammadu Buhari is term-limited and cannot seek re-election for a third term.
Other federal elections, including elections to the House of Representatives and the Senate, will also be held on the same date while state elections will be held two weeks afterward on 11 March. The winners of the election will be inaugurated on 29 May 2023, the former date of Democracy Day.
Party primaries were scheduled for between 4 April and 9 June 2022 with the Peoples Democratic Party nominating former Vice President Atiku Abubakar on 28 May while the All Progressives Congress nominated former Governor of Lagos State Bola Tinubu on 8 June.[2][3] For the less politically represented Labour Party and New Nigeria Peoples Party, former Governor of Anambra State Peter Obi was nominated on 30 May and former Governor of Kano State Rabiu Kwankwaso was nominated on 8 June, respectively.[4][5] In the weeks after the primaries, vice presidential running mates were announced with Abubakar choosing Governor Ifeanyi Okowa on 16 June while his main opponents initially picked placeholder running mates before later substituting in substantive nominees.[6][7][8] Obi selected former Senator Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed on 8 July, Tinubu picked Senator Kashim Shettima on 10 July, and Kwankwaso chose pastor Isaac Idahosa on 14 July.[9][10]
Electoral system
The President of Nigeria is elected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive a majority of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least 24 of the 36 states. If no candidate passes this threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of states.
Background
After the first term of Muhammadu Buhari as President, he won re-election to the office as the nominee of the All Progressives Congress by defeating Atiku Abubakar of the People's Democratic Party with a margin of 14 percentage points—nearly 4 million votes. For the legislative elections, the APC solidified its majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate after nearly losing the majorities due to defections in 2018. On the state level, the PDP gained two in total as the party gained four governorships from the APC while the APC gained two governorships from the PDP. During the first two years of the 2019–2023 term, the APC expanded slightly through the defections of dozens of state and federal legislators and three governors—Ebonyi State's Dave Umahi, Cross River State's Benedict Ayade, and Zamfara State's Bello Muhammad Matawalle—but went through a prolonged leadership crisis;[11] for the PDP, the losses through defection took a toll but the party resolved its leadership crisis and held a peaceful convention.[12] During the second half of the term, both parties were hit by defections but the APC held its long-postponed convention and the PDP underwent public disputes over not zoning its presidential nomination.
Ahead of Buhari's second term, his promises included the completion of in-process rail lines and other infrastructure projects, the further inclusion of women in government, educational reform, and increasing anti-corruption initiatives.[13] In terms of his performance, the administration was commended for improving the agriculture sector, finishing infrastructure projects, successful advances in the fight against terrorists in the northeast, securing the return of previously looted public funds from abroad, and increasing the minimum wage.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20] However, he faced criticism for abandoning anti-corruption initiatives, poor quality of life, an increasingly dire security situation outside of the northeast (bandits and some terrorist expansion in the North West, herder-farmer and interethnic conflicts in the North Central, pirates and illegal oil bunkering gangs in the Niger Delta, and a violent separatist movement in the South East along with nationwide kidnapping and security force brutality epidemics), and increasing national debt.[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] Buhari also came under fire for instituting a seven-month long national ban on Twitter after the site removed an abusive tweet he posted in reference to the Civil War; the ban was decried as a failed attempt at censorship.[38] Another key source of controversy was the administration's handling of the October 2020 protest wave of the End SARS movement with the most fervent criticism emerging over the Lekki massacre when soldiers in Lagos killed multiple peaceful protesters before the Army and administration attempted to deny the shooting ever took place.[39]
Buhari also had to contend with a fluctuating, but consistently low, approval rating.[40]
![]() | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Primary elections
The primaries, along with any potential challenges to primary results, were to take place between 4 April and 3 June 2022 but the deadline was extended to 9 June.[1][41] An informal zoning gentlemen's agreement sets the South (the South East, South South, and South West geopolitical zones) to have the next President as Buhari, a Northerner, was elected twice. Another informal convention calls for nominees to have vice presidential running mates from a different region and religion as themselves. Despite the arrangement, most parties did not formally close their primaries to non-Southern candidates or officially designate that their tickets cannot have running mates of the same religion.
Both the APC and PDP had heated internal debates over zoning and same religion tickets in the year ahead of the primary. Despite the informal convention, the People's Democratic Party declined to formally zone its nomination in early May 2022 before going against the convention to nominate northerner Atiku Abubakar; the All Progressives Congress also declined to formally zone its nomination but later nominated a southerner Bola Tinubu as its flagbearer.[42][43] But the APC broke the other major convention by picking a same religion ticket while the PDP did not.
All Progressives Congress
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Turnout | 91.09% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
With Muhammadu Buhari having been elected to the presidency twice, he was ineligible for renomination. In July 2021, then-national APC Caretaker Chairman and Yobe State Governor Mai Mala Buni backed the consensus method of nominating a presidential candidate instead of the more common direct or indirect primary methods but the party did not come to a decision on primary method at the time.[44] During Buni's term as Caretaker Chairman from 2020 to 2022, he campaigned heavily for prominent PDP members to defect to the APC, weakening the opposition's caucus in the National Assembly and gaining three governors—Ebonyi State's Dave Umahi, Cross River State's Benedict Ayade, and Zamfara State's Bello Muhammad Matawalle—in 2020 and 2021. However, the APC's electoral performance and party unity were more mixed as it came a distant third in the 2021 Anambra State gubernatorial election[a] and was still beset by infighting.[45] The APC primary was framed in the wider context of internal party feuds stemming from the APC's formation in 2013 and pre-2019 election party crises to the 2020 removal of party leadership and contentious 2021 state party congresses. The ability of the APC national caretaker committee to resolve state party factionizations and properly organize the 2022 national party convention was seen as vital for both the APC's presidential chances and its future as a party.[46] After several postponements, the convention was successfully held on 26 March 2022 despite some controversy over the consensus method used for most party offices.[47][48]
In terms of zoning, there was no announced formal zoning agreement for the APC nomination despite calls from certain politicians and interest groups such as the Southern Governors' Forum to zone the nomination to the South as Buhari, a Northerner, was elected twice.[49][50] Countering its proponents were prospective candidates from the North and the Northern Governors' Forum, which did not oppose a southern presidency but initially disagreed with formal zoning.[51] On the other hand, there were few proponents of a same religion ticket, mainly supporters and allies of eventual nominee Bola Tinubu who argued that there were few powerful Northern Christian APC politicians who could be his running mate.[52] Allies of other potential candidates and groups like the Christian Association of Nigeria came out strongly against the idea of a same religion ticket on grounds of national unity and religious harmony.[53][54]
On 20 April 2022, the APC National Executive Committee announced the party timetable for the presidential primary and that the primary would use the indirect primary method. The announcement set the party's expression of interest form price at ₦30 million and the nomination form price at ₦70 million with a 50% nomination form discount for candidates younger than 40 while women and candidates with disabilities get free nomination forms. Forms were to be sold from 26 April to 6 May until the deadline was later extended to 10 May then 12 May.[55] After the submission of nomination forms by 13 May, candidates were to be screened by a party committee on 24 and 25 May but it was delayed several times to while the screening appeal process will take place afterwards.[56][57][58] Ward congresses and LGA congresses were rescheduled for between 12 and 14 May to elect "ad hoc delegates" for the primary. Candidates approved by the screening process were to advance to a primary set for 30 May and 1 June but the party delayed the primary to 6–8 June.[59][60][61][62]
Before the primary, controversy over the prospective electors emerged due to the legal ramifications of the amended Electoral Act. After years of debate and public pressure, Buhari signed a new Electoral Act in January 2022 that drastically reformed election and electoral systems for both primary and general elections. One of the reforms was the exclusion of ex officio "statutory delegates"—thousands of current and former officeholders—from voting in party primaries; National Assembly leadership said the exclusion was inadvertent and in May, NASS passed an amendment to the act to allow statutory delegates to vote in primaries.[63] However, Buhari refused to sign the amendment into law, forcing the APC to suddenly prohibit statutory delegates from voting. Not only did the action prevent Buhari and other high-ranking officeholders from voting, it drastically reduced the number of delegates from over 7,800 to just the 2,322 elected "ad hoc delegates."[64][65][66]
The pre-primary period was dominated by questions around major candidates and Buhari's endorsement. Of the formally announced candidates, analysts viewed five as the major contenders: Rotimi Amaechi—former Minister of Transportation and former Governor of Rivers State, Kayode Fayemi—Governor of Ekiti State, Ahmad Lawan—Senate President, Yemi Osinbajo—Vice President, and Bola Tinubu—former Governor of Lagos State; however, two potential surprises emerged: former President Goodluck Jonathan and Governor of the Central Bank Godwin Emefiele. Groups purchasing forms on behalf of Emefiele and Jonathan coupled with months of speculation about their candidacies led to rumours of a plot to impose one of the two as nominee despite the legally-mandated nonpartisanship of Emefiele's office and Jonathan's membership in the PDP; neither candidacy came to fruition as Jonathan refused the forms while Emefiele was forced to withdraw due to public pressure.[67] The other main question was Buhari's endorsement; despite months of contending that he would not weigh in on the primary, about a week before the primary, Buhari held a meeting with APC governors where he asked them to support his preferred candidate.[68][69] Reports emerged that while the vast majority of governors agreed, a few rejected the proposal or did not state their position.[70] Another point of contention was the oft-postponed candidate screening, where a committee led by former APC National Chairman John Odigie Oyegun cleared all twenty-three candidates but recommended only thirteen candidates continue their campaigns due to their perceived chances of victory.[71][72]
In the days directly before the primary, the vast majority of northern APC governors released a letter in support of a southern nominee where they also asked northern candidates to withdrew; in response, one northern candidate withdrew from the primary.[73] Later that day (4 June 2022), Buhari held a meeting with most APC candidates where he reportedly privately backed a nominee being from the south and told the candidates to find a consensus nominee amongst themselves.[74] However, on 6 June—the day before primary voting, national party chairman Abdullahi Adamu told northern APC governors that the party's (and Buhari's) consensus candidate would be Lawan; the announcement was met with opposition by governors and other members of the party's National Working Committee leading the party to backtrack and claim that Adamu was just expressing his personal opinion.[75][76][77][78] The same day, Buhari stated that he had no anointed candidate in the primary.[79] Then early on primary day, APC governors and the party NWC made a joint recommendation of five southern candidates—Amaechi, Fayemi, Osinbajo, Tinubu, and Governor of Ebonyi State Dave Umahi—to Buhari while asking all other aspirants to withdrew from the race.[80] Seven other candidates released a joint statement rejecting the shortlist while all six southeastern candidates penned a letter to Buhari asking that the nomination be zoned to the South-East.[81][82]
On the day of the primary, delegates gathered in Eagle Square, Abuja to be accredited and vote. The early part of the exercise was beset by logistical issues as there were significant delays in both delegate and journalist accreditation along with the deployment of tear gas by security to disperse crowds.[83][84][85] Meanwhile inside the Square, Economic and Financial Crimes Commission personnel took positions to prevent bribery before candidates gave their final speeches to the delegates before voting.[86] During these speeches, six candidates—Godswill Akpabio, Ibikunle Amosun, Dimeji Bankole, Robert Ajayi Boroffice, Fayemi, and Uju Kennedy Ohanenye—stepped down in favour of Tinubu and one aspirant—Nicholas Felix—withdrew for Osinbajo while the remaining candidates issued promises and proposals for their prospective campaigns.[87] After the candidate speeches and an address by Buhari, voting began in the early morning of 8 June and after hours of voting, votes were publicly tabulated.[88] When collation completed, Bola Tinubu emerged as nominee after results showed him winning 60% of the votes with a margin of 45% over runner-up Amaechi.[89][90][3] In his acceptance speech, Tinubu thanked his team while striking a conciliatory tone in regards to his former opponents.[91] Post-primary analysis noted multiple potential reasons for Tinubu's victory, namely: other candidates' focus on a Buhari endorsement that never came, the failure of Buhari's succession plan, bribery, and the last-minute withdrawals.[92][93][94] The week after the primary were based around the search for Tinubu's running mate, as Tinubu is a southern Muslim it was expected that his running mate would be a northern Christian but controversy emerged as some prominent APC politicians stated their openness to a Muslim-Muslim ticket.[95][96] As the deadline neared, the party submitted the name of Kabir Ibrahim Masari—a politician and party operative from Katsina State—as a placeholder vice presidential nominee to be substituted at a later date.[8] On 10 July, Ibrahim Masari withdrew and Tinubu announced Kashim Shettima—a senator and former Governor of Borno State—as his running mate after a meeting with Buhari in Daura.[97][10] Breaking the anti-same religion ticket convention, Tinubu argued in a statement that "religion...cannot always and fully determine our path" and that he picked "the man who can help me bring the best governance to all Nigerians, period, regardless of their religious affiliation" and compared the ticket to the last Yoruba Muslim-Kanuri Muslim ticket, the successful M. K. O. Abiola-Baba Gana Kingibe slate in 1993.[98] Opponents, like the Christian Association of Nigeria and civil society groups, derided the pick as divisive in a trying time for Nigerian unity.[99][100] Analysts noted the previous reports from before Tinubu was nominated that said his inner circle did not think a Northern Christian would help the party in the majority-Muslim states and thus a fellow Muslim should be picked.[101][102]
Nominated
- Bola Tinubu: former Governor of Lagos State (1999–2007) and former Senator for Lagos West (1992–1993)[103][b][c][3]
- Running mate—Kashim Shettima: Senator for Borno Central (2019–present), former Governor of Borno State (2011–2019), and son of former Governor of Northern Nigeria Kashim Ibrahim[10]
Eliminated in primary
- Rotimi Amaechi: former Minister of Transportation (2015–2019; 2019–2022), former Governor of Rivers State (2007–2015), and former Speaker of the Rivers State House of Assembly (1999–2007)[104][105][b][c]
- Benedict Ayade: Governor of Cross River State (2015–present) and former Senator for Cross River North (2011–2015)[106][107][d][e]
- Tunde Bakare: pastor[109][110][d][e][111]
- Yahaya Bello: Governor of Kogi State (2016–present)[112][b][e]
- Tein Jack-Rich: businessman[113][b][e]
- Ahmad Lawan: Senator for Yobe North (2007–present), President of the Senate (2019–present), and former House of Representatives member for Bade/Jakusko (1999–2007)[114][b][e]
- Ikeobasi Mokelu: former Minister of Information and Culture[115][116][d][e]
- Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba: former Minister of State for Education (2019–2022) and former House of Representatives member for Ehime Mbano/Ihitte Uboma/Obowo (2019; 1999–2003)[117][b][e]
- Rochas Okorocha: Senator for Imo West (2019–present) and former Governor of Imo State (2011–2019)[118][119][d][e]
- Ogbonnaya Onu: former Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation (2015–2019; 2019–2022) and former Governor of Abia State (1992–1993)[120][121][b][e]
- Yemi Osinbajo: Vice President (2015–present)[122][123][b][c]
- Ahmad Sani Yerima: Senator for Zamfara West (2007–2019) and former Governor of Zamfara State (1999–2007)[124][125][d][e]
- Dave Umahi: Governor of Ebonyi State (2015–present) and former Deputy Governor of Ebonyi State (2011–2015)[126][b][c]
Withdrew
- Mohammed Badaru Abubakar: Governor of Jigawa State (2015–present)[127][128][b]
- Godswill Akpabio: former Minister of Niger Delta Affairs (2019–2022), former Senator for Akwa Ibom North-West (2015–2019), and former Governor of Akwa Ibom State (2007–2015)[129][b][e][130]
- Ibikunle Amosun: Senator for Ogun Central (2003–2007; 2019–present) and former Governor of Ogun State (2011–2019)[131][132][121][b][e][133]
- Moses Ayom: businessman[134]
- Dimeji Bankole: former House of Representatives member for Abeokuta South (2003–2011) and former Speaker of the House of Representatives (2007–2011)[135][136][d][e][137]
- Robert Ajayi Boroffice: Senator for Ondo North (2011–present)[121][d][e][138]
- Ibrahim Bello Dauda: businessman[139]
- Kayode Fayemi: Governor of Ekiti State (2010–2014; 2018–present) and former Minister of Solid Mineral Development (2015–2018)[140][141][b][c][142][143]
- Nicholas Felix: pastor[144][d][e][145]
- Adamu Garba II: businessman (defected before the primary to the YPP to unsuccessfully run in its presidential primary)[146][147]
- Godwin Emefiele: Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria (2014–present)[148][149]
- Orji Uzor Kalu: Senator for Abia North (2019–present) and former Governor of Abia State (1999–2007) (to run for re-election as senator for Abia North)[150][151]
- Chris Ngige: Minister of Labour and Employment (2015–2019; 2019–present), former Senator for Anambra Central (2011–2015), and former Governor of Anambra State (2003–2006)[152][153]
- Ken Nnamani: former Senator for Enugu East (2003–2007) and former President of the Senate (2005–2007)[154][155][d][156]
- Uju Kennedy Ohanenye: lawyer[157][d][e][158]
- Gbenga Olawepo-Hashim: activist and businessman[159][160]
- Adams Oshiomhole: former Governor of Edo State (2008–2016) (to run for senator for Edo North)[161][162]
- Timipre Sylva: Minister of State for Petroleum Resources (2019–present) and former Governor of Bayelsa State (2007–2008; 2008–2012)[163][164]
Declined
- Rauf Aregbesola: Minister of the Interior (2019–present) and former Governor of Osun State (2010–2018)[165]
- Yakubu Dogara: House of Representatives member for Dass/Bogoro/Tafawa Balewa (2007–present) and former Speaker of the House of Representatives (2015–2019)[166]
- Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai: Governor of Kaduna State (2015–present) and former Minister of the Federal Capital Territory (2003–2007)[166][167][168][169]
- Shina Peller: House of Representatives member for Iseyin/Kajola/Iwajowa/Itesiwaju (2019–present)[170]
- Ali Modu Sheriff: Governor of Borno State (2003–2011) and former Senator for Borno Central (1999–2003)[171]
- Babagana Umara Zulum: Governor of Borno State (2019–present)[166][167]
Results
Candidates' vote share
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
APC | Bola Tinubu | 1,271 | 60.47% | |
APC | Rotimi Amaechi | 316 | 15.03% | |
APC | Yemi Osinbajo | 235 | 11.18% | |
APC | Ahmad Lawan | 152 | 7.23% | |
APC | Yahaya Bello | 47 | 2.24% | |
APC | Dave Umahi | 38 | 1.81% | |
APC | Benedict Ayade | 37 | 1.76% | |
APC | Ahmad Sani Yerima | 4 | 0.19% | |
APC | Ogbonnaya Onu | 1 | 0.05% | |
APC | Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba | 1 | 0.05% | |
APC | Tunde Bakare | 0 | 0.00% | |
APC | Tein Jack-Rich | 0 | 0.00% | |
APC | Ikeobasi Mokelu | 0 | 0.00% | |
APC | Rochas Okorocha | 0 | 0.00% | |
Total votes | 2,102 | 100.00% | ||
Invalid or blank votes | 13 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 2,322 | 91.09% |
Peoples Democratic Party
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Turnout | 98.43% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
In October 2021, newly elected PDP Chairman Iyorchia Ayu backed the indirect primary method of nominating a presidential candidate instead of the direct or consensus methods.[172] In the year prior to Ayu's election at the October 2021 PDP National Convention, the party had been beset by months of defections from prominent members, most notably of over a dozen National Assembly members and three governors—Ebonyi State's Dave Umahi, Cross River State's Benedict Ayade, and Zamfara State's Bello Muhammad Matawalle; the party also came a distant second in the 2021 Anambra State gubernatorial election and suspended then-national party chair, Uche Secondus.[173] However, the PDP was able to hold its convention without controversy or violence in October, electing nearly all party officials by consensus and inaugurating the full National Working Committee in December.[12]
In terms of zoning, the PDP did not have a formal zoning agreement for the nomination, however, there were calls from certain politicians and interest groups such as the Southern Governors' Forum to zone the nomination to the South as the APC's Buhari, a Northerner, was elected twice.[174][175] Amid calls for zoning, the party set up an internal committee in March 2022 with a decision on the issue expected by April.[176][177] However, the decision's release was delayed until May when the party announced that it would not zone its nomination.
On 16 March 2022, the national PDP announced its primary schedule, setting its expression of interest form price at ₦5 million and the nomination form price at ₦35 million with a 50% discount for candidates between 25 and 30. Forms were to be sold from 18 March to 1 April but the party later extended the deadline four times before reaching a final deadline of 22 April. After the submission of nomination forms by 25 April, candidates were screened by a party committee on 29 April while 2 May was the rescheduled date for the screening appeal process. Ward congresses were set for 29 April and LGA congresses were rescheduled for 10 May to elect "ad hoc delegates" for the primary; ex officio "statutory delegates"—thousands of current and former officeholders—will not be electors unlike previous primaries.[178][179][180] Candidates approved by the screening process will advance to a primary set for 28 and 29 May.[181][182]
At the party screening, a committee led by former Senate President David Mark cleared most candidates but disqualified two—Nwachukwu Anakwenze and Cosmos Chukwudi Ndukwe; The disqualifications were then upheld by a screening appeal committee led by Ayu.[183][184] After the screening, the party's oft-postponed zoning decision was announced with the PDP National Executive Council choosing not to zone the nomination to any particular region, throwing the race open to all candidates.[185] Of the candidates, analysts viewed five as the most likely to win: Atiku Abubakar—former Vice President and 2019 presidential nominee, Peter Obi—former Governor of Anambra State and 2019 vice presidential nominee, Bukola Saraki—former Senate President, Aminu Waziri Tambuwal—Governor of Sokoto State and former Speaker of the House of Representatives, and Nyesom Wike—Governor of Rivers State with a few other notable candidates seen as unlikely to have a chance.[186][187] However, a few days before the primary, Obi suddenly withdrew from the primary and decamped to the Labour Party.[188][189]
In the days before the primary, controversy over the prospective electors emerged due to the legal ramifications of the amended Electoral Act. After years of debate and public pressure, Buhari signed a new Electoral Act in January 2022 that drastically reformed election and electoral systems for both primary and general elections. One of the reforms was the exclusion of ex officio "statutory delegates"—thousands of current and former officeholders—from voting in party primaries; National Assembly leadership said the exclusion was inadvertent and in May, NASS passed an amendment to the act to allow statutory delegates to vote in primaries.[63] However, Buhari refused to sign the amendment into law, forcing the PDP to suddenly barr statutory delegates from voting. Not only did the action prevent incumbent governors and other high-ranking officeholders from voting, it drastically reduced the number of delegates to just 810 then 774.[65][190][191][192]
On the day of the primary, delegates gathered in the Velodrome of the Moshood Abiola National Stadium to be accredited and vote. Despite a few unexpected events, including the arrival of Economic and Financial Crimes Commission personnel meant to prevent bribery and the withdrawal of candidate Mohammed Hayatu-Deen in protest of the "obscenely monetized" race, the process continued as every candidate gave a final speech to the delegates before voting.[193][194] Another surprise came after the speeches, when Tambuwal returned to the dais to withdraw from the primary and direct his delegates to vote for Abubakar.[195] After the withdrawal, voting began and after over an hour of voting, the votes were publicly tabulated. When collation completed, Atiku Abubakar emerged as nominee after results showed him winning just under 50% of the votes with a margin of 18% over runner-up Wike.[196][197][2] Later investigations into reported vote breakdowns stated that Abubakar won the majority of delegates from the North West and North East while delegates from the North Central and South West split Abubakar, Saraki, and Wike; delegates from the South East and South South also split, mainly between Abubakar and Wike but with Emmanuel winning a portion of the votes.[198] In his acceptance speech, Abubakar vowed to carry the party to victory in the general election on a platform based on unity and economic growth while striking a conciliatory tone in regards to his former opponents. Post-primary analysis noted multiple potential reasons for Abubakar's victory, namely: Tambuwal’s withdrawal, Abubakar's public office and campaign experience, the higher number of Northern delegates, and bribery.[199] The weeks after the primary were dominated by the search for Abubakar's running mate, as Abubakar is a northern Muslim it was expected that his running mate would be a southern Christian with Wike, Emmanuel, and Governor of Delta State Ifeanyi Okowa being shortlisted as potential options.[95][200] On 16 June, Abubakar announced that Okowa would be his running mate;[6][201] observers noted that despite Okowa's South South origins, his Ika ethnicity could be a nod to southeastern clamours for an Igbo running mate.[f][202][203] In the announcement speech, Abubakar said that he consulted party leadership in the search for his running mate and that Okowa was chosen due to his extensive experience and personal qualities.[204]
Nominated
- Atiku Abubakar: former Vice President (1999–2007)[205][206][207][2]
- Running mate—Ifeanyi Okowa: Governor of Delta State (2015–present) and former Senator for Delta North (2011–2015)[6]
Eliminated in primary
- Anyim Pius Anyim: former Secretary to the Government of the Federation (2011–2015), former President of the Senate (2000–2003), and former Senator for Ebonyi South (1999–2003)[208][209][210][2]
- Udom Gabriel Emmanuel: Governor of Akwa Ibom State (2015–present)[211][212][213][2]
- Ayo Fayose: former Governor of Ekiti State (2003–2006; 2014–2018)[214][2]
- Chikwendu Kalu: former Speaker of the Abia State House of Assembly[215][2]
- Bala Mohammed: Governor of Bauchi State (2019–present), former Minister of the Federal Capital Territory (2010–2015), and former Senator for Bauchi South (2007–2010)[216][206][210][2]
- Dele Momodu: journalist, publisher, and businessman[217][218][219][2]
- Sam Ohuabunwa: pharmacist, former president of the Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria, and brother of former Senator for Abia North Mao Ohuabunwa[220][211][221][2]
- Bukola Saraki: former Senator for Kwara Central (2011–2019), former President of the Senate (2015–2019), and former Governor of Kwara State (2003–2011)[222][206][210][2]
- Diana Oliver Tariela[206][2]
- Charles Ugwu: real estate developer[223][2]
- Ezenwo Nyesom Wike: Governor of Rivers State (2015–present) and former Minister of State for Education (2011–2014)[224][225][2]
Disqualified by screening committee
- Nwachukwu Anakwenze: medical doctor[226][206][184]
- Cosmos Chukwudi Ndukwe: former Abia State Executive Council official[214][184]
Withdrew
- Mohammed Hayatu-Deen: banker and economist[227][211][228][229]
- Peter Obi: former Governor of Anambra State (2006; 2007; 2007–2014) (defected before the primary to the LP to run in its presidential primary)[230][231][232][233]
- Doyin Okupe: physician and former aide to presidents Obasanjo and Jonathan (defected before the primary to the LP)[234][235]
- Aminu Waziri Tambuwal: Governor of Sokoto State (2015–present), former Speaker of the House of Representatives (2011–2015), and former House of Representatives member for Kebbe/Tambuwal (2003–2015)[236][206][237][195]
Declined
- Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo: former Governor of Gombe State (2011–2019)[238][239]
- Goodluck Jonathan: former President (2010–2015), former Vice President (2007–2010), and former Governor of Bayelsa State (2005–2007)
- Sule Lamido: former Governor of Jigawa State (2007–2015) and former Minister of Foreign Affairs (1999–2003)[240][241]
- Ahmed Makarfi: former Senator for Kaduna North (2007–2011) and former Governor of Kaduna State (1999–2007)[238]
- Seyi Makinde: Governor of Oyo State (2019–present)[242]
- Sulaiman Mohammed Nazif: former Senator for Bauchi North (2015–2019)[238]
- Ibrahim Shema: former Governor of Katsina State (2007–2015)[238]
- Kabiru Tanimu Turaki: former Minister of Special Duties and Intergovernmental Affairs (2013–2015) and former Supervising Minister of Labour and Productivity (2014–2015)[240]
Results
Candidates' vote share
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
PDP | Atiku Abubakar | 371 | 49.34% | |
PDP | Nyesom Wike | 237 | 31.52% | |
PDP | Bukola Saraki | 70 | 9.31% | |
PDP | Udom Gabriel Emmanuel | 38 | 5.05% | |
PDP | Bala Mohammed | 20 | 2.66% | |
PDP | Anyim Pius Anyim | 14 | 1.86% | |
PDP | Sam Ohuabunwa | 1 | 0.13% | |
PDP | Diana Oliver Tariela | 1 | 0.13% | |
PDP | Ayo Fayose | 0 | 0.00% | |
PDP | Chikwendu Kalu | 0 | 0.00% | |
PDP | Dele Momodu | 0 | 0.00% | |
PDP | Charles Ugwu | 0 | 0.00% | |
Total votes | 752 | 100.00% | ||
Invalid or blank votes | 12 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 764 | 98.43% |
Minor parties
Accord first scheduled its primary for 2 June before shifting it to 4 June.[243][244] That day the party nominated entrepreneur, Christopher Imumolen, as its presidential nominee. The nomination was determined by voice vote after all other candidates stepped down.[245][246] On 25 August, Bello Bala Maru—a former Zamfara State cabinet official—was named as Imumolen's running mate.[247]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | Christopher Imumolen | Voice vote | 100.00% | |
Total votes | N/A | 100.00% | ||
Turnout | N/A | 100.00% |
The Action Alliance initially scheduled its primary for 3 June 2022 but moved it to 9 June with forms being sold from 4 April to 15 May.[248] The expression of interest form price was set at ₦5 million and the nomination form price at ₦10 million with a 50% discount for women, youth, and candidates with disabilities.[249][244]
On the primary date, two candidates (Tunde Kelani and Felix Johnson Osakwe) withdrew while the other two candidates continued to an indirect primary in Abuja that ended with Hamza al-Mustapha—former military dictator Sani Abacha's former security officer, close aide, and death squad leader—emerging as the party nominee after results showed al-Mustapha winning over 70% of the delegates' votes.[250] In his acceptance speech, al-Mustapha called for national and party unity before his sole opponent, Samson Odupitan, pledged to support al-Mustapha in the general election.[251] Chukwuka Johnson was nominated as the party's vice presidential nominee.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
AA | Hamza al-Mustapha | 506 | 70.08% | |
AA | Samson Odupitan | 216 | 29.92% | |
Total votes | 722 | 100.00% | ||
Turnout | 854 | 100.00% |
The Action Democratic Party scheduled its primary for 31 May where the party nominated its national chairman, Yabagi Sani, as its presidential nominee. The nomination was determined using the consensus method which ended in Sani's emergence as nominee. Sani thanked the party in his acceptance speech, noting that the consensus method was beneficial and promising to adhere to party members as their nominee.[252] On 23 June, Okey Udo was announced as Sani's running mate.[253]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
ADP | Yabagi Sani | Consensus | 100.00% | |
Total votes | N/A | 100.00% | ||
Turnout | N/A | 100.00% |
The Action Peoples Party nominated Osita Nnadi and Isa Hamisu as the party's presidential and vice presidential nominee, respectively.
The years prior to the AAC primary were beset by a party crisis as two groups both claimed to be the legitimate party organization, one faction led by Leonard Nzenwa and the other faction led by party founder Omoyele Sowore.[254] Both politicians claimed to be party chairman with INEC initially recognizing Nzenwa until Sowore was confirmed to be the rightful chair in early June 2022.[255]
The African Action Congress initially scheduled its primary for 1 to 3 June before moving it to 9 June with candidates registering to contest between 6 and 9 May.[256] The party waived fees for both its expression of interest and nomination forms with candidates only having to pay ₦500,000 "obligatory donation" fees with a 25% discount for women and no fees for candidates with disabilities, students, honorably discharged security personnel, teachers, nurses, and emergency service workers.[257][258]
On the primary date, Sowore was the sole candidate but first resigned as party chairman before the primary in accordance with the party constitution.[259] He then won the nomination by acclamation.[260][261][262] At the end of the month, Haruna Garba Magashi—a lawyer from Kano State—was unveiled as the vice presidential nominee in Abuja.[263]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
AAC | Omoyele Sowore | Consensus | 100.00% | |
Total votes | N/A | 100.00% | ||
Turnout | N/A | 100.00% |
During the 2019 elections, the ADC solidified its place as one of the larger minor parties by becoming the fourth largest party in the House of Representatives and taking a distant fourth in the presidential race. However, the party faced difficulty as the majority of its legislators decamped to different parties during their terms.[264]
The African Democratic Congress initially scheduled its primary for 1 June but rescheduled it for 8 June with forms being sold from 24 March to 24 May.[244] The expression of interest form price was set at ₦5 million and the nomination form price at ₦20 million with forms being free for women, youth, and candidates with disabilities.[265][266]
Candidates' vote share
Ahead of the primary in Abeokuta, it was noted that the ADC had a high number of aspirants compared to other smaller parties with analysts viewing two as the major contenders: Dumebi Kachikwu—Roots Television Nigeria founder and brother of former minister Ibe Kachikwu along with Kingsley Moghalu—a former Central Bank official.[264][267][268] On the primary date, the candidates contested an indirect primary that ended with Kachikwu emerging as the presidential nominee after results showed him winning just under 50% of the delegates' votes.[269][270] A few days later, Moghalu left the party in protest amid allegations that Kachikwu's win was mainly due to bribes given to delegates.[271] Kachikwu denied the allegations and claimed that it was Moghalu that attempted bribery;[272] however, a few days later, American assets of Kachikwu were seized and a previous seizure related to the William J. Jefferson corruption case resurfaced leading to questions on his credibility.[273] The party first nominated Ahmed Mani for the vice presidency as a placeholder before picking Malika Sani later in June;[274] however, Sani's nomination fell through and about a month later, Kachikwu announced Ahmed Buhari—an oil and gas consultant from Niger State—as his substantive running mate.[275]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
ADC | Dumebi Kachikwu | 978 | 49.29% | |
ADC | Kingsley Moghalu | 589 | 29.69% | |
ADC | Chukwuka Monye | 339 | 17.09% | |
ADC | Chichi Ojei | 72 | 3.63% | |
ADC | Ebiti Ndok-Jegede | 5 | 0.25% | |
ADC | Angela Johnson | 1 | 0.05% | |
Total votes | 1,984 | 100.00% | ||
Turnout | 2,100 | 100.00% |
The Allied Peoples Movement initially scheduled its primary for 30 May but rescheduled it for 9 June.[276][244] Party chairman Yusuf Mamman Dantalle was the sole candidate and won the nomination unopposed at the party secretariat.[277] Ojei Princess was nominated as the party's vice presidential nominee.
In 2021 and 2022, APGA retained the Anambra State governorship by a substantial margin and gained a senator through defection, cementing its place as the nation's third largest party. However, the party rarely expands out from its southeastern base and has not obtained over a percent of the vote in any presidential election since 2003.
The All Progressives Grand Alliance scheduled its primary for 1 June 2022 with ward congresses set for 10 May to elect delegates for the primary. The expression of interest form price was set at ₦5 million and the nomination form price at ₦20 million with a 50% discount for women and candidates with disabilities;[278][279] forms were to be sold from 29 March to 11 April but the deadline was extended to 15 April.[280]
On primary day, Peter Umeadi—former Chief Judge of Anambra State—was the sole presidential candidate and was nominated by voice vote.[281] Abdullahi Muhammed Koli, a labour union activist from Bauchi State, was announced as Umeadi's vice presidential running mate on 12 June.[282]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
APGA | Peter Umeadi | Voice vote | 100.00% | |
Total votes | 150 | 100.00% | ||
Turnout | 150 | 100.00% |
The Boot Party nominated Sunday Adenuga and Turaku Mustapha as the party's presidential and vice presidential nominee, respectively.
In 2021, a number of politicians and activists led by Patrick Utomi, Attahiru Jega, and Femi Falana announced an effort to find a party to lead a "Third Force" alliance in an attempt to unseat the APC and the PDP.[283] After a number of delays, in May 2022, the group adopted the Labour Party as its platform with hopes of forming an alliance with a number of other smaller parties.[284][285][286][287] The party received another boost when former Governor of Anambra State Peter Obi joined the party in May 2022 to continue his presidential campaign after leaving the PDP.[288] Obi was welcomed into the party by its leadership which also used the announcement to attack the APC and PDP as well as commit to the party manifesto.[289] However, the party had to contend with deep divisions as a factional crisis from 2018 is still in the courts.[290]
The Labour Party initially scheduled its primary for 3 June but rescheduled it for 30 May.[291][244] It set the price for expression of interest and nomination forms at ₦30 million. On the day of the primary, 104 delegates gathered in Asaba for the primary but no election was needed as three of four candidates—Utomi, Olubusola Emmanuel-Tella, and Joseph Faduri—withdrew in favour of Obi. Obi then won the primary unanimously with only a sole invalid vote not going for him. In his acceptance speech, he promised to revolutionize the nation economically and mobilize an effective general election campaign.[4][292] A few days after the primary, the other Labour faction held its own parallel primary but INEC recognized the Obi-won election.[293] On 17 June, the party submitted the name of Doyin Okupe—a physician and former PDP candidate who became the Director-General of the Obi Campaign Organisation—as a placeholder vice presidential nominee to be substituted for someone else at a later date.[7] On July 7, Okupe formally withdrew ahead of the announcement of Obi's substantive running mate.[294] The next day, Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed—a businessman who previously served as Senator for Kaduna North—was announced as the party's vice presidential nominee.[9] Analysts noted the regional balance of the ticket as Baba-Ahmed is a northerner but questioned his electoral experience as he has not won an election since 2011; at the same time, pundits said his prominent Zaria-based family and technocratic image could help Obi.[295][296]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
LP | Peter Obi | 96 | 100.00% | |
Total votes | 96 | 100.00% | ||
Invalid or blank votes | 1 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 97 | 93.27% |
In early 2022, former Governor of Kano State Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso and many of his allies defected from the PDP to join the NNPP.[297] Within a few weeks, a number of other politicians (mainly from the North, especially Kano State) joined the party and Kwankwaso was named national leader of the party in preparation for his presidential campaign.[298][299][300]
The New Nigeria Peoples Party initially scheduled its primary for 1 and 2 June 2022 before pushing it back to 8 June.[244] To elect delegates for the primary, ward and local government congresses were set for 22 and 25 April, respectively. The expression of interest form price was set at ₦10 million and the nomination form price at ₦20 million with those forms being sold from 10 to 15 April.[301]
Ahead of the primary, the party attempted to woo Peter Obi to be Kwankwaso's running mate but he instead went to the Labour Party;[302][303] as an alternative, presidential candidate Olufemi Ajadi stepped down and agreed to be Kwankwaso's running mate.[304] Ajadi's withdrawal left Kwankwaso unopposed in the primary.[305] On 8 June, Kwankwaso won the nomination by voice vote at the primary in Velodrome of the Moshood Abiola National Stadium.[306][5] The party would later nominate Ladipo Johnson instead of Ajadi as a placeholder vice presidential nominee while negotiations with the Labour Party resumed.[307][308] After the negotiations failed, Isaac Idahosa—a Lagos-based pastor originally from Edo State—was named as the substantive vice presidential nominee on 14 July.[309]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
New Nigeria Peoples Party | Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso | Voice vote | 100.00% | |
Total votes | N/A | 100.00% | ||
Turnout | 774 | 100.00% |
The National Rescue Movement scheduled its primary for 1 and 2 June;[244] setting its expression of interest form price at ₦1.5 million and nomination form price at ₦17.5 million with a 50% discount for women, youth, and candidates with disabilities.[310] At the primary, Okwudili Nwa-Anyajike—a businessman—defeated seven other candidates to win the nomination by a margin of over 60% of the vote.[311] However, when INEC released its provisional nominee list, Nwa-Anyajike had been substituted for Felix Johnson Osakwe—a withdrawn AA presidential candidate; Nwa-Anyajike and other party members allege that Osakwe colluded with a portion of NRM leadership to forge Nwa-Anyajike's withdrawal and substitute Osakwe as the nominee.[312]
Candidates' vote share
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
NRM | Okwudili Nwa-Anyajike | 180 | 78.26% | |
NRM | Benedicta Egbo | 34 | 14.78% | |
NRM | Ibrahim Yunusa | 10 | 4.35% | |
NRM | Vincent Anthony Ubani | 2 | 0.87% | |
NRM | Sam Emiaso | 1 | 0.43% | |
NRM | Barry Avotu Johnson (withdrawn) | 1 | 0.43% | |
NRM | Emeka Mandela Ukaegbu | 1 | 0.43% | |
NRM | Solomon Uchenna Winning | 1 | 0.43% | |
NRM | Francis Ikechukwu Igbo (withdrawn) | 0 | 0.00% | |
Total votes | 230 | 100.00% | ||
Invalid or blank votes | 10 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 240 | 100.00% |
Candidates' vote share
The People's Redemption Party first scheduled its primary for 28 May but moved it to 4 and 5 June;[244] setting its expression of interest form price at ₦500,000 and its nomination form price at ₦10 million with a 50% discount for women candidates and free nomination forms for candidates with disabilities.[313] In the primary, Kola Abiola—businessman and the son of former president-elect M. K. O. Abiola—defeated three other candidates to win the nomination by a margin of over 37% of the vote.[314] Unlike other parties' presidential primaries, the PRP had delegates vote from their state events instead of holding one central primary. In the weeks after the primary, Ribi Marshal was nominated as the party's vice presidential nominee.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
PRP | Kola Abiola | 2,097 | 59.88% | |
PRP | Usman Bugaje | 813 | 23.22% | |
PRP | Patience Key | 329 | 9.39% | |
PRP | Gboluga Mosugu | 263 | 7.51% | |
Total votes | 3,502 | 100.00% | ||
Invalid or blank votes | 158 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 3,660 | 100.00% |
The Social Democratic Party initially scheduled its primary for 28 to 30 May 2022 but one faction instead scheduled its primary for 8 June while the another faction held its primary on 31 May. Ward/LGA and state congresses were set for 19 May and 20 May, respectively, to elect delegates for the primary.[315][316] The party set its expression of interest form price at ₦3 million and its nomination form price at ₦32 million with a 50% discount for youth and free forms for women and candidates with disabilities.[317]
The months prior to the SDP primary were beset by a party crisis as two groups both claimed to be the legitimate party organization.[318][319] On 31 May, the Supo Shonibare-led faction held its primary and nominated Ebenezer Ikeyina—former Senator for Anambra Central—unopposed.[320][321][322] On 8 June, the Olu Agunloye-led faction held its primary at the Abuja International Conference Centre and nominated Adewole Adebayo—a lawyer and media mogul—by a wide margin over his sole opponent, Khadijah Okunnu-Lamidi.[323]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
SDP | Ebenezer Ikeyina | 308 | 99.35% | |
SDP | Against Ebenezer Ikeyina | 2 | 0.65% | |
Total votes | 310 | 100.00% | ||
Invalid or blank votes | 1 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 311 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
SDP | Adewole Adebayo | 1,546 | 94.90% | |
SDP | Khadijah Okunnu-Lamidi | 83 | 5.10% | |
Total votes | 1,629 | 100.00% | ||
Invalid or blank votes | 44 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 1,673 | 97.84% |
The Young Progressives Party initially scheduled its primary for 1 June before moving it to 8 June.[244] It was won by Malik Ado-Ibrahim, the founder of the Reset Nigeria Initiative and son of Ohinoyi of Ebiraland Abdul Rahman Ado Ibrahim, by a large margin over Ruby Isaac.[324] In his acceptance speech, Ado-Ibrahim vowed to unify Nigerians and provide basic services.[325] Kasarachi Enyinna was nominated as the party's vice presidential nominee.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
YPP | Malik Ado-Ibrahim | 66 | 94.29% | |
YPP | Ruby Isaac | 4 | 5.71% | |
Total votes | 70 | 100.00% | ||
Turnout | 70 | 94.59% |
The then-Zenith Labour Party[g] initially scheduled its primary for 1 June before moving it to 8 June;[244] setting its expression of interest form price at ₦5 million and the nomination form price at ₦18 million with free forms for women, youth, and candidates with disabilities.[327] At the primary, Dan Nwanyanwu—the party national chairman—won the nomination on the same day that the party name was changed to the Zenith Progressives Alliance.[326] Ramalan Abubakar was nominated as the party's vice presidential nominee.
Conduct
Electoral timetable
On 26 February 2022, the Independent National Electoral Commission released a timetable, setting out key dates and deadlines for the election.[1] Months later on 27 May 2022, INEC made a slight revision to the timetable, allowing parties extra time to conduct primaries.[328]
- 28 February 2022 – Publication of Notice of Election
- 4 April 2022 – First day for the conduct of party primaries
- 9 June 2022[h] – Final day for the conduct of party primaries, including the resolution of disputes arising from them
- 10 June 2022 – First day for submission of nomination forms to INEC via the online portal
- 17 June 2022 – Final day for submission of nomination forms to INEC via the online portal
- 28 September 2022 – Commencement of the official campaign period
- 23 February 2023 – Final day of the official campaign period
- 25 February 2023 – Election Day
Recognized parties and nominees
After the 2019 elections, INEC deregistered 74 political parties for failing to "satisfy the requirements" of continued registration based on their performances during the elections.[329][330][331] The move, which was unsuccessfully challenged in court several times from 2019 to 2022, left the nation with 18 political parties: Accord, the Action Alliance, the Action Democratic Party, the Action Peoples Party, the African Action Congress, the African Democratic Congress, the Allied Peoples Movement, the All Progressives Congress, the All Progressives Grand Alliance, the Boot Party, the Labour Party, the New Nigeria Peoples Party, the National Rescue Movement, the Peoples Democratic Party, the People's Redemption Party, the Social Democratic Party, the Young Progressives Party, and the Zenith Progressives Alliance. In March 2022, INEC announced that no new parties would be registered before the 2023 elections.[332]
Parties were required to submit their presidential and vice presidential nominees between 10 and 17 June 2022.[328][333] On 25 June, INEC released the list of most recognized presidential and vice presidential nominees.[334]
Election administration
Primary and post-primary period
Party primaries are administered by the parties themselves but must be monitored by Independent National Electoral Commission observers and fall inside the scheduled primary period set by INEC. The commission released the timetable in February 2022 with a final date of 3 June 2022 for party primaries; as this date neared, parties repeatedly asked INEC to extend the deadline by two months.[335] After several refusals, INEC agreed to a shorter extension of six days to 9 June but the decision proved controversial as pundits noted that the PDP was about to hold its primary while the APC had not even screened its candidates.[336][337] Further criticism arose because INEC initially did not also extend the voter registration deadline in kind.[338][339]
After the primaries, focus shifted to voter registration and the logistical issues surrounding it. Due to years of IPOB attacks on southeastern INEC offices, the commission's capacity in the region was low in 2022 while in Lagos, a registration drive by market traders in June 2022 that overwhelmed an INEC centre also drew the commission's registration capability into question as the deadline neared.[340][341] In the wake of the incidents, INEC deployed extra registration machines to Lagos State, Kano State, and some southeastern states.[342] Around the same time, INEC hinted at a potential extension of the registration deadline before a court ruling later in June pushed back the deadline anyway.[343][344][345] In compliance with the ruling, INEC set the new deadline for 31 July while simultaneously extending daily registration hours from six to eight.[346] Ahead of the deadline, eleven states declared public holidays for voter registration in an attempt to increase public participation in the political process.[347] After the deadline passed, INEC announced that nearly 12.3 million new voters registered during the exercise.[348][349] 8.75 million of the new voters were younger than 34, a percentage noted as a potential sign of increased youth participation ahead of the election.[350] After the registration drive, the total registered voters number was about 96.2 million with the North-West and South-West geopolitical zones having the most voters.[351]
As the official campaign period neared, INEC focused on direct public communication and formed the Election Crisis Communication Team in late August. During the team inauguration, commissioner Festus Okoye stated that the group's formation was initiated by the Centre for Democracy and Development to combat misinformation and inform the public on key events to the public; Okoye also said that the commission was in the process of training staff to work polling units.[352]
Campaign period
The official campaign period begins on the 28 September 2022 and ends on 23 February 2023.[328]
Campaign
Timeline
- 28 April 2021: The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) announces 18 February 2023 as the election day.[353]
- 10 November 2021: APGA nominee Charles Chukwuma Soludo is declared winner of the off-cycle Anambra State gubernatorial election that took place on 6 November; the PDP and APC nominees come distant second and third places, respectively.[354]
- 28 January 2022: Then-aspirant Bola Tinubu goes to London, reportedly on a medical trip; the trip comes just a few months after Tinubu returned from a three-month medical stay in the United Kingdom.[355]
- 26 February 2022: INEC revises the election date, moving the election to 25 February 2023 and releasing the rest of the electoral timetable.[1]
- 16 March 2022: The Peoples Democratic Party announces its primary schedule, setting 28 and 29 May as its primary days.[182]
- 20 April 2022: The All Progressives Congress announces its primary schedule, setting 30 May and 1 June as its primary days.[59]
- 12 May 2022: In the wake of the Lynching of Deborah Yakubu, then-aspirant Atiku Abubakar is heavily criticized for deleting a tweet condemning the murder.[356]
- 25 May 2022:
- Then-aspirant Atiku Abubakar releases his five-point governance agenda along with his full policy document.[357]
- Major PDP aspirant—Peter Obi—withdraws from the party's primary and defects to the Labour Party.[358]
- 27 May 2022: INEC slightly revises its electoral timetable, allowing parties an extra six days to conduct primaries.[41]
- 28 May 2022:
- The APC revises its primary schedule, delaying the primary to 6–8 June.[62]
- The PDP holds its primary in Abuja, nominating former Vice President Atiku Abubakar over Nyesom Wike, Bukola Saraki, and nine other candidates.[2]
- 30 May 2022: The LP holds its primary in Asaba, nominating Obi unopposed.[4]
- 7 and 8 June 2022: The APC holds its primary in Abuja, nominating former Governor of Lagos State Bola Tinubu over Rotimi Amaechi, Yemi Osinbajo, and eleven other candidates.[3]
- 16 June 2022: Abubakar picks Ifeanyi Okowa—the Governor of Delta State—as the PDP vice presidential nominee.[6]
- 17 June 2022:
- Tinubu picks Kabir Ibrahim Masari—a party operative—as the APC placeholder vice presidential nominee to be substituted for someone else at a later date.[8]
- Obi picks Doyin Okupe—the Obi campaign manager—as the LP placeholder vice presidential nominee to be substituted for someone else at a later date.[7]
- 18 June 2022: Rabiu Kwankwaso, the New Nigeria Peoples Party presidential nominee and the former Governor of Kano State, and Okupe both announce productive discussions between minor parties on forming a coalition for the elections.[359][360]
- 19 June 2022: APC nominee Abiodun Oyebanji is declared winner of the off-cycle Ekiti State gubernatorial election that took place the day before; the PDP nominee comes a distant third place.[361]
- 24 June 2022: Documentation submitted by Tinubu to INEC is released, revealing that he did not state the primary or secondary school he attended. The new form reignited the longtime certificate and personal history controversies around Tinubu as the form was in direct contradiction with previous sworn forms and public statements.[362][363][364]
- 5 July 2022: Okupe announces that LP-NNPP coalition talks have collapsed.[365]
- 7 July 2022: Okupe formally withdraws as LP vice presidential nominee.[294]
- 8 July 2022: Obi picks Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed—former Senator for Kaduna North—as the substantive LP vice presidential nominee.[9]
- 10 July 2022:
- Ibrahim Masari formally withdraws as APC vice presidential nominee.[97]
- Tinubu picks Kashim Shettima—Senator for Borno Central and former Governor of Borno State—as the substantive APC vice presidential nominee.[10]
- 14 July 2022: Abubakar returns to Nigeria after spending weeks abroad on an undisclosed trip.[366]
- 17 July 2022: PDP nominee Ademola Adeleke is declared winner of the off-cycle Osun State gubernatorial election that took place the day before, gaining the office for the party; the APC nominee comes a close second place.[367]
- 20 July 2022: The appearance of people wearing liturgical garments at the formal Shettima nomination rally leads to controversy as the APC claims the people are clergy while Christian groups and activists mock the group as paid actors without genuine congregations.[368][369][370][371]
- 1 August 2022: After the end of the voter registration period the day before, INEC announces nearly 12.3 million new registered voters.[348]
Summary
For both nominees of the major party, the early parts of the general election campaign in June and July 2022 were dominated by attempts to unify their parties amid the search for a running mate. For Tinubu, the selection of Ibrahim Masari as a placeholder running mate in mid-June bought the APC several weeks to continue party reconciliation efforts as controversy swirled over the religious affiliation of Tinubu's potential running mates. On the other hand, Abubakar had to contend with a burgeoning party crisis as allies of Governor Nyesom Wike—first runner up in the PDP primary—began to publicly protest against the perceived disrespect towards Wike; their protests centered around Abubakar's disregard for a party committee recommendation of Wike for the vice presidential nomination but some PDP figures also objected to Abubakar in general due to the violation of zoning. The upheaval reached the point of Wike allies publicly questioning if they would support Abubakar and privately threatening to leave the party while national party chairman Iyorchia Ayu's neutrality was questioned and Abubakar himself spent weeks abroad in the midst of the crisis.[372][373][374] As the PDP desperately attempted to reconcile Wike and Abubakar, Obi and Kwankwaso held meetings with Wike in an attempt to bring him into their respective parties.[375][376][377][378] These meetings took place as representatives of Obi and Kwankwaso were also meeting in an attempt to form a NNPP-LP coalition; however, these negotiations were derailed in early July when Kwankwaso publicly refused to be Obi's vice presidential running mate on the grounds that northerners would not vote for a southeasterner.[379][380] A few days later, Obi's campaign announced that the coalition discussions had failed and that the campaign had shifted towards the search for a vice presidential nominee which ended in the selection of Baba-Ahmed.[365] As the LP ticket constituted, the PDP crisis continued as Wike publicly met with several APC governors on 8 July while Abubakar extended his stay abroad despite the party infighting, Eid al-Kabir, and the Osun gubernatorial election campaign in mid-July.[381][382][383] For Tinubu, when he finally selected Shettima as his running mate on 10 July, immediate blowback confronted his campaign amid accusations of religious intolerance for the Muslim-Muslim ticket with even some other APC members condemning the ticket.[99][384] Later in July, Abubakar returned to the nation while Tinubu was in a difficult position as backlash against the APC ticket continued and his relative—incumbent Osun Governor Gboyega Oyetola—lost to PDP nominee Ademola Adeleke in the Osun gubernatorial election;[366][385] similarly, questions emerged over Labour's weak showings in both Osun and Ekiti.[386] Takeaways from the gubernatorial election focused on the potential impact of the PDP's victory on the presidential race and the extremely successful election administration from INEC.[387] To make matters worse for the Tinubu campaign, the appearance of people wearing liturgical garments of various Christian denominations at Shettima's nomination rally on 20 July led to further backlash since observers noted the group's lack of identification and the Christian Association of Nigeria publicly challenged the APC to name the supposed clergy.[368][369][370]
By late July and early August, Tinubu and Abubakar continued to face high-profile dissent from within their own parties as prominent northern Christian APC members—like former Secretary to the Government of the Federation Babachir David Lawal and former Speaker of the House of Representatives Yakubu Dogara—publicly condemned the same religion APC ticket while Wike and his allies continued their public criticism of Abubakar and PDP leadership.[388][389][390][391][392][393] In response, Tinubu appointed Governor of Plateau State Simon Lalong—a northern Christian—as the Director-General of his Campaign Council while in early August, Abubakar and Wike finally met for the first time since Okowa's selection and agreed on a reconciliation framework.[394][395][396][397][398][399][400] However, both the APC and PDP backslid into their respective crises as protests against the APC ticket drew thousands and it continued to come under fire from prominent northern Christians while the opposing camps within the PDP had returned to public squabbling by mid-August.[401][402][403][404][405] Around the same time, voter registration ended with analysts noting its effect on the race as a whole.[406] The rest of August was dominated by notable meetings as Wike meet with both Tinubu and Obi before another reconciliatory summit with Abubakar;[407][408][409] while pundits speculated that Tinubu and Obi attempted to sway Wike to their camps, reporting on the series of Wike-Abubakar talks revealed some of Wike's demands with a focus on the resignation of PDP Chairman Iyorchia Ayu.[410][411][412] The location of these meetings in London, United Kingdom sparked controversy as critics labeled the location as insensitive to the plight of Nigerians domestically.[413][414] Around the same time, observers noted a potential opening for Kwankwaso but even his NNPP devolved into crisis in August as the PDP poached a key Kano State figure from the NNPP amid a threeway fight for the state's massive electorate.[415][416][417][418] Further reporting began to focus on specific states and regions as ThisDay analysis surmised that the PDP was strengthening in previously pro-Buhari states in the North West, the APC was retaining its prime position in the South West but the LP was growing among urban youth, it was Obi vs. Abubakar in the South South and South East, and the North Central was a tossup region.[419]
Issues
In the wake of party primaries, several major factors for the upcoming general election campaign were noted, namely: ethnic and religious identity, the role of Buhari and his incumbency power, the economy, corruption, the personal brands of candidates, and public anger with the political status quo.[420] Ahead of the official campaign period, major candidates are to release their policy documents: Abubakar did so in late May but Obi and Tinubu have yet to unveil their policy documents.
Corruption
Nigeria has lost hundreds of billions of United States dollars from corruption since independence and its Corruption Perceptions Index score has worsened since 2016.[421] However, after the primaries, analysts noted the unlikelihood of corruption becoming a massive electoral issue as both Abubakar and Tinubu have credible, longstanding major corruption allegations; Obi's candidacy slightly altered this dynamic as allegations against him are more minor. Another reason for the low focus on corruption was the failure of Buhari's anti-corruption war, the promise of which was central to his 2015 campaign.[422] While more major issues like insecurity and poverty have taken centre stage, corruption is still a pervasive policy problem.[423]
For Abubakar, although there are some allegations surrounding his civil service career, much of the graft alleged is based on a United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs report from 2010 that directly implicated Abubakar and his family in an massive intercontinental bribery scheme.[424] The report, issued in the wake of the William J. Jefferson corruption case which also implicated Abubakar,[425][426] stated that Abubakar's then-wife Jennifer Iwenjiora Douglas brought over $40 million in “suspect funds” into the United States while Abubakar was Vice President with the sources of those funds being bribes given to Abubakar by businesses in exchange for preferential treatment and contracts in a process akin to crony capitalism.[423][424] These bribes and other suspect cash transfers led the American government’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network to later place Abubakar and his wives on an international banking surveillance watchlist.[427] Abubakar has repeatedly denied the report's findings since its release in 2010. Accusations against Tinubu were also serious but different to Atiku's; in a form of corruption associated with the term state capture, Tinubu is alleged to have continuously hijacked billions of naira in Lagos State internal revenue for his own personal and political aims.[423] Through a law he signed while governor, Alpha Beta Consulting—a company heavily linked to and alleged to be directly controlled by Tinubu and his allies—has the sole right to collect state taxes and receives a 10% commission[j] for the collection.[423] The founder of Alpha Beta alleges that Tinubu has directly profited from the allocation for about twenty years plus Tinubu is under active investigation by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission as of June 2021.[423][429] Coupled with the state capture controversy is Tinubu's forfeiture of about $460,000 to the United States government in 1993 as a result of a case asserting that the government had "probable cause" to believe Tinubu's American bank accounts held the proceeds of heroin dealing; reporting showed that Tinubu had served as a bagman for two Chicago heroin dealers in the early 1990s.[423][430][431] For Obi, there are not major scandals although he was mentioned in the Pandora Papers leaks surrounding offshore companies for tax evasion.[432]
In his platform, Abubakar identified corruption as a 'major problem' that "denies millions of people their fundamental freedoms and human rights" before vowing to enact "institutional reforms of anti-corruption agencies" to strengthen them along with creating a "comprehensive National Anti-corruption Strategy."[433]
Economy
The years ahead of the election were extremely difficult for the national economy as several debilitating recessions and high inflation greatly decelerated economic growth amid increasing unemployment.[434] Coupled with the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, food prices have skyrocketed and millions of people are projected to fall into poverty if current trends hold.[435][436][437][438][439] In addition, the country is at risk of losing its frontier market status due to a shortage in United States dollars and the poor economic situation has led to fears to further social unrest.[440][441] While Buhari has repeatedly claimed that his administration has improved the nation, some analysts blamed his economic policies for compounding the crisis as massive borrowing plus underwhelming revenue led total debt payment to exceed government’s revenue by mid-2022.[442][443][444] Other analysts have taken a still negative but more mixed view of Buhari's economic policies noting the signing of the Petroleum Industry Act and agricultural production improvements while reiterating the failures in economic growth, high inflation, rising debt, and high unemployment.[445]
Similar to his 2019 campaign, the focus of Abubakar's economic agenda revolves around privatisation of government-owned businesses targeting the rail network, oil refineries, and power transmission along with ending the remaining government monopolies in other infrastructure sectors. The other two points of his economic plan are increased commitments to public-private partnerships and allowing "the market greater leverage in determining prices.”[446] While critics like the electricity workers' union derided the privatisation proposal as "retrogressive" and noted the numerous failures of previous privatisations, the Abubakar campaign defended the plan as necessary for "sustainable growth" and good national budgeting.[447][448] For Obi, time was spent studying other countries' economics prior to the release of his policy plans; in interviews, he lamented the inefficiency of the Nigerian economy and floated reforming the fuel subsidy system—the subsidies, long-maligned by economists but popular among politicians, are projected to cost the government over 4 trillion naira in 2022 and 6.7 trillion naira in 2023.[449][450]
Education
The Nigerian education system faced consistent challenges on all levels in the years before the election as UNICEF noted about 20 million out-of-school children in 2022 while also showcasing issues in early childhood education and primary school attendance, especially among girls and in the North.[k][451][452][453] While UNICEF and the federal government have formed plans to improve education and enroll children in school, two matters severely hurt the education at-large directly ahead of the election and have made the topic a campaign issue: the impact of insecurity on schools and the ongoing Academic Staff Union of Universities strike.[454][455][456][457] Amidst rising insecurity in 2021 and 2022, both mass kidnappings of schoolchildren and preemptive school closures for safety have made education extremely dangerous while the government-ASUU dispute and the union's ensuing strike led to mass protests as activists criticized the alleged indifference of the Buhari administration.[458]
During the early part of the general election campaign, Obi called on the federal government to hold productive negotiations with ASUU to end university closures while explaining that he intended on using savings from reforming the fuel subsidy to invest in education; Obi supporters also noted the large educational improvements in Anambra State during his term as governor.[459][460][461] In his policy document, Abubakar labeled the ASUU strike as an example of the "incessant industrial action" facing the nation while noting the failures of the public education system; one of his five points is to "improve and strengthen the education system" and later in the platform, Abubakar proposed creating "an agency for the regulation of private tertiary education," vowed to promote science and technical education, and suggested partially devolving education to the state level.[433]
Ethnic identity
Identification as Nigerian or Member of an Ethnic Group poll[462]
The 2021 API Social Cohesion Survey
Although political questions on identity are primarily based on region and religion, ethnicity has also played a role as the election is the first presidential election since 1983 with three major candidates each from the three largest ethnic groups as Abubakar is Hausa–Fulani,[l] Obi is Igbo, and Tinubu is Yoruba.
As the Igbo are the sole group of the largest three ethnicities to have never produced an elected president, Igbo groups like Ohanaeze Ndigbo called for an Igbo to be elected president and protested when the major parties nominated Abubakar and Tinubu.[463] The group also condemned Igbos who accepted the vice presidential slot, a direct slight to PDP vice presidential nominee Okowa.[f][464] For Tinubu's part, prior to the primary, he claimed that it was 'the turn of the Yorubas' to lead the country in a fiery Yoruba language campaign speech in Abeokuta.[465] Coupled with controversy over Abubakar's northern origins was the fact that he is an ethnic Fulani, just like Buhari.[466]
Infrastructure
Facing major infrastructural problems across the nation like a lack of urban public transportation and a largely deteriorated highway network due to an absence of maintenance is a constant in election campaigns.[467][468] In terms of performance, although the Buhari administration invested in and expanded some transportation projects—like the Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway and Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport rehabilitation, the 2019–2023 term saw continued failures in providing basic access to electricity culminating in multiple massive power grid collapses in 2022.[16][469][470] Still the billions spent on other new infrastructure projects like the Lekki Deep Sea Port and gas pipelines have proven fruitful as more projects begin operations despite setbacks and delays.[471]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Abuja_Airport_3.jpg/160px-Abuja_Airport_3.jpg)
While Abubakar's policy document did not go into detail on infrastructural plans, he did promise to "break [the] government monopoly in all infrastructure sectors" in line with his other economically liberal policy positions. The PDP nominee's platform also vowed to accelerate infrastructural investment and, more specifically, diversify the nation's sources of power and deliver up to 25,000 MW by 2030 through "power sector reform."[433]
Insecurity
The years ahead of the election were marked by a deteriorating security situation nationwide. While further advances in the fight against terrorists in the northeast led to thousands of refugees being able to return to their communities, the situation in the rest of the nation became increasingly dire: North West—the deadly bandit conflict in addition to terrorist expansion; North Central—herder-farmer and interethnic conflicts along with more terrorist expansion, Niger Delta—pirates and illegal oil bunkering gangs, and South East—a violent separatist movement.[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] Coupled with the regional crises, the continued proliferation of kidnapping and mob violence along with an epidemic of security force brutality have affected the entire country and led to increasing reliance on vigilantes and public anger at the perceived indifference of the administration.[472][34][473][474][475][476][477]
During the primaries and early general election campaign, several notable attacks (namely the Abuja–Kaduna train attack which led to the killing and kidnapping of dozens of riders, the massacre of about 150 people in a series of bandit attacks in Plateau State, the ethnic-based and politically-motivated mass murder of over a dozen civilians by separatist militants in Anambra State, the fatal shooting of over 40 parishioners in Owo, and the ISWAP jailbreak of hundreds in the FCT signifying terrorist expansion into the North Central) led to ever-increasing focus on the security plans of major presidential candidates as the death toll mounted and violent non-state actors increased in power.[478] For Tinubu, his longtime support for state police is the pinnacle of his security plan but analysts noted that the failure of the Buhari administration on security could hurt Tinubu on the issue.[479][480] Obi focused on the root causes of insecurity, highlighting his job creation plans while Abubakar similarly pitched his job creation plan while proposing more police officers along with logistical registration and alternative conflict resolution means in his policy document.[479][433] Obi's commitments to reform to address security force brutality led his campaign to receive large amounts of support from backers of the End SARS movement.[481]
National unity
Unity and Division poll[482]
The 2021 API Social Cohesion Survey
While polls showed low levels of affinity for the nation and high dissatisfaction with the status quo, reports also demonstrated that the vast majority of citizens feel connected to their Nigerian identity; however, the vast majority also fear for Nigerian unity.[483] The Abubakar's campaign prioritized national unity by including it as the first of his five-point agenda while noting that "Nigeria's unity has never been threatened like now." His countermeasures focused on "co-operation and consensus" along with 'true federalism.'[433]
Regional identity
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Geopolitical_Zones_of_Nigeria.svg/220px-Geopolitical_Zones_of_Nigeria.svg.png)
The election marks a return to presidential elections with major candidates from around the nation after the all-Northern election in 2019. The majority of early discussion on regional identity revolved around the zoning principle and the failure of the PDP to adhere to it.[484][466] While pundits noted that the regional power-sharing "federal character" principle was at times disregarded by the Buhari administration, some analysts expressed worry for a political system that normalizes regional exclusion.[485][486] Further discussion centered on both major parties' failure to microzone their nominations to the South East; according to some southeastern groups, the South East should have produced the next president as it has never produced an elected president. The largest of these groups, Igbo socio-cultural organization Ohanaeze Ndigbo, accused the APC and PDP of an apparent "conspiracy" against ethnic Igbos amid other groups' calls for southeasterners to support Obi—a native of Anambra State.[487][488]
As the campaign began, analysis reports on the candidates' prospects by region emerged with reports on if Tinubu could hold the APC's northern strength when facing a major northern opponent;[489] similarly, questions on if Abubakar could hold the PDP's southern strength when facing two major southern opponents also took a primary role in analysis.[490] In the search for running mate, major candidates sought to achieve regional balance as northerner Abubakar picked southerner Okowa while southerners Obi and Tinubu chose northerners Baba-Ahmed and Shettima, respectively.
Religious identity
Due to the nation's religious diversity, a key tenet of power-sharing are tickets with running mates of the different religions;[491][492] however, like zoning, this principle was challenged in the lead-up to the election as allies of then-aspirant Tinubu alleged that there were few influential Northern Christian APC politicians who could be his running mate and thus, Tinubu could pick a northern Muslim instead.[493][494] As Tinubu is himself Muslim, such a pick would comprise a Muslim-Muslim ticket to the anger of groups like the Christian Association of Nigeria;[495][496][492] a same religion ticket was also noted as untimely amid a rise in religious violence, especially against Christians.[497][498][496] However, some prominent APC politicians stated their openness to a Muslim-Muslim ticket after Tinubu became party nominee, claiming that basing the vice presidential slot on religion was tantamount to discrimination in itself and that abandoning sentiment-based politics was vital for the progression of Nigerian democracy.[96][499] Despite intense opposition to a same religion ticket in June and July 2022 by civil/religious organizations and even within the APC, Tinubu picked Shettima—a fellow Muslim—anyway with an argument that qualifications should take precedence over religious affiliation.[496] The immediate backlash was strong as Anglican, Catholic, and Pentecostal leaders all condemned the same religion ticket while civil society groups like the Middle Belt Forum and some politicians also came out against the ticket.[500][501][502][100][503][504] Another mark against the same religion ticket was a leaked State Security Service memo that warned against same religion tickets using security grounds with the claim that such a ticket would "destabilise Nigeria and embolden attacks on Christian citizens" in addition to 'harbouring distrust by Christians against the presidency;' however, the Presidency denied the memo's veracity.[384][505] The appearance of people wearing liturgical garments of various Christian denominations at Shettima's nomination rally on 20 July led to further backlash as observers noted the group's lack of identification; the Christian Association of Nigeria publicly challenged the APC to name the supposed clergy, the Catholic Church said the vestment-donning "bishops" were fake, and activists derided the group as paid actors with the intent of faking Christian support for the APC ticket.[368][369][506][370] To compound the issues for Tinubu, prominent northern Christian APC politicians openly began to campaign against the ticket.[389]
Another issue for candidates involving religion is centered on their reactions to and plans to combat religious violence. A few days before the major parties' primaries, a Christian university student named Deborah Samuel Yakubu was lynched by a mob in Sokoto after she was accused of blaspheming the Islamic prophet Muhammad. While Buhari, Osinbajo, civil society, and religious groups along with most serving national and state leaders publicly condemned the brutal murder, Tinubu remained silent and Obi did not release a statement but condemned the killing in an interview;[507][508][509][510][511] for Abubakar, he initially tweeted a condemnation before deleting the tweet and backtracking amid reports that he feared fundamentalist backlash.[512][513] These responses were derided as insensitive by critics and civil society groups as some Islamic groups justified the murder while others and more general sentiment called for punishment for the attackers.[514][515][516][517]
Social policy
The social position of women, people with disabilities, and other marginalized groups took a prominent position in policy debates before the election. A major point of contention in 2022 was the initial legislative rejection of constitutional amendments that mandating women seats in legislatures. While parliamentary leadership later partially rescinded the rejection, a wave of pro-equality protests swept the nation in March 2022 in a show of force from women's rights organizations.[518][519] In addition to the constitutional amendments, the National Assembly stalled a key gender equality bill for years despite nearly three-quarters of Nigerians promoting gender equality.[520][521] After the protests, groups have continued to push for legislation to combat inequality.[522] People with disabilities also have pushed for fair participation in democratic processes amid discrimination with groups successfully getting wording in the new Electoral Act to guarantee accessibility during voting in line with INEC's goal of "the inclusion of PWDs in all aspects of the electoral process."[523]
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | Christopher Imumolen | |||
AAC | Omoyele Sowore | |||
ADC | Dumebi Kachikwu | |||
ADP | Yabagi Sani | |||
APC | Bola Tinubu | |||
APM | Yusuf Mamman Dantalle | |||
APP | Osita Nnadi | |||
APGA | Peter Umeadi | |||
BP | Sunday Adenuga | |||
LP | Peter Obi | |||
New Nigeria Peoples Party | Rabiu Kwankwaso | |||
NRM | Okwudili Nwa-Anyajike | |||
PDP | Atiku Abubakar | |||
PRP | Kola Abiola | |||
SDP | ||||
YPP | Malik Ado-Ibrahim | |||
ZLP | Dan Nwanyanwu | |||
Total votes | 100.00% | |||
Invalid or blank votes | N/A | |||
Turnout |
By geopolitical zone
Geopolitical zone | Bola Tinubu APC |
Peter Obi LP |
Atiku Abubakar PDP |
Others | Total Valid Votes | Turnout Percentage | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | Percentage | Votes | Percentage | Votes | Percentage | Votes | Percentage | |||
North Central[m] | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
North East[n] | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
North West[o] | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
South East[p] | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
South South[q] | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
South West[r] | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Totals | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
By state
State | Bola Tinubu APC |
Peter Obi LP |
Atiku Abubakar PDP |
Others | Total Valid Votes | Turnout Percentage | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | Percentage | Votes | Percentage | Votes | Percentage | Votes | Percentage | |||
Abia State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Adamawa State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Akwa Ibom State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Anambra State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Bauchi State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Bayelsa State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Benue State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Borno State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Cross River State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Delta State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Ebonyi State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Edo State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Ekiti State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Enugu State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Federal Capital Territory | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Gombe State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Imo State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Jigawa State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Kaduna State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Kano State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Katsina State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Kebbi State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Kogi State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Kwara State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Lagos State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Nasarawa State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Niger State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Ogun State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Ondo State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Osun State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Oyo State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Plateau State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Rivers State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Sokoto State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Taraba State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Yobe State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Zamfara State | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
Totals | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % | TBD | % |
See also
Notes
- ^ On Election Day, Andy Uba and Emeka Okafor were officially listed as the APC gubernatorial and deputy gubernatorial nominees, respectively. However, in December 2021, a Federal High Court nullified the APC gubernatorial primary and declared Uba’s nomination illegal, null, and void.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m This candidate was recommended by the party screening committee.[108]
- ^ a b c d e This candidate was recommended by APC governors and the party National Working Committee.[80]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j This candidate was not recommended by the party screening committee.[108]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p This candidate was not recommended by APC governors and the party National Working Committee.[80]
- ^ a b Okowa is ethnically Ika, a group alternatively classified as either a distinct ethnic group or an Igbo subgroup; Okowa has steadfastly adhered to the latter interpretation, referring to himself as "Igbo." For his part, Wike is ethnically Ikwerre—another group classified as either a distinct ethnic group or an Igbo subgroup—however, Wike follows the former definition and has long denied being Igbo.[202]
- ^ a b c The party was named the "Zenith Labour Party" until 8 June 2022.[326]
- ^ The original deadline was 3 June; however, INEC pushed it back to 9 June at the behest of parties.[41]
- ^ The Shonibare-led faction nominated Ebenezer Ikeyina while the Agunloye-led faction nominated Adewole Adebayo. Litigation and/or INEC will determine the legitimate nominee.
- ^ While originally based on a share of the revenue, bank documents revealed that the yearly commission was increased by ₦1.7 billion from 2019 to 2020 without an accompanying revenue increase; the pay rise was reportedly ordered by Lagos State Governor Babajide Sanwo-Olu—a longtime Tinubu ally—to fund Tinubu's presidential campaign.[428]
- ^ Hundreds of thousands of children in the Almajiranci system, mainly in the North, are counted as out-of-school children due to the poor and/or limited form of education provided by the system.
- ^ Abubakar is ethnically Fulani, a distinct group to the larger Hausa people; however, for political purposes in Nigeria, the Hausa and Fulani are often grouped together under the term Hausa–Fulani.
- ^ Comprising the states of Benue, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, and Plateau in addition to the Federal Capital Territory.
- ^ Comprising the states of Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Taraba, and Yobe.
- ^ Comprising the states of Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, and Zamfara.
- ^ Comprising the states of Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo.
- ^ Comprising the states of Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, and Rivers.
- ^ Comprising the states of Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, and Oyo.
References
- ^ a b c d Jimoh, Abbas (26 February 2022). "INEC Sets New Dates For 2023 General Elections". Daily Trust. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "2023 Presidential race: Atiku wins PDP ticket". The Sun. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ^ a b c d e Oyeleke, Sodiq (8 June 2022). "Full result of APC presidential primary". The Punch. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
- ^ a b c d "2023: Obi picks LP presidential ticket". The Guardian. News Agency of Nigeria. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ a b c Jalal, Aliyu. "Kwankwaso Emerges NNPP Presidential Candidate". Daily Trust. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ a b c d Erezi, Dennis. "Atiku dumps Wike, chooses Okowa as running mate for presidential election". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
- ^ a b c Aliyu, Abdullateef. "Running Mate: Like Tinubu, Peter Obi Picks Doyin Okupe As Placeholder". Daily Trust. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
- ^ a b c Erezi, Dennis. "Tinubu submits name of running mate to INEC". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
- ^ a b c Abdullahi, Idowu (8 July 2022). "UPDATED: Peter Obi picks Datti Baba-Ahmed as running mate". The Punch. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
- ^ a b c d Akinboyo, Temidayo. "UPDATED: Tinubu finally names Shettima as running mate". Premium Times. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
- ^ Olagoke, Bode. "2020: APC's year of crisis management, harvest of defectors, reconciliation". Blueprint Newspaper. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
- ^ a b Okocha, Chuks. "Rancour-free Convention: Has PDP Beaten APC to Its Game?". ThisDay. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ Olufemi, Alfred (21 June 2019). "30 things Buhari promised Nigerians in second term – IPC". Premium Times. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ Bello, Dorcas (2 February 2022). "Nigeria: Are the pictures of rice pyramids an election tactic?". The Africa Report. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ "Nigeria reopens revamped Akanu Ibiam International Airport". Airport Technology. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ a b "Nigerians escape nightmare Lagos traffic with new Chinese-built train". Africanews. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ Ugbodaga, Mary. "Buhari inaugurates 157km Lagos-Ibadan rail line". TheCable. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ Abiola, Adetokunbo (18 February 2022). "Borno Terrorists Surrender as Nigerian Army Goes on the Offensive". The Defense Post. Akure. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ George, Libby. "U.S., Jersey sign $300 million Abacha loot repatriation deal with Nigeria". Reuters. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ "Students hail President Buhari for New Minimum Wage". Vanguard. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ "Finally, Buhari shipwrecks the anti-corruption war". The Punch. 20 April 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ Tade, Oludayo. "Why Buhari's government is losing the anti-corruption war". The Conversation. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ Olawoyin, Oladeinde. "Nigerians battle unprecedented hardship as Buhari nears 7 years in office". Premium Times. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ a b Ayitogo, Nasir. "ANALYSIS: Six years after, Buhari has failed to keep promise of securing Nigeria". Premium Times. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ a b Duerksen, Mark. "Nigeria's Diverse Security Threats". Africa Center for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ a b Hassan, Idayat. "Nigeria's rampant banditry, and some ideas on how to rein it in". The New Humanitarian. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ a b "Inside Northern Communities Sacked By Bandits, Ethnoreligious Conflicts". Daily Trust. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ a b Sadiq, Lami; Yaba, Mohammed I. "Ansaru In Massive Recruitment In Kaduna, Distributes 'Sallah Gifts'". Daily Trust. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ a b Brottem, Leif. "The Growing Complexity of Farmer-Herder Conflict in West and Central Africa". Africa Center for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ a b Ojewale, Oluwole. "Violence is endemic in north central Nigeria: what communities are doing to cope". The Conversation. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ a b Pelz, Daniel. "Why is piracy increasing on the Gulf of Guinea?". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ Onukwue, Alexander. "Nigeria's illegal oil refineries keep killing people". Quartz. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ Egbejule, Eromo. "Small businesses bear the brunt of Nigerian separatist lockdowns". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ a b Arvin, Jariel. "How kidnap-for-ransom became the "most lucrative industry in Nigeria"". Vox. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ Olurounbi, Ruth. "Nigeria: Buhari's legacy is one of 'missed opportunities and inaction' says analyst". The Africa Report. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ Tayo, Teniola. "ANALYSIS: High stakes as Nigeria prepares for elections in 2023". Premium Times. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ Yusuf, Kabir. "Inside Nigeria's Debt Crisis: How foreign loan under Buhari triples past govts' combined figure". Premium Times. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ Blankenship, Mary; Golubski, Christina. "Nigeria's Twitter ban is a misplaced priority". Brookings Institution. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ Ezeamalu, Ben. "Nigerian Army Killed Unarmed Protesters, Report Finds". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ "Approval Ratings". NOIPolls. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ a b c James, Dominic. "Primaries: INEC Grants Parties Six Extra Days, Timetable Remains Unchanged". INEC News. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ Iroanusi, QueenEsther. "PDP dumps zoning, throws presidential ticket open". Premium Times. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ Elumoye, Deji; Okocha, Chuks; Akinwale, Adedayo (30 April 2022). "Abdullahi Adamu: No Decision Yet on Zoning of APC's Presidential Ticket". ThisDay. Abuja. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ Amodu, Taiwo. "APC Congresses: Buni Insists On Consensus Option, Warns Against Media War". Nigerian Tribune. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
- ^ Adenekan, Samson. "Marafa threatens to sue APC leadership, says decisions since appointment illegal". Premium Times. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ Irede, Akin. "Can Nigeria's ruling party survive after Buhari?". Africa Report. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
- ^ Ndujihe, Clifford; Umoru, Henry; Nwabughiogu, Levinus; Ajayi, Omeiza; Yakubu, Dirisu (27 March 2022). "APC CONVENTION: High wire politics as Adamu, Omisore, 75 others emerge". Vanguard. Abuja. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- ^ Sobechi, Leo (29 March 2022). "APC's national convention and fear of fair, open competition". The Guardian. Abuja. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- ^ "2023: APC In Fresh Dilemma Over Zoning, Convention". Daily Trust. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
- ^ Irede, Akin. "Nigeria 2023: Like the PDP, the ruling APC is set to abandon zoning". The Africa Report. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ "Northern Govs Didn't Oppose Power Shift, But Rejected Language Of Compulsion – El-Rufai". Channels TV. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
- ^ Baiyewu, Leke. "Muslim-Muslim ticket doesn't matter with Tinubu as APC presidential candidate – Support group". The Punch. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
- ^ Irede, Akin. "Nigeria 2023: Tinubu's team bets the farm on a Muslim/Muslim ticket". Africa Report. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
- ^ Akinkuotu, Eniola; Olokor, Friday. "Muslim/Muslim ticket unacceptable, says CAN, NSCIA differs". The Punch. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
- ^ Odunsi, Wale. "2023: APC extends sale of forms, fixes dates to elect delegates". Daily Post. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
- ^ Nseyen, Nsikak. "2023: APC fixes new date for governorship primaries, others". Daily Post. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
- ^ Majeed, Bakare. "2023: APC fixes date for screening of presidential aspirants". Premium Times. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
- ^ Nseyen, Nsikak. "2023: APC fixes new date to screen presidential aspirants". Daily Post. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
- ^ a b Majeed, Bakare (20 April 2022). "UPDATED: 2023: APC fixes presidential forms for N100 million, adopts indirect primaries". Premium Times. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- ^ Angbulu, Stephen; Ayeni, Victor; Dada, Peter; Naku, Dennis; Ede, Raphael (21 April 2022). "Presidential primary: APC silent on zoning, Nigerians condemn N100m nomination fee". The Punch. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
- ^ APC Nigeria [@OfficialAPCNg] (May 4, 2022). "REVISED" (Tweet). Retrieved 7 May 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ a b Ajayi, Omeiza. "Just in: APC postpones presidential convention to June 6–8". Vanguard. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ a b "Senate amends Electoral Act to allow President, NASS members, govs, others vote at party congresses, primaries". Vanguard. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
- ^ Akinkuotu, Eniola; Baiyewu, Leke; Folorunsho-Francis, Adebayo; Odeniyi, Solomon; Angbulu, Stephen; Bamigbola, Bola. "APC primary: Lagos, Borno lose jumbo delegates, party shifts senatorial poll". The Punch. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
- ^ a b Irede, Akin. "Nigeria 2023: Buhari's refusal to sign electoral law puts APC, PDP in fresh crisis". The Africa Report. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
- ^ Majeed, Bakare (5 June 2022). "APC Convention: 22 governors, 2,322 delegates to determine fate of 23 aspirants". Premium Times. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
- ^ Ejekwonyilo, Ameh (23 May 2022). "2023: CBN's Emefiele retreats, withdraws suit against INEC, AGF". Premium Times. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
- ^ Chiedozie, Ihuoma. "ANALYSIS: APC presidential primary – All eyes on Buhari". International Centre for Investigative Reporting. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
- ^ Taiwo-Obalonye, Juliana (31 May 2022). "APC primaries: Buhari meets govs, gives hint of preferred successor". The Sun. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
- ^ "APC presidential ticket: 17 govs stand behind Buhari on preferred aspirant". The Sun. 3 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
- ^ Nwachukwu, John Owen (4 June 2022). "APC presidential primary: No candidate was disqualified – Adamu counters Oyegun". Daily Post. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
- ^ Abidoye, Bisi (3 June 2022). "EXCLUSIVE: No APC presidential aspirant disqualified – Screening committee member". Premium Times. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
- ^ Oyeleke, Sodiq (4 June 2022). "BREAKING: 10 APC govs ask Northern aspirants to withdraw from presidential race". The Punch. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
- ^ Oyeleke, Sodiq (4 June 2022). "Buhari backs southern candidate for president". The Punch. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
- ^ Abidoye, Bisi (6 June 2022). "APC House of Confusion: Northern APC governors 'clash' with Chairman Adamu over zoning". Premium Times. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ^ Angbulu, Stephen (6 June 2022). "JUST IN: Northern APC govs meet Buhari, insist on southern presidential candidate". The Punch. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ^ Oyeleke, Sodiq (6 June 2022). "APC NWC members divided over announcement of Lawan as consensus candidate". The Punch. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ^ Akinkuotu, Eniola; Olokor, Friday; Folorunsho-Francis, Adebayo; Angbulu, Stephen; Tolu-Kolawole, Deborah (7 June 2022). "APC presidential ticket: Adamu's consensus plot fails, 21 aspirants in battle royale". The Punch. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
- ^ Oyeleke, Sodiq (6 June 2022). "JUST IN: I won't impose consensus candidate, Buhari tells Northern govs". The Punch. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ^ a b c Mojeed, Musikilu (7 June 2022). "APC Governors, party's NWC cut presidential contenders to five, eliminate 17". Premium Times. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
- ^ Oyeleke, Sodiq (7 June 2022). "BREAKING: Seven presidential aspirants reject APC northern govs' five-man list". The Punch. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
- ^ Oyeleke, Sodiq (7 June 2022). "JUST IN: Pick one of us, Okorocha, other South-East aspirants write Buhari". The Punch. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
- ^ Yakubu, Dirisu (7 June 2022). "Convention: Rowdiness, disorder mar APC accreditation process". Vanguard. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
- ^ Folorunsho-Francis, Adebayo (7 June 2022). "Few hours to APC primary, many journalists remain unaccredited". The Punch. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
- ^ Folorunsho-Francis, Adebayo (7 June 2022). "APC Primary: Security operatives teargas supporters, journalists". The Punch. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
- ^ "EFCC officials storm APC Special Convention". The Guardian. News Agency of Nigeria. 7 June 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
- ^ Onyeji, Ebuka; Udegbunam, Oge (8 June 2022). "APC Primaries: Nine Candidates who withdrew, who they endorsed". Premium Times. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
- ^ "LIVE: Bola Tinubu Declared Winner Of APC Presidential Primary". Channels TV. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
- ^ "Tinubu wins APC presidential ticket". Reuters. 2022-06-08. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
- ^ Elusoji, Solomon. "Tinubu Beats Osinbajo, Amaechi, 11 Others To Win APC Presidential Primary". Channels TV. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
- ^ Oyeleke, Sodiq (8 June 2022). "Full speech: My opponents have nothing to fear, Tinubu says after victory". The Punch. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
- ^ Baiyewu, Leke (9 June 2022). "How APC presidential aspirants waited in vain for Buhari's anointed candidate". The Punch. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ Irede, Akin (8 June 2022). "Nigeria 2023: How a Lagos godfather crushed the opposition". The Africa Report. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ Kogbara, Donu (10 June 2022). "Nigeria: Buhari's failure to plan his succession". The Africa Report. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ a b Abidoye, Bisi (12 June 2022). "PT State of the Race: Tinubu, Atiku search for running mates, worry about Obi, Kwankwaso". Premium Times. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ a b Ajayi, Omeiza; Bello, Bashir; Nwankwo, Tony (12 June 2022). "RUNNING MATES: Battle for Muslim-Muslim ticket rages as El-Rufai, others back pairing". Vanguard. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ a b Terzungwe, Saawua (10 July 2022). "Tinubu's Placeholder Running Mate Resigns". Daily Trust. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ "2023: Why I Didn't Choose A Christian Running Mate – Tinubu". Daily Trust. 10 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ a b Odeniyi, Solomon (10 July 2022). "CAN fumes over Tinubu's choice of Muslim running mate". The Punch. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ a b Sobechi, Leo; Abuh, Adamu; Akhaine, Saxone; Michael, Danjuma. "CAN, MBF, Arewa ex-scribe, others decry APC's Muslim-Muslim ticket". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ Irede, Akin (11 July 2022). "Nigeria 2023: Will Tinubu's Muslim/Muslim ticket mirror MKO's win?". The Africa Report. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ Siollun, Max (11 July 2022). "Nigeria: Bola Tinubu must reckon with history after picking his running mate". The Africa Report. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ Oyero, Kayode (29 April 2022). "BREAKING: Tinubu picks N100m APC presidential form". The Punch. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
- ^ "BREAKING: Amaechi Declares Interest In Succeeding Buhari". Daily Trust. 9 April 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ^ Opejobi, Seun (6 May 2022). "2023: Rotimi Amaechi finally obtains APC's N100m presidential form". Daily Post. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
- ^ Abdullahi, Idowu (26 April 2022). "2023: Ayade joins presidential race". The Punch. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
- ^ "2023 Race: Ben Ayade picks presidential form". Vanguard. 9 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
- ^ a b Oluwasanjo, Ahmed (4 June 2022). "APC disqualifies only female aspirant, Tunde Bakare; clears Tinubu, Lawan, Osinbajo for presidential primary". Peoples Gazette. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
- ^ Adelagun, Oluwakemi (10 April 2022). "2023: Tunde Bakare joins race for president". Premium Times. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
- ^ Opejobi, Seun (5 May 2022). "BREAKING: 2023: Pastor Tunde Bakare buys N100m APC presidential form". Daily Post. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
- ^ "Pastor Tunde Bakare scores zero votes, after picking N100m forms, boasting of becoming president". The Informant247. 2022-06-08. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
- ^ Olokor, Friday (26 April 2022). "2023: Bello pays N100m nomination fee, picks APC forms Wednesday". The Punch. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
- ^ Akinkuotu, Eniola (13 May 2022). "Oil tycoon, Jack-Rich, declares for Presidency, submits N100m APC form". The Punch. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
- ^ Opejobi, Seun (9 May 2022). "BREAKING: 2023 Presidency: Senate President, Ahmed Lawan picks APC N100m nomination forms". Daily Post. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
- ^ Adepegba, Adelani (11 April 2022). "2023: Buhari's ally Mokelu joins presidential race". The Punch. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- ^ Richards, Oludare (11 May 2022). "Mokelu picks APC presidential nomination form, joins 27 other aspirants". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
- ^ Angbulu, Stephen (27 April 2022). "JUST IN: Buhari's minister, Nwajiuba, buys N100m APC Presidential form". The Punch. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
- ^ Simon, Emperor. "Okorocha Formally Declares For Presidency, Says Igbos Won't Leave Nigeria". Channels TV. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ Odeniyi, Solomon (29 April 2022). "2023 presidency: Don't vote with sentiments – Okorocha tells APC delegates". The Punch. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
- ^ Majeed, Bakare (6 May 2022). "2023: Another Buhari's minister, Ogbonnaya Onu, joins presidential race". Premium Times. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
- ^ a b c Orintunsin, Jide (6 May 2022). "BREAKING: Emefiele, Boroffice, Amosun, Onu pick APC presidential forms". The Nation. Abuja. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
- ^ Oyeleke, Sodiq (11 April 2022). "BREAKING: Osinbajo officially declares for President". The Punch. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- ^ Oyeleke, Sodiq (5 May 2022). "JUST IN: Support groups pick up nomination form for Osinbajo". The Punch. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
- ^ Nwannah, Ifeanyi (22 January 2022). "2023: Ex Zamfara governor, Yarima declares intention to run for president". Daily Post. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
- ^ Bankole, Abe. "2023: Former Zamfara governor Yerima joins presidential race". International Centre for Investigative Reporting. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
- ^ Sunday, Ochogwu (28 April 2022). "2023 presidency: Gov Umahi pays N100m, gets APC nomination form". Daily Post. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
- ^ Bukar, Muhammad (4 May 2022). "2023: Gov Badaru joins presidential race, purchases N100m APC form". Daily Post. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ^ Oyeleke, Sodiq (4 June 2022). "BREAKING: Gov Badaru withdraws from APC presidential race". The Punch. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
- ^ Imukudo, Saviour (4 May 2022). "Akpabio joins presidential race". Premium Times. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ^ Oyeleke, Sodiq (7 June 2022). "BREAKING: Akpabio steps down for Tinubu". The Punch. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
- ^ Sunday, Ochogwu (27 April 2022). "2023: Sen Amosun joins presidential race". Daily Post. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
- ^ Angbulu, Stephen (5 May 2022). "Amosun declares for presidency, says I'm ready to serve". The Punch. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
- ^ Oyeleke, Sodiq (7 June 2022). "BREAKING: Amosun steps down for Tinubu". The Punch. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
- ^ Ukaibe, Chibuzo. "APC: Ayom Withdraws From Presidential Race Over Zoning". Leadership. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
- ^ Babalola, Ayoola (27 April 2022). "2023: Ex-Reps speaker Dimeji Bankole joins presidential race". Peoples Gazette. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
- ^ Isenyo, Godwin (6 May 2022). "2023: Ex-Reps Speaker, Dimeji Bankole, buys APC presidential form". The Punch. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
- ^ Oyeleke, Sodiq (7 June 2022). "BREAKING: Dimeji Bankole withdraws from presidential race, backs Tinubu". The Punch. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
- ^ Oyeleke, Sodiq (7 June 2022). "BREAKING: Senator Boroffice steps down for Tinubu". The Punch. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
- ^ "Businessman Dauda joins 2023 presidential race". The Nation. 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
- ^ Olokor, Friday; Oyeleke, Sodiq (4 May 2022). "UPDATED: Fayemi officially declares for presidency". The Punch. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ^ Olokor, Friday (8 May 2022). "2023: Fayemi picks presidential form 24 hours after declaration – Aide, APC source". The Punch. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
- ^ Oyeleke, Sodiq (7 June 2022). "BREAKING: Fayemi becomes third aspirant to step down for Tinubu". The Punch. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
- ^ "Fayemi, Akpabio, Amosun, 3 other aspirants step down for Tinubu". The Informant247. 2022-06-07. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
- ^ Chime, Vivian (5 May 2022). "Nicholas Felix, US-based Nigerian pastor, obtains APC presidential nomination form". TheCable. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
- ^ Onyeji, Ebuka (7 June 2022). "Presidential aspirant steps down for Osinbajo at #APCPrimaries". Premium Times. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
- ^ Salau, Abdullateef (18 April 2022). "IT Expert, Adamu Garba Joins Presidential Race". Daily Trust. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
- ^ Salau, Abdullateef (10 May 2022). "Adamu Garba Withdraws From Presidential Race After Raising N83.2m". Daily Trust. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
- ^ Oyero, Kayode (6 May 2022). "CBN Gov Emefiele picks N100m APC presidential form". The Punch. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
- ^ Sobechi, Leo (15 May 2022). "Emefiele's Meffy2023… a messy affair". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ Ibeh, Ifeanyi (21 January 2022). "Why I am now running for president – Orji Kalu". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
- ^ Odeyemi, Joshua (9 May 2022). "2023: Orji Kalu Drops Presidential Ambition, Picks Form For Senate". Daily Trust. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
- ^ "2023: Ngige joins presidential race". Premium Times. News Agency of Nigeria. 18 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
- ^ "Ngige pulls out of presidential race, says he wants to focus on his job". TheCable. 13 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
- ^ Olokor, Friday (29 April 2022). "2023: Nnamani declares for presidency, seeks N100m forms fees reduction". The Punch. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
- ^ "2023: Jettisoning zoning'll amount to injustice, says Nnamani". Vanguard. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
- ^ Shibayan, Dyepkazah (6 June 2022). "Ken Nnamani pulls out of race for APC presidential ticket". TheCable. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ^ "APC gets first female presidential aspirant". The Punch. News Agency of Nigeria. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
- ^ Onyeji, Ebuka (7 June 2022). "Sole female aspirant steps down for Tinubu at #APCPrimaries". Premium Times. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
- ^ Olokor, Friday (3 May 2022). "2023: No empty promises, Olawepo-Hashim says as he declares for presidency". The Punch. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
- ^ Aderele, Ademola (13 May 2022). "2023: APC's Olawepo-Hashim withdraws from presidential race". Daily Post. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
- ^ Majeed, Bakare (4 May 2022). "2023: Oshiomhole joins presidential race". Premium Times. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ^ Gabriel, Emameh. "Oshiomhole Drops Presidential Ambition, Shifts Focus to Senate". ThisDay. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
- ^ Majeed, Bakare (9 May 2022). "2023: Sylva to commence consultations as group buys APC presidential nomination form for him". Premium Times. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
- ^ "JUST IN: Petroleum minister Sylva withdraws from presidential race". The Punch. News Agency of Nigeria. 16 May 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ Oluwafemi, Ayodele (26 May 2021). "Aregbesola: I won't just jump into 2023 presidential race — I'm a serious politician". TheCable. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ a b c Sabiu, Muhammad (12 December 2021). "2023 Presidency: As North Begins Search For Candidate". Nigerian Tribune. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ a b "In search of flagbearers". Africa Confidential. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
- ^ Asadu, Chinedu (21 May 2021). "Nigeria: Who will inherit President Buhari's bloc vote in 2023?". The Africa Report. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ Yusuf, Dele (14 October 2021). "Nigeria: What is Kaduna Governor Nasir el-Rufai planning for 2023?". Africa Report. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ Aliyu, Abdullateef (6 May 2022). "Contesting Presidency Is A War I Can't Win – Shina Peller". Daily Trust. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
- ^ Angbulu, Stephen (21 January 2022). "I'm running for APC chairman, not president —Ex-Borno gov, Sheriff". The Punch. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
- ^ Ojiego, Nnamdi (31 October 2021). "Internal democracy will stop defections — Iyorchia Ayu, new PDP Chair". Vanguard. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ "UPDATED: Court okays PDP convention, dismisses Secondus' suit". Premium Times. 29 October 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ Oyero, Kayode (8 January 2022). "2023: PDP has not zoned presidential ticket – Spokesman". The Punch. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ Fabiyi, Olusola; Alechenu, John; Aworinde, Tobi; Odogun, Gbenga (10 July 2021). "2023: PDP may counter Southern govs on zoning, throw presidential ticket open". The Punch. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
- ^ Momoh Jimoh, Azimazi (17 March 2022). "PDP raises 37-man panel on zoning". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
- ^ Momoh Jimoh, Azimazi (25 March 2022). "Ortom heads PDP's zoning panel". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
- ^ Angbulu, Stephen (21 April 2022). "2023: PDP extends sale of forms for fourth time". The Punch. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
- ^ Angbulu, Stephen (4 May 2022). "PDP reschedules governorship, senatorial primaries". The Punch. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
- ^ Iroanusi, QueenEsther (21 May 2022). "2023: Only elected delegates will vote at our primaries, convention – PDP". Premium Times. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
- ^ Yakubu, Dirisu (16 March 2022). "[BREAKING] 2023: PDP Presidential primary holds in May". Vanguard. Abuja. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
- ^ a b Akpan, Samuel (17 March 2022). "2023: PDP releases pre-election schedule, fixes presidential primary poll for May 28". TheCable. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
- ^ Iroanusi, QueenEsther (29 April 2022). "2023: PDP panel screens 17 presidential aspirants, disqualifies two". Premium Times. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
- ^ a b c Martins, Baba (5 May 2022). "PDP Upholds Disqualification Of Two Presidential Aspirants". Daily Trust. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
- ^ "[UPDATED] PDP NEC Dumps Zoning, Throws Contest For Presidential Ticket Open". Channels TV. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
- ^ Irede, Akin (20 May 2022). "Nigeria 2023: Despite online popularity, Obi trails Atiku, Wike in race for PDP delegates". The Africa Report. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ Iroanusi, QueenEsther (27 May 2022). "ANALYSIS: How aspirants stand in PDP presidential race". Premium Times. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ Ugwu, Chinagorom (28 May 2022). "Why I joined Labour Party – Peter Obi". Premium Times. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ "LOWDOWN: Wike, Atiku, Tambuwal, Saraki… enter the top PDP presidential contenders". TheCable. 11 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ "Electoral Act: Governors To Miss Presidential Primaries, Fear Inability To Control Delegates". Sahara Reporters. 24 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
- ^ "PDP, APC presidential primaries: How delegates emerge and go vote for di parties national conventions". BBC Pidgin (in Nigerian Pidgin). Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ Udegbunam, Oge (28 May 2022). "PDP Convention: 774 delegates accredited to vote". Premium Times. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ Sanusi, Abiodun (28 May 2022). "Why we stormed PDP presidential primary venue – EFCC". The Punch. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ Iroanusi, QueenEsther (28 May 2022). "Another PDP presidential aspirant, Hayatu-Deen, withdraws from race". Premium Times. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ a b Udegbunam, Oge (28 May 2022). "PDP Convention: Tambuwal withdraws from race, endorses Atiku". Premium Times. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ Adenekan, Samson (28 May 2022). "BREAKING: Again, Atiku emerges PDP presidential candidate". Premium Times. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ Reuters (2022-05-28). "Nigeria opposition picks veteran Abubakar as presidential candidate". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-05-28.
{{cite news}}
:|last=
has generic name (help) - ^ Abidoye, Bisi (June 2022). "EXCLUSIVE: Atiku Vs Wike: How state delegates voted at PDP presidential primary". Premium Times. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
- ^ Ayitogo, Nasir (29 May 2022). "2023: Five factors that helped Atiku defeat Wike, others in PDP primaries". Premium Times. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
- ^ Sobechi, Leo; Abuh, Adamu; Njoku, Lawrence; Akpa, Nnamdi (14 June 2022). "PDP narrows VP choice to Wike, Okowa, Udom". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
- ^ "JUST IN: Atiku Announces Okowa As Running Mate". Channels TV. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
- ^ a b Ogbuenyi, Nosike (16 June 2022). "ANALYSIS: 2023: Implications of Atiku's selection of Okowa as running mate". Premium Times. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
- ^ Oyeleke, Sodiq (16 June 2022). "JUST IN: Okowa favourite to emerge Atiku's running mate". The Punch. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
- ^ Oyeleke, Sodiq (16 June 2022). "Full speech: Why I picked Okowa as my running mate -Atiku". The Punch. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
- ^ Angbulu, Stephen (23 March 2022). "2023: Atiku officially declares for President, vows to reduce govt borrowing". The Punch. Abuja. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f Martins, Baba; Abah Emmanuel, Hope (29 March 2022). "Presidential Race: PDP Rakes In N285m From Atiku, Saraki, 6 Others". Daily Trust. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
- ^ Atiku Abubakar [@atiku] (April 30, 2022). "I scaled the screening for the PDP Presidential primaries, but our @OfficialPDPNig delegates will determine the most consequential exam. Our consultation continues unabated" (Tweet). Retrieved 1 May 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ Arinze, Gideon. "2023: Anyim Declares Interest in Presidency". ThisDay. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ Okocha, Chuks. "Anyim, Bala Mohammed Submit PDP Presidential Forms". ThisDay. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ a b c Official PDP Nigeria [@OfficialPDPNig] (April 30, 2022). "2023 General Elections: As part of preparations for the 2023 Presidential Election, the @OfficialPDPNig has screened the 17 Presidential aspirants in line with the party's Guidelines for primaries. Those screened are as attached. PDP…Power to the people!" (Tweet). Retrieved 1 May 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ a b c Yakubu, Dirisu (31 March 2022). "2023 PRESIDENCY: Udom, Hayatu-Deen, Ohuabunwa join race, pick PDP form". Vanguard. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
- ^ Imukudo, Saviour (8 April 2022). "Gov Emmanuel accepts PDP form from Brekete, joins presidential race". Premium Times. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
- ^ Udom Emmanuel [@MrUdomEmmanuel] (May 1, 2022). "Screened and cleared to run! We have acknowledged that Nigeria is blessed but that we lack leadership. Now, the opportunity beckons for good leadership under the political party that has given Nigeria the better version of good governance. #RescueNigeria #PDP" (Tweet). Retrieved 1 May 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ a b Martins, Baba; Moses, Peter (12 April 2022). "2023: PDP Presidential Aspirants Swell To 15". Daily Trust. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
- ^ "Kalu joins presidential race". The Sun. 14 April 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
- ^ Michael, Ishola (24 March 2022). "2023: Bauchi Gov, Bala Mohammed, Gets PDP Presidential Nomination Form". Nigerian Tribune. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- ^ Oladeji, Mayowa (10 January 2022). "Momodu joins 2023 presidential race". Ripples Nigeria. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ Addeh, Emmanuel. "Dele Momodu Submits PDP Nomination Form, Pledges to Save Nigeria from Backwardness". ThisDay. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ Dele Momodu Ovation [@DeleMomodu] (April 29, 2022). "Honored to be presented the certificate of clearance to contest the PDP Presidential primary in May 2022 by our dear beloved Mummy, DAME DR. ESTHER ODUEHI, Secretary to Screening Committee…" (Tweet). Retrieved 1 May 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ "Ohuabunwa notifies PDP of intention to run for president". Premium Times. 13 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
- ^ Mazi Sam Ohuabunwa, OFR, MON, NPOM, FPSN [@SOhuabunwa_OFR] (April 30, 2022). "Yesterday I received my provisional clearance certificate from the screening committee of the @OfficialPDPNig to contest in the primaries of our party. I call on all delegates to vote their conscience as a show of support for the emergence of a New Nigeria that works for all" (Tweet). Retrieved 1 May 2022 – via Twitter.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Adenekan, Samson (26 January 2022). "2023: Saraki declares intention to run for president". Premium Times. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ Megbolu, Innocent. "Ugwu, PDP's Presidential Hopeful, Asks North to Concede Ticket to South". ThisDay. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
- ^ Imukudo, Saviour (27 March 2022). "2023: Governor Wike declares for president". Premium Times. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ^ Naku, Dennis (15 April 2022). "Wike submits presidential form, PDP promises level playing field". The Punch. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ Orji, Ndubuisi (28 March 2022). "Road to 2023: Anakwenze obtains PDP presidential forms, promises to champion national unity". The Sun. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
- ^ Okobi, Sunday. "2023: Hayatu-Deen Declares Presidential Bid, Vows to Tackle Insecurity, Poverty". ThisDay. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ Mohammed Hayatu-Deen [@MHayatu_Deen] (May 1, 2022). "Make every day count. Two days ago, my screening was another step taken in the journey to get Nigeria back from the brink. I am glad to have followed due process during the presidential screening of PDP aspirants and now received the clearance certificate. #hayatudeen" (Tweet). Retrieved 1 May 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ Tolu-Kolawole, Deborah. "2023: PDP aspirant, Hayatu-Deen, withdraws from presidential race, gives reasons". The Punch. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ Eleweke, Titus (24 March 2022). "JUST IN: Peter Obi Joins 2023 Presidential Race". Daily Trust. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- ^ Angbulu, Stephen. "Groups buy PDP presidential form for Peter Obi, pledge 10m votes". The Punch. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
- ^ Peter Obi [@PeterObi] (April 30, 2022). "Glad to have completed the PDP screening process and received my Provisional Clearance Certificate. - PO" (Tweet). Retrieved 1 May 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ Erezi, Dennis (25 May 2022). "Peter Obi quits PDP days before presidential primaries". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
- ^ Aborisade, Sunday. "Okupe declares 2023 presidential ambition on PDP platform". The Punch. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ Oludare, Ishola. "Okupe withdraws from presidential race, asks Wike, others to team up with Peter Obi". Daily Post. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
- ^ "Tambuwal Declares Intention To Run For Presidency In 2023". Channels TV. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ Aminu W. Tambuwal [@AWTambuwal] (April 29, 2022). "I have just received my Provisional Clearance Certificate from PDP Presidential Screening Committee. #TogetherWeRebuildNigeria" (Tweet). Retrieved 1 May 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ a b c d Odunsi, Wale. "Ex-PDP governors declare bid for 2023 presidential ticket". Daily Post. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ Azubuike, Chima. "2023: I'll purchase presidential form if urged -Dankwambo". The Punch. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ a b Usigbe, Leon. "2023: As PDP Presidential Titans Make Their Move…". Nigerian Tribune. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ "2023 Presidency: Delta group rallies support for Sule Lamido". Vanguard. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ Sulaimon, Nimot. "I have no presidential ambition in 2023 – Makinde". P.M. News. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ Amodu, Taiwo (19 April 2022). "2023: APC, PDP, APGA, Labour Party Notify INEC On Convention". Nigerian Tribune. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Akinkuotu, Eniola; Oyero, Kayode. "Timetable: INEC talks tough as 18 parties fail to conduct primaries". The Punch. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
- ^ a b Olafusi, Ebunoluwa. "39-year-old Imumolen wins presidential ticket of Accord Party". TheCable. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
- ^ Raji, Miftaudeen. "2023: 39-yr-old Prof, Imumolen is Accord's presidential candidate". Vanguard. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
- ^ Abdullahi, Idowu. "Accord picks ex-Zamfara SSG as vice-presidential candidate". The Punch. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
- ^ "Action Alliance postpones special convention for presidential primaries". Peoples Gazette. News Agency of Nigeria. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
- ^ Humbe, Miriam (5 April 2022). "Action Alliance Releases Time Table For 2023 Elections". TheFact. Abuja. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ^ a b "Ex-Abacha's CSO, Al-Mustapha, clinches AA presidential ticket". Premium Times. News Agency of Nigeria. 9 June 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ Aborisade, Sunday. "Abacha's ex-CSO, Al-Mustapha, Emerges Action Alliance Presidential Candidate". ThisDay. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ a b "Sani emerges as ADP presidential candidate". The Guardian. News Agency of Nigeria. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ Amodu, Taiwo. "2023: ADP National Chairman Announces Treasurer As Running Mate". Nigerian Tribune. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
- ^ "AAC Leadership Crisis Worsens". Nigerian Tribune. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
- ^ Oloniniran, Gbenga. "Court affirms Sowore as AAC chairman". The Punch. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
- ^ "African Action Congress Party To Hold Presidential Primary Thursday". Sahara Reporters. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
- ^ Sanusi, Abiodun. "Unlike APC, PDP, our nomination form is free – AAC". The Punch. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
- ^ "African Action Congress Party Fixes June 1 To 3 For Primary Elections". Sahara Reporters. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
- ^ "BREAKING: Sowore Steps Down As AAC National Party Chairman". Sahara Reporters. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ a b Shibayan, Dyepkazah. "Sowore wins AAC presidential primary election". TheCable. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ Omogbolagun, Tope. "Sowore steps down as AAC chairman, emerges presidential candidate". The Punch. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ Essien, Hillary. "Sowore emerges AAC consensus presidential candidate for 2023". Peoples Gazette. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ Abdullahi, Idowu. "2023: Sowore unveils running mate, vows to win Kano votes". The Punch. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
- ^ a b Adenekan, Samson. "2023: ADC, LP, PRP, others eager to test strength against APC, PDP". Premium Times. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ^ Folasade-Koyi, Adetutu (14 April 2022). "ADC declares nomination forms free for women, youths, PWDs". The Sun. Abuja. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ^ Abuh, Adamu. "ADC chief decries monetisation of primaries as party picks presidential candidate June 8". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
- ^ Ohwovoriole, Ogheneuvede. "ADC Presidential Ticket: Kachikwu, Moghalu, Others Take Battle to Abeokuta". ThisDay. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ^ Adewole, Segun. "Kachikwu, Moghalu, others jostle for ADC presidential ticket". The Punch. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ a b Oladeji, Mayowa. "2023: Moghalu fails to win ADC presidential ticket, loses to Kachikwu". Ripples Nigeria. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ Adenekan, Samson. "2023: Kachikwu defeats Moghalu, others to clinch ADC presidential ticket". Premium Times. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ Okonoboh, Rita. "'I won't endorse obscene corruption' — Moghalu dumps ADC after losing presidential ticket". TheCable. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
- ^ Nseyen, Nsikak. "Moghalu bribed state chairmen but lost presidential ADC ticket – Dumebi Kachikwu alleges". Daily Post. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
- ^ Akintade, Adefemola. "U.S. govt confiscates assets of Dumebi Kachikwu, ADC candidate who delivered cash bribes to William Jefferson". Peoples Gazette. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
- ^ Eromosele, Fortune. "Just In: ADC picks Malika Sani as Kachikwu's running mate". Vanguard. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ^ Onochie, Bridget Chiedu. "Kachikwu unveils Ahmed Buhari as running mate". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
- ^ "Party suspends six national officers, state chairpersons". Premium Times. News Agency of Nigeria. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ^ Chideraa, Collins. "Dantalle Clinches APM Presidential Ticket". Nigerian Tribune. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ "Provisional Timetable/Schedule of Activities for 2022 Primary Election". Facebook. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
- ^ Olokor, Friday (25 March 2022). "2023: APGA begins sale of forms Tuesday". The Punch. Abuja. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
- ^ "APGA extends sale of nomination forms by four days as over 300 aspirants troop in to pick forms". Vanguard. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- ^ a b Olabimtan, Bolanle. "Peter Umeadi, ex-chief judge, wins APGA presidential ticket". TheCable. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
- ^ Chukindi, Joe. "2023: APGA presidential candidate, Umeadi nominates running mate". Daily Post. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ Adetayo, Olalekan; Alechenu, John. "Jega, Utomi groups, others team up against APC, PDP, unveil party Oct 1". The Punch. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ Olatunji, Kehinde. "LP emerges '3rd Force' mega party for 2023 elections". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ "Utomi, Falana, Jega's Third Force Mega group adopts Labour Party". Ripples Nigeria. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ Angbulu, Stephen. "UPDATED: Utomi, Wabba, others adopt Labour Party as third force". The Punch. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ Adeuyi, Seun. "2023: Utomi's 'Big Tent' Seeks Coalition With ADC, PRP, SDP Others". Daily Trust. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ "Peter Obi joins Labour Party". Premium Times. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ Anigbogu, Joy; Onoiribholo, Francis. "Labour Party Welcomes Peter Obi, Others To Grand Coalition". Independent Nigeria. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ Ufuoma, Vincent. "Obi emerges Labour Party presidential candidate amid leadership crisis". International Centre for Investigative Reporting. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
- ^ Terzungwe, Saawua (20 April 2022). "APC NEC To Ratify May 30/31 Presidential Primaries Today". Daily Trust. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
The New Nigeria Peoples Party (NNPP) and Labour Party (LP) have slated May 25–26 and June 3 for the presidential primaries and May 20 and June 1, 2022 for the governorship.
- ^ Odunsi, Wale. "2023 election: 'Nigeria a laughing stock, they now spend dollars' – LP's Peter Obi's full speech". Daily Post. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ Akintade, Adefemola. "Peter Obi's Labour Party recognised by INEC". Peoples Gazette. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ a b Adenekan, Samson. "Okupe withdraws as Peter Obi's running mate". Premium Times. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
- ^ Irede, Akin. "Nigeria: Can Baba-Ahmed boost Peter Obi's chances in the Muslim north?". The Africa Report. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ Babangida, Mohammed. "Datti Baba-Ahmed: The economist selling Obi's candidature in northern Nigeria". Premium Times. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
- ^ Olokor, Friday (29 March 2022). "[UPDATED] 2023: Finally, Kwankwaso dumps PDP for NNPP". The Punch. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
- ^ Babangida, Mohammed. "ANALYSIS: How NNPP became Kano's main opposition party within three months". Premium Times. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
- ^ Olokor, Friday. "Kwankwanso emerges NNPP national leader". The Punch. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
- ^ Sobechi, Leo; Akubo, John; Adewale, Murtala. "From Kano, NNPP plots national upset with Kwankwasiyya". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
- ^ "Schedule of activities for New Nigeria People's Party NNPP ahead of 2023 general election, sales of forms and cost of Expression of Interest and Nomination Forms". Facebook. New Nigeria People's Party -NNPP. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ^ Akowe, Tony. "NNPP offers Obi vice presidential ticket". The Nation. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
- ^ Egobiambu, Emmanuel. "Peter Obi Could Have Been My Vice President In NNPP – Kwankwaso". Channels TV. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
- ^ Edeme, Victoria. "Presidency: Industrialist steps down, becomes Kwankwaso's running mate". The Punch. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
- ^ Obogo, Chinelo. "Kwankwaso only presidential candidate of NNPP -Aniegbonam, founder". The Sun. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ^ Lawal, Taofeek. "2023: 774 Delegates To Elect NNPP Presidential Candidate Today In Abuja". Nigerian Tribune. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
- ^ Uthman, Samad. "Ladipo Johnson named Kwankwaso's running mate". TheCable. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ^ "2023: NNPP Announces Ladipo Johnson As Kwankwanso's Running Mate". Leadership. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ^ Adenekan, Samson. "After failed alliance talks with Obi, Kwankwaso picks popular cleric, Isaac Idahosa, as running mate". Premium Times. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
- ^ Samuel, Edward (8 April 2022). "2023: NRM Approves Sales Of Expression Of Interest Form For Youths, Women, Others". Voice of Nigeria. Abuja. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ^ a b Joshua, Kingsley. "2023: Nwa-Anyajike Emerges NRM Presidential Candidate In Land Slide Victory". Independent Nigeria. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
- ^ Abuh, Adamu. "2023: Uproar as INEC removes Mwa-Anyajike as NRM presidential candidate". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
- ^ Ogundele, Bolaji. "PRP: we charge N2.5m, N10m for governorship, presidential forms". The Nation. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
- ^ a b "Kola Abiola declared winner of PRP presidential primary". TheCable. News Agency of Nigeria. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ^ Tauna, Amos. "SDP announces dates for Congresses, National Convention". Daily Post. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
- ^ Jimoh, Abbas. "SDP To Pick Presidential Candidate June 8". Daily Trust. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ Olumide, Seye; Omolaoye, Sodiq (29 March 2022). "SDP sells nomination forms at N35m to presidential aspirants". The Guardian. Ibadan and Abuja. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ^ Agboluaje, Rotimi. "SouthWest SDP leaders warn INEC against recognising Garba, Agunloye". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
- ^ "Leadership Crisis Tears SDP Apart". The Will Nigeria. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ a b "2023: Ebenezer Ikeyina emerges SDP presidential candidate". Peoples Gazette. News Agency of Nigeria. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
- ^ Akpan, Samuel. "Ebenezer Ikeyina, ex-lawmaker, wins presidential primary organised by SDP faction". TheCable. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
- ^ Adenekan, Samson. "2023: SDP faction picks ex-Senator as presidential candidate". Premium Times. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
- ^ a b Yakubu, Dirisu. "Just In: Adebayo wins SDP Presidential Primaries". Vanguard. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ a b Jimoh, Abbas. "2023: Ebira Monarch's Son, Malik Ado-Ibrahim Wins YPP Presidential Ticket". Daily Trust. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ Eromosele, Fortune. "Prince Malik Ado-Ibrahim emerges YPP presidential candidate". Vanguard. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ a b Yakubu, Dirisu. "2023: Nwanyanwu clinches ZPA Presidential ticket". Vanguard. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
- ^ "ZLP resumes sales of nomination forms". The Sun. News Agency of Nigeria. 9 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ^ a b c "Schedule of Activities for 2023 General Election". ThisDay. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ Sanni, Kunle. "UPDATED: INEC deregisters 74 political parties". Premium Times. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
- ^ "Why INEC deregistered 74 political parties". Vanguard. News Agency of Nigeria. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
- ^ Ajayi, Omeiza. "Full list of the 74 parties deregistered by INEC". Vanguard. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
- ^ Okocha, Chuks. "INEC: We are Not Registering New Parties Because They Won't Participate in 2023 Elections". ThisDay. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ Akpan, Samuel. "INEC asks presidential candidates to keep to deadline for naming running mates". TheCable. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ Jimoh, Abbas. "Akpabio, Lawan Missing As INEC Publishes List Of 2023 Candidates". Daily Trust. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
- ^ "2023: IPAC seeks 2 months extension for party primaries". Daily Nigerian. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ Adenekan, Samson. "INEC rejects parties' request for extension of deadline for primaries". Premium Times. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ "UPDATED: INEC Extends Deadline For Party Primaries By Six Days". Channels TV. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ Tolu-Kolawole, Deborah (31 May 2022). "We're disappointed by your extension, group tells INEC". The Punch. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ "SERAP, others sue INEC for not extending voter registration". Premium Times. Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project. 5 June 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ Adelagun, Oluwakemi (9 June 2022). "Traders in Alaba International shut down market for PVC collection". Premium Times. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ Ijaseun, David (9 June 2022). "Voters meet challenges in move to beat PVC deadline". BusinessDay. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ Oloniniran, Gbenga (10 June 2022). "INEC deploys extra voter enrolment machines to Lagos, others". The Punch. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ Edeme, Victoria (11 June 2022). "Nigerians'll soon hear from us on extension of voter registration – INEC". The Punch. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ "Court halts INEC's plan to stop voter registration on June 30". Premium Times. 20 June 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- ^ Olatunji, Raji. "INEC says it will comply with court ruling on voter registration deadline". International Centre for Investigative Reporting. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- ^ "BREAKING: INEC extends voter registration by two more weeks, to end July 31". TheCable. 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
- ^ "11 Nigerian states declare 'holidays' for PVC registrations". BBC Pidgin (in Nigerian Pidgin). Retrieved 27 July 2022.
- ^ a b Obogo, Chinelo. "Over 12 million Nigerians have registered to vote in 2023 poll – INEC". The Sun. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
- ^ "Nigeria adds 10.5 million young voters ahead of 2023 election". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
- ^ "Eight Million Youths Complete Voter Registration Ahead Of 2023 Elections". Channels TV. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
- ^ Akinkuotu, Eniola; Odeniyi, Solomon; Angbulu, Stephen. "North-West, South-West lead as INEC registers 96.2 million". The Punch. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
- ^ Nze, Emeka. "2023: INEC inaugurates Election Crisis Communication Team". Blueprint Newspaper. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ Sunday, Ochogwu (28 April 2021). "INEC announces date for 2023 general elections". Daily Post. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
- ^ "#AnambraDecides: INEC declares Soludo winner of governorship election". TheCable. 10 November 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
- ^ "After weeks of consultation, Tinubu jets to London 'to see his family'". TheCable. 28 January 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
- ^ "Alleged Blasphemy: Why I deleted tweet about Deborah Samuel's murder – Atiku". Premium Times. News Agency of Nigeria. 14 May 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
- ^ Abdullahi, Idowu (25 May 2022). "Atiku releases five-point agenda for Nigeria". The Punch. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Oluwagbemi, Ayodele (25 May 2022). "UPDATED: Peter Obi dumps PDP, withdraws from presidential primary". The Punch. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
- ^ Oluwafemi, Ayodele (17 June 2022). "Doyin Okupe: Labour Party discussing with NNPP, SDP to form coalition". TheCable. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ^ Maishanu, Abubakar Ahmadu (18 June 2022). "Kwankwaso speaks on merger talks with Peter Obi's Labour Party". Premium Times. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ^ "INEC declares APC's Biodun Oyebanji as winner of Ekiti governorship election". The Guardian. 19 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
- ^ "2023: Controversy Trails Tinubu's INEC Filings". Daily Trust. 26 June 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
- ^ Essien, Hillary (24 June 2022). "I didn't attend primary, secondary schools; my university certificates stolen by unknown soldiers, Tinubu tells INEC". Peoples Gazette. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
- ^ Abidoye, Bisi (26 June 2022). "PT State of the Race: Tinubu's "lost" certificates and Wike's message to Atiku". Premium Times. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
- ^ a b Majeed, Bakare (5 July 2022). "Peter Obi ends alliance talks with NNPP, to announce substantive running mate by Friday". Premium Times. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ a b "Atiku Returns To Nigeria, Sets To Join PDP Governorship Rally In Osun". Sahara Reporters. 14 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
- ^ Yusuf, Kabir (17 July 2022). "INEC declares PDP's Adeleke winner of Osun governorship election". Premium Times. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
- ^ a b c Folorunsho-Francis, Adebayo (20 July 2022). "Confusion as pastors, bishops attend Shettima's unveiling". The Punch. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
- ^ a b c Olokor, Friday (20 July 2022). "Mention bishops at Shettima's unveiling, CAN dares APC". The Punch. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
- ^ a b c Oloniniran, Gbenga (20 July 2022). "Fake bishops: P-Square's Peter, activists, others knock APC". The Punch. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
- ^ "'Bishops at APC unveiling': Who be di Christian clerics wey attend Kashim Shettima unveiling as APC vice-presidential candidate?". BBC Pidgin (in Nigerian Pidgin). 21 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ^ "Atiku battles to avert PDP's collapse, Wike's loyalists threaten defection". The Punch. July 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
- ^ Ogbuenyi, Nosike (July 2022). "ANALYSIS: Atiku under storms as Fayose, Ortom, Obasanjo fire salvos". Premium Times. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
- ^ Irede, Akin (4 July 2022). "Nigeria 2023: Will Wike play the spoiler for Atiku's campaign?". The Africa Report. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
- ^ Olokor, Friday; Baiyewu, Leke; Tolu-Kolawole, Deborah; Naku, Dennis; Ibrahim, El-ameen; Isenyo, Godwin; Shaibu, Nathaniel; Naku, Dennis; Ochei, Matthew (4 July 2022). "UPDATED: PDP sets up panel to beg Wike". The Punch. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
- ^ Ajaja, Tunde; Naku, Dennis (2 July 2022). "Atiku US trip delays PDP peace moves, ex-VP plans meeting with Wike". The Punch. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Ugwu, Chinagorom (22 June 2022). "Peter Obi visits Wike in Rivers". Premium Times. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
- ^ "PHOTOS: Kwankwaso Meets Wike In Port Harcourt". Daily Trust. 24 June 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
- ^ Ajibola, Akinola. "2023 Presidency: Why I Cannot Be Running Mate To Peter Obi – Kwankwaso". Channels TV. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
- ^ Uthman, Samad (4 July 2022). "Kwankwaso: Northerners won't vote for Peter Obi or any south-easterner in 2023". TheCable. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
- ^ Edozie, Victor; Martins, Baba (9 July 2022). "APC Governors Meet Wike As Ayu Returns Amidst Ouster Plot". Daily Trust. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
- ^ Ajaja, Tunde; Folorunsho-Francis, Adebayo; Ibrahim, El-ameen; Aina, Damilola; Naku, Dennis (9 July 2022). "APC exploits PDP crisis, Atiku's absence, woos Wike". The Punch. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
- ^ "Atiku travels to UK as continued stay abroad worries PDP leaders, stakeholders". Vanguard. 9 July 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
- ^ a b Babalola, Ayoola (15 July 2022). "EXCLUSIVE: In secret memo to Buhari, SSS warns Tinubu's Muslim-Muslim ticket will destabilise Nigeria, endanger Christian lives". Peoples Gazette. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
- ^ Abidoye, Bisi (17 July 2022). "PT State of the Race: Storm over Tinubu's same faith ticket". Premium Times. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
- ^ Irede, Akin. "Nigeria 2023: Is the Labour Party's woeful outing in Ekiti, Osun a concern for Peter Obi?". The Africa Report. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
- ^ Irede, Akin (18 July 2022). "Nigeria 2023: Dancing senator's victory over Tinubu candidate ignites Atiku hopes". The Africa Report. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
- ^ Olokor, Friday. "Don't vote Muslim-Muslim ticket – Northern APC Christians". The Punch. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
- ^ a b Olokor, Friday; Oyero, Kayode; Okere, Alexander; Folorunsho-Francis, Adebayo. "Northern Christian heavyweights launch offensive against Tinubu, Shettima". The Punch. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
- ^ Abidoye, Bisi. "PT State of the Race: Dogara, Lawal lead insurgency in APC over Tinubu's same faith ticket". Premium Times. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
- ^ Abuh, Adamu. "Muslim-muslim ticket: APC now looks like 'janjaweed' party, says Dogara". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
- ^ Ugwu, Chinagorom. "2023: PDP crisis worsens as Wike attacks Atiku, others". Premium Times. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
- ^ Abidoye, Bisi. "Inside details of Wike's anti-Atiku meeting with PDP associates". Premium Times. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
- ^ Irede, Akin. "Nigeria 2023: Muslim ticket banks on Christian campaign manager to pull in votes". The Africa Report. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
- ^ Sunday, Ochogwu. "APC picks Christian Gov as Tinubu's campaign DG". Daily Post. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
- ^ Majeed, Bakare. "2023: Governor Lalong appointed DG of APC's presidential campaign". Premium Times. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
- ^ Ogundele, Bolaji. "UPDATED: Lalong is DG APC Presidential Campaign". The Nation. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
- ^ Iroanusi, QueenEsther. "2023: PDP Crisis: Atiku, Wike in closed-door meeting". Premium Times. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
- ^ Abidoye, Bisi. "Atiku, Wike agree on reconciliation framework". Premium Times. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
- ^ Alechenu, John. "PDP Crisis: Atiku, Wike agree on 14-member panel". Vanguard. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
- ^ Omolaoye, Sodiq. "Northern APC stakeholders protest, reject Lalong as campaign DG". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
- ^ Adenekan, Samson. "2023: Kukah slams Buhari, APC over Muslim-Muslim presidential ticket, says decision 'reprehensible'". Premium Times. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
- ^ Momoh Jimoh, Azimazi; Godwin, Ann. "Wike, Atiku camps return to trenches". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
- ^ Majeed, Bakare. "2023: Atiku's ally attacks Wike as PDP crisis deepens". Premium Times. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ "Opposition fall-out shakes up election plans". Africa Confidential. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
- ^ Abidoye, Bisi. "PT State of the Race: What Nigerian voters registration numbers mean for Tinubu, Atiku, Obi". Premium Times. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
- ^ Babangida, Mohammed. "2023: APC chieftain confirms Tinubu met Wike in London, insists meeting "fruitful"". Premium Times. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ Iroanusi, QueenEsther. "Obasanjo, Wike, Peter Obi, others meet in London". Premium Times. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ Iroanusi, QueenEsther. "2023: Atiku, Wike finally meet in London". Premium Times. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ Abidoye, Bisi. "PT State of the Race: What does Obasanjo want as Wike drags Tinubu, Atiku, Obi to London?". Premium Times. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ Okocha, Chuks. "Wike's Camp Insists Ayu's Ouster Irreducible Condition for Peace". ThisDay. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ Abidoye, Bisi. "2023: Wike's group tips Arapaja as PDP interim national chairman". Premium Times. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ Martins, Baba; Akote, Abubakar. "Mixed Reactions Trail Atiku, Tinubu, Obi, Wike London Parleys". Daily Trust. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ Akinsanmi, Gboyega. "Ex-Foreign Affairs Ministers Tackle Atiku, Tinubu, Obi over London Meetings". ThisDay. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ Akinkuotu, Eniola. "Nigeria 2023: Can Peter Obi, Kwankwaso spark a presidential runoff". The Africa Report. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ Sobechi, Leo. "Troubled parties: APC, PDP, others submerged in internal crises". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ Adewole, Segun. "Defections raise Kano's stake, presidential heavyweights battle for massive votes". The Punch. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ Abidoye, Bisi. "PT State of the Race: PDP's unending crisis and Shekarau's endless merry-go-round". Premium Times. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
- ^ "With 177 Days to Presidential Poll, Race Still Too Close to Call". ThisDay. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ Adio, Waziri. "Factors Likely to Shape the Presidential Poll". ThisDay. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ "2021 Corruption Perceptions Index". Transparency International. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
- ^ Obadare, Ebenezer. "State Pardon for Former Governors Puts Nigeria's Anticorruption Drive in Jeopardy". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f Clowes, William (22 June 2022). "Graft Allegations Dog Nigeria's Main Presidential Hopefuls". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ a b "Keeping Foreign Corruption Out of the United States: Four Case Histories" (PDF). United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. United States Senate Homeland Security Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. 4 February 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Lengel, Allan. "Nigerian Entangled In Jefferson Investigation". Washington Post. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Johnston, David; Zeleny, Jeff (5 June 2007). "Congressman Sought Bribes, Indictment Says". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Adebayo, Taiwo-Hassan (21 September 2020). "#FinCEN Files: America places Atiku, wives, under international banking surveillance". Premium Times. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
- ^ Olubajo, Oyindamola (24 January 2022). "EXCLUSIVE: Sanwo-Olu increases Alpha Beta's monthly payment to N2.5 billion to fund Tinubu's presidential election". Peoples Gazette. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
- ^ Opejobi, Seun (21 June 2021). "Tinubu is under investigation – EFCC Chairman, Bawa". Daily Post. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Hundeyin, David (13 July 2022). "Bola Ahmed Tinubu: From Drug Lord To Presidential Candidate". West Africa Weekly. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
- ^ Weiss, Michael (27 April 2015). "Nigerian Pres' Svengali Tied to Heroin". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
- ^ Adebayo, Taiwo-Hassan (4 October 2021). "PANDORA PAPERS: Inside Peter Obi's secret businesses — and how he broke the law". Premium Times. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ a b c d e "My Covenant with Nigerians" (PDF). Atiku.org. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ "Nigeria: Inflation reaches 11-month high of 17 percent". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ "Nigeria's Economy Faces Worst Recession in Four Decades, says New World Bank Report". World Bank. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Usim, Uche (15 June 2022). "Nigeria's economy hits lowest ebb ever, says World Bank". The Sun. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Osae-Brown, Anthony; Olurounbi, Ruth (23 June 2022). "Fried Bean Breakfast Snack Hit by Soaring Prices in Nigeria". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Ikpoto, Edidiong (27 May 2022). "Experts warn Nigeria as World Bank predicts global recession". The Punch. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Dan-Awoh, Deborah (12 June 2022). "More Nigerians'll fall into extreme poverty, World Bank predicts". The Punch. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Onu, Emele; Govind, Hari (24 June 2022). "Nigeria's Frontier Market Status at Risk Due to Dollar Shortage". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Iyatse, Geoff (24 June 2022). "Report warns rising prices of essentials could trigger social unrest". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Clement, Philip Shimnom (22 June 2022). "Is Nigeria's Economy In Better Shape Than In 2015 As Claimed By President Buhari?". Daily Trust. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Iyatse, Geoff (20 June 2022). "Nigerian economy and World Bank's spotlights on redundant policies". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Olawoyin, Oladeinde. "Nigeria broke as debt payment exceeds revenue". Premium Times. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
- ^ "Buharinomics". The Africa Report. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
- ^ Sunday, Simon Echewofun (10 June 2022). "Atiku Mulls Privatising Refineries, Rail, TCN In 3-Point Agenda". Daily Trust. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Ikpefan, Frank. "Atiku's agenda to privatise refineries retrogressive – Union". The Nation. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ "TCN privatisation will drive efficiency, Atiku tells electricity workers amid protest over manifesto". TheCable. 15 June 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Onyeiwu, Stephen. "Fuel subsidies in Nigeria: they're bad for the economy, but the lifeblood of politicians". The Conversation. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Ugwu, Chinagorom (6 July 2022). "Why Nigeria isn't working – Peter Obi". Premium Times. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ "Education". UNICEF. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
- ^ Alabi, Mojeed. "BREAKING: Nigeria now has 20 million out-of-school children – UNESCO". Premium Times. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ Akinkuotu, Eniola. "Nigeria's out-of-school children figure rises to 20 million despite daily $2.3m intervention". The Africa Report. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
- ^ Owonikoko, Olusola. "Insecurity is crippling Nigeria's education system — here's what we must do". TheCable. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
- ^ Adeniran, Adedeji; Castradori, Marco. "Student kidnappings threaten collapse of Nigerian education system". Brookings Institution. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
- ^ Ogunode, Niyi Jacob; Ahaotu, Godwin Ndubuisi; Obi-Ezenekwe, Unoaku Constance (June 2021). "Effects of Insecurity on School Administration in Nigeria". Middle European Scientific Bulletin. 13. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
- ^ Abdulganiyu, Bolaji Abdulmalik. "Insecurity Is A Threat To Education In Nigeria". Daily Trust. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
- ^ Obiezu, Timothy. "Nigerian Workers Protest Continued Lecturers' Union Strike". Voice of America. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
- ^ "Sit, dialogue with ASUU to end strike – Peter Obi tells Buhari". Vanguard. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
- ^ Okonji, Emma; Alekhuogie, Nosa. "Peter Obi: I Will Remove Fuel Subsidy, Use Savings for Education, Health, Security". ThisDay. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
- ^ Udeh, Chiagozie; Okoye, Izuchukwu J.; Obaze, Oseloka H. "Anambra State Education Rebirth – The Peter Obi Model". Academia.edu. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
- ^ "2021 Nigeria Social Cohesion Report" (PDF). Africa Polling Institute. p. 80. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
- ^ Abe, Bankole. "2023 election: Ohanaeze sets up committee to actualise Igbo presidency". International Centre for Investigative Reporting. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Olafusi, Ebunoluwa (5 May 2022). "Ohanaeze to Igbo politicians: Reject VP slot — south-east should produce next president". TheCable. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Olatunji, Daud (2 June 2022). "Presidency: It's Yoruba's turn, says Tinubu". The Punch. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ a b Obadare, Ebenezer. "Elite Compact Thrown Into Doubt as Atiku Abubakar's Emergence Blows Nigerian Presidential Race Wide Open". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Bearak, Max; Moriarty, Dylan; Ledur, Júlia. "How Africa will become the center of the world's urban future". Washington Post. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
- ^ [afd.fr/en/carte-des-projets/develop-rural-transport-networks-support-agricultural-production "DEVELOP RURAL TRANSPORT NETWORKS TO SUPPORT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION"]. Agence Française de Développement. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
{{cite web}}
: Check|url=
value (help) - ^ Ejoh, Ediri (7 June 2022). "Nigeria's electricity grid to suffer more collapse — Report". Vanguard. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Tajudeen, Jamiu (7 June 2022). "Four charts that show Nigeria's electricity sector performance in 6 years". Business Day. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Games, Dianna. "Nigeria invests billions in new infrastructure drive". African Business. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
- ^ Obadare, Ebenezer. "Nigerian Democracy in Peril as Country Descends Into Lawlessness". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
- ^ "Chart of the week: Mob violence in Nigeria". SBM Intelligence. 30 May 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
- ^ Obadare, Ebenezer. "State Department Report Highlights Magnitude of Human Rights Challenge in Nigeria". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
- ^ "Managing Vigilantism in Nigeria: A Near-term Necessity". International Crisis Group. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
- ^ Obadare, Ebenezer. "Nigeria's Deepening Security Crisis Exposes Growing Reliance on Nonstate Actors". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
- ^ "'How many more must die?' Nigeria church attack anger seethes". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
- ^ "Chart of the week: Mass killings in Nigeria". SBM Intelligence. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
- ^ a b Nwabufo, Fredrick. "How will Tinubu, Atiku, Peter Obi address insecurity?". The Nation. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
- ^ Aluko, Kayode. "Nigeria 2023: Will Buhari's failure to deliver on security hurt the APC's election chances?". The Africa Report. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
- ^ Irede, Akin. "Nigeria: How #EndSARS figures are transforming into an 'Obidient' army". The Africa Report. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
- ^ "2021 Nigeria Social Cohesion Report" (PDF). Africa Polling Institute. p. 84. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
- ^ "2021 Nigeria Social Cohesion Report". Africa Polling Institute. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ "Atiku's candidacy: Pro-zoning forces angry, slam PDP, Tambuwal". The Punch. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ "Nigeria's security recruitment: Ethnic supremacy or competence?". SBM Intelligence. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
- ^ Onwuka, Azuka. "APC, PDP and the danger of political exclusion". The Punch. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Eromosele, Fortune. "Zoning: APC, PDP betrayed us — Ohanaeze Ndigbo". Vanguard. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Aroh, Chinedu. "Aftermath Of APC Primaries: Ohanaeze Youths Drum Support For Peter Obi". The Whistler. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Maishanu, Abubakar Ahmadu. "ANALYSIS: 2023: What fate awaits APC candidate Bola Tinubu in Northern Nigerian states?". Premium Times. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Irede, Akin. "Nigeria 2023: Can Okowa neutralise Peter Obi's influence in the Christian south?". The Africa Report. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ "Chart of the week: Nigeria's religious composition". SBM Intelligence. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
- ^ a b "Religion in focus as Nigeria's presidential candidates pick running mates". Songhai Advisory. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
- ^ Irede, Akin. "Nigeria 2023: Tinubu's team bets the farm on a Muslim/Muslim ticket". The Africa Report. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Baiyewu, Leke. "Muslim-Muslim ticket doesn't matter with Tinubu as APC presidential candidate – Support group". The Punch. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Ajuwon, Tosin. "Political parties fielding candidates of same religion in 2023 will lose: CAN". Peoples Gazette. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ a b c Obadare, Ebenezer. "APC Runs Into Headwinds as Christian Opposition to Muslim-Muslim Ticket Gains Traction in Nigeria". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ "Concerns about same-religion presidential ticket". The Sun. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Mwai, Peter. "Are attacks on Christians in Nigeria on the rise?". BBC News. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Ajayi, Omeiza. "Muslim-Muslim ticket: Religion shouldn't determine choice of Tinubu's running mate, says APC N'West Chair". Vanguard. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Wodu, Ada. "Anglican bishop rejects APC's Muslim-Muslim ticket". The Punch. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ "Catholic Bishops Condemn APC, Tinubu's Choice Of 'Muslim-Muslim' Ticket: Nigeria Not Ripe To Have President, VP Of Same Faith". Sahara Reporters. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ Akinrefon, Dapo. "Muslim-Muslim ticket: APC won't enjoy our support — PFN source". Vanguard. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ Ajuwon, Tosin. "Senator Abbo calls Tinubu 'irresponsible', resigns from support group over Muslim-Muslim ticket". Peoples Gazette. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ Iroanusi, QueenEsther. "2023: APC Christian group rejects Muslim-Muslim presidential ticket, says decision insensitive". Premium Times. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
- ^ Yusuf, Kabir. "There's no SSS report to Buhari on Tinubu-Shettima presidential ticket – Garba Shehu". Premium Times. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
- ^ Ogbu, Sammy. "Muslim-Muslim Ticket: Catholic Church says fake bishops attended Tinubu-Shettima event in Abuja". Peoples Gazette. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
- ^ "Buhari condemns murder of Deborah Samuel for alleged blasphemy". Premium Times. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Abolade, Lukman. "Alleged Blasphemy: Killing of Deborah deeply distressing, unfortunate – Osinbajo". International Centre for Investigative Reporting. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Suleiman, Qosim. "Alleged Blasphemy: Sokoto sultanate council condemns lynching of student". Premium Times. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Jannamike, Luminous. "Blasphemy: Bring killers of Deborah Yakubu to book, CAN tells Govt". Vanguard. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Etim, Etim. "Deborah Samuel and the burden of leadership". TheCable. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ "Blasphemy: Atiku Recants, Deletes Comment Condemning Sokoto College Murder". The Will Nigeria. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Sunday, Ochogwu. "Deborah Samuel: Atiku deletes Twitter, Facebook posts after fanatics threatened his presidential ambition". Daily Post. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Usman, Samson Atekojo. "Deborah Samuel: Forum berates Atiku, calls for prosecution of perpetrators". Daily Post. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Adedayo, Festus. "Deborah: Atiku Abubakar and why votes are more precious than blood, By Festus Adedayo". Premium Times. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Onyedika-Ugoeze, Nkechi; Omolaoye, Sodiq; Irekamba, Chris; Thomas-Odia, Ijeoma; Daniel, Eniola; Aikulola, Sunday; Adebumiti, Adelowo. "Alleged Blasphemy: Nigerians demand justice for Deborah". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Obadare, Ebenezer. "Reaction to "Blasphemy" Killing Illustrates Complicated Role of Religion in Nigeria's Democratic Transition". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Adetayo, Ope; Egbejule, Eromo. "Nigerian parliament rescinds decision on gender equality bills". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Obadare, Ebenezer. "Nigeria's Struggle for Gender Equality Gathers Pace Amid Protests". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Asadu, Chinedu. "Nigerian lawmakers reject bill seeking gender equality". ABC News. Associated Press. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ "GENDER EQUALITY POLL 2020". NOI Polls. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Ewang, Anietie. "Nigeria Risks Falling Further Behind on Women's Equality". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Falodun, Kemi. "Nigerians with disabilities seek inclusion in electoral process". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 6 July 2022.