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==Dialects==
==Dialects==
[[Linguasphere Observatory]] recognises the following dialects:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://linguasphere.info/?page=inner&id_inner=1017741 |work=Linguasphere |title=51-AAA-ok. emiliano + romagnolo}}</ref>
[[Linguasphere Observatory]] recognises the following dialects:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://linguasphere.info/?page=inner&id_inner=1017741 |work=Linguasphere |title=51-AAA-ok. emiliano + romagnolo}}</ref>
*'''Mantovano''', spoken in all north of the [[Province of Mantua]] in Lombardy. It has a strong Lombard influence.
*'''Mantuan''', spoken in all north of the [[Province of Mantua]] in Lombardy. It has a strong Lombard influence.
*'''Vogherese (Pavese-Vogherese)''', spoken in the [[Province of Pavia]] in Lombardy. It is closely related phonetically and morphologically to Piacentin. It is also akin to Tortonese.{{what|date=October 2013}}
*'''Vogherese (Pavese-Vogherese)''', spoken in the [[Province of Pavia]] in Lombardy. It is closely related phonetically and morphologically to Piacentin. It is also akin to Tortonese.{{what|date=October 2013}}
*'''Piacentin''', spoken in the [[Province of Piacenza]] and on the border with the province of Parma. The variants of Piacentin are strongly influenced by Lombard, Piedmontese, and Ligurian.
*'''Piacentine''', spoken in the [[Province of Piacenza]] and on the border with the province of Parma. The variants of Piacentin are strongly influenced by Lombard, Piedmontese, and Ligurian.
*'''[[Parmigiano dialect|Parmigian]]''', spoken in the [[Province of Parma]]. The language spoken also in [[Casalmaggiore]] in the [[Province of Cremona]].
*'''[[Parmigiano dialect|Parmesan]]''', spoken in the [[Province of Parma]]. The language spoken also in [[Casalmaggiore]] in the [[Province of Cremona]].
*'''Reggian''' (Arzân), spoken in the [[Province of Reggio Emilia]], although the northern parts (such as [[Guastalla]], [[Luzzara]] and [[Reggiolo]]) of the province are not part of this group and closer to Mantovano.
*'''Reggian''' (Arzân), spoken in the [[Province of Reggio Emilia]], although the northern parts (such as [[Guastalla]], [[Luzzara]] and [[Reggiolo]]) of the province are not part of this group and closer to Mantovano.
*'''Modenese''', spoken in the centre of the [[Province of Modena]], although Bolognese is more widespread in the Castelfranco area.
*'''Modenese''', spoken in the centre of the [[Province of Modena]], although Bolognese is more widespread in the Castelfranco area.
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*'''[[Bolognese dialect|Bolognese]]''', spoken in all the [[Province of Bologna]] and in around [[Castelfranco Emilia]] (Modena); in the [[Province of Ferrara]] ([[Cento]], [[Poggio Renatico]], [[Sant'Agostino, Emilia–Romagna|Sant'Agostino]] and [[Mirabello, Emilia–Romagna|Mirabello]]) and in [[Sambuca Pistoiese|Pavana]] ([[Province of Pistoia]], [[Tuscany]]).
*'''[[Bolognese dialect|Bolognese]]''', spoken in all the [[Province of Bologna]] and in around [[Castelfranco Emilia]] (Modena); in the [[Province of Ferrara]] ([[Cento]], [[Poggio Renatico]], [[Sant'Agostino, Emilia–Romagna|Sant'Agostino]] and [[Mirabello, Emilia–Romagna|Mirabello]]) and in [[Sambuca Pistoiese|Pavana]] ([[Province of Pistoia]], [[Tuscany]]).
*'''Ferrarese''', spoken in the [[Province of Ferrara]] (except for Cento and surroundings), southern [[Veneto]], and [[Comacchio]].
*'''Ferrarese''', spoken in the [[Province of Ferrara]] (except for Cento and surroundings), southern [[Veneto]], and [[Comacchio]].
*'''Carrarese''' and '''Lunigian''' dialects, spoken in [[Carrara]], [[Lunigiana]], and almost all of the [[Province of Massa-Carrara|Province of Massa and Carrara]] in northwestern [[Tuscany]], and a good portion of the [[Province of La Spezia]] in eastern [[Liguria]]. Historically, this region has been part of Tuscany and the duchies of [[Duchy of Modena|Modena]] and [[Duchy of Parma|Parma]] at different times, so it has a close economic relationship with the Emilian area and is geographically proximate due to the [[Magra (river)|Magra]] and [[Vara (river)|Vara]] rivers.
*'''Carrarese''' and '''Lunesan''' dialects, spoken in [[Carrara]], [[Lunigiana]], and almost all of the [[Province of Massa-Carrara|Province of Massa and Carrara]] in northwestern [[Tuscany]], and a good portion of the [[Province of La Spezia]] in eastern [[Liguria]]. Historically, this region has been part of Tuscany and the duchies of [[Duchy of Modena|Modena]] and [[Duchy of Parma|Parma]] at different times, so it has a close economic relationship with the Emilian area and is geographically proximate due to the [[Magra (river)|Magra]] and [[Vara (river)|Vara]] rivers.


Other definitions include the following:{{cn|date=October 2013}}
Other definitions include the following:{{cn|date=October 2013}}

Revision as of 16:28, 10 May 2023

Emilian
emigliân
PronunciationIPA: [emiˈʎaːŋ]
Native toItaly
RegionPrimarily Emilia
Ethnicity13 million (2020)[1]
Native speakers
c. 9.3 million (2019 estimate) (2019)[2]
DialectsBolognese, Ferrarese, Modenese, Mirandolese, Frignarese, Carpigianian, Reggiano, Parmigian, Piacentin, Mantovan, Carrarin, Vogherese-Pavese
Latin
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Slovenia
Language codes
ISO 639-3egl
Glottologemil1241
Linguasphere... -okh 51-AAA-oka ... -okh
Geographic distribution of Emilian (shown in light pink)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Emilian (Template:Lang-egl, emiliân; Template:Lang-it) is a Gallo-Italic language spoken in the historical region of Emilia, which is now in the northwestern part of Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy. There is no standardised version of Emilian.

Emilian-Romagnol has a default word order of subject–verb–object and both grammatical gender (masculine and feminine) and grammatical number (singular and plural). There is a strong T–V distinction, which distinguishes varying levels of politeness, social distance, courtesy, familiarity or insult. The alphabet, largely adapted from the Italian (Tuscan) one, uses a considerable number of diacritics.

Classification

Main article: Gallo-Italic languages

Emilian is a Gallo-Italic unstandardized language, part of the Emilian-Romagnol dialect continuum with the bordering Romagnol varieties.

Besides Emilian-Romagnol, the Gallo-Italic family includes Piedmontese, Ligurian and Lombard, all of which maintain a level of mutual intelligibility with Emilian.

Vocabulary

There is no widespread standard orthography. The words below are written in a nonspecific Emilian script.

Words in Emilian[3][4]
Emilian IPA English
êit, èlt Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [ɛ:jt] high
lêregh Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [ˈlɛ:rɐg] wide
longh, loangh Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [loŋg] long, tall
tōl, tegh Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [to:l], Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [teg] to take
fâṡ, fâż Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [fa:z] / Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [fa:ð̠] beech
bdoall Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [b.dœl] birch
znêr, żnèr Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [ð̠nɛ:r] January
fervêr Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [fɐrˈvɛr] February
ed, ad Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [ɐd] and
dîṡ Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [di:z] to say, ten (only in Bolognese)
ê, é Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [e] (he/she) is
aloura Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [ɐˈlɔu̯rɐ] so, then

Dialects

Linguasphere Observatory recognises the following dialects:[5]

Other definitions include the following:[citation needed]

  • Massese (mixed with some Tuscan features)
  • Casalasco, spoken in Cremona, Lombardy.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants in the Bolognese dialect
Labial Dental Alveolar Post-alv./
Palatal 		Velar
Stop/
Affricate 		voiceless p t t͡ʃ k
voiced b d d͡ʒ ɡ
Fricative voiceless f θ s
voiced v ð z
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Rhotic r
Approximant central j w
lateral l ʎ
  • Affricate sounds [t͡s, d͡z] can also be heard as alternates of fricative sounds /θ, ð/ particularly among southern dialects.
  • In the Piacentino dialect, an /r/ sound can be heard as either an alveolar trill [r], or as a uvular fricative [ʁ] sound.

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i iː y u uː
Mid e eː ø ə o oː
ɛ ɛː œ ʌ ɔ ɔː
Open æ a aː
  • Rounded front vowel sounds /y, ø, œ/ and a mid-central vowel sound /ə/ are mainly common in the Piacentino and western dialects.
  • In the Piacentino dialect, five vowel sounds being followed by /n/, are then recognized as nasalized [ĩ ẽ ã õ ũ], unless /n/ occurs between two vowel sounds.
  • Vowel length is also distinguished for the following vowels [iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː].[6][7][8]

Writing system

Emilian is written using a Latin script that has never been standardised, and spelling varies widely among the dialects.

The dialects were largely oral and rarely written until some time in the late 20th century; a large amount of written media in Emilian has been created since World War II.

References

  1. ^ Miani, Ivan (12 April 2008). "Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3, page 1ISO 639-3 Registration Authority Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3" (PDF). iso639-3.sil.org. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  2. ^ Istituto nazionale di statistica (20 April 2007). La lingua italiana, i dialetti e le lingue straniere, Anno 2006 [The Italian language, dialects and foreign languages, Year 2006] (PDF) (in Italian). Retrieved 17 December 2012 – via portal-lem.com.
  3. ^ Lepri, Luigi; Vitali, Daniele (2007). Dizionario bolognese-italiano, italiano bolognese / Dizionèri bulgnais-itagliàn, itagliàn-bulugnais (in Italian). Bologna: Pendragon. ISBN 978-88-8342-594-3.
  4. ^ Vocabolario reggiano-italiano (in Italian). Reggio: Torreggiani. 1832 – via Biblioteca Panizzi.
  5. ^ "51-AAA-ok. emiliano + romagnolo". Linguasphere.
  6. ^ Foresti, Fabio (2009). Profilo linguistico dell'Emilia-Romagna (in Italian). Roma: Laterza.
  7. ^ Lepri, Luigi; Vitali, Daniele (2009). Dizionario bolognese-italiano italiano-bolognese / Dizionèri bulgnaiṡ-itagliàn itagliàn-bulgnaiṡ (2nd ed.). Bologna: Pendragon.
  8. ^ Hajek, John (1997). "Emilia-Romagna". In Maiden, Martin; Parry, Mair (eds.). The Dialects of Italy. London: Routledge. p. 275.

Bibliography

  • Luca Rognoni, Il sistema fonologico del dialetto modenese. L'Italia Dialettale 74, pp. 135–148, 2013.
  • Colombini, F. 2007. La negazione nei dialetti emiliani: microvariazione nell’area modenese. University of Padua, MA Thesis.

Further reading

  • Pietro Mainoldi, Manuale dell'odierno dialetto bolognese, Suoni e segni, Grammatica – Vocabolario, Bologna, Società tipografica Mareggiani 1950 (Rist. anast.: Sala Bolognese, A. Forni 2000)
  • Fabio Foresti, Bibliografia dialettale dell'Emilia-Romagna e della Repubblica di San Marino (BDER), Bologna, IBACN Emilia-Romagna / Compositori 1997
  • E. F. Tuttle, Nasalization in Northern Italy: Syllabic Constraints and Strength Scales as Developmental Parameters, Rivista di Linguistica, III: 23–92 (1991)
  • Luigi Lepri e Daniele Vitali, Dizionario Bolognese-Italiano Italiano-Bolognese, ed. Pendragon 2007
Emilian dialect test of Wiktionary at Wikimedia Incubator
For a list of words relating to Emilian dialect, see the Emilian language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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