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[[File:Cyclone 03B 26 jun 2007 0650Z.jpg|thumb|right|Cyclone Yemyin making landfall in Balochistan province on 26 June 2007]]
[[File:Cyclone 03B 26 jun 2007 0650Z.jpg|thumb|right|Cyclone Yemyin making landfall in Balochistan province on 26 June 2007]]
Cyclones mostly hit the Sindh coast than the Balochistan coast in Pakistan. During the last 100 years a number of cyclonic storms have struck Pakistan’s costal areas. The years involved were 1895, 1902, 1907, 1944, 1948, 1964, 1985, 1999, 2007 and 2010. Other cyclones that are listed below caused rains as remnants.<ref name="indianweatherman.blogspot.com"/>
Cyclones mostly hit the Sindh coast than the Balochistan coast in Pakistan. During the last 100 years a number of cyclonic storms have struck Pakistan’s costal areas. The years involved were 1895, 1902, 1907, 1944, 1948, 1964, 1985, 1999, 2007 and 2010. Other cyclones that are listed below caused rains as remnants.<ref name="indianweatherman.blogspot.com"/>

The [[Pre-1980 North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons#December 1965 Karachi cyclone|1965 Karachi cyclone]] is the deadliest tropical storm in the history of Pakistan as it caused 10,000 casualties in Karachi on 15 December.<ref>http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1498</ref>


*In 1895, a cyclonic storm hit the [[Makran]] coast in [[Balochistan]] province.<ref name="indianweatherman.blogspot.com"/>
*In 1895, a cyclonic storm hit the [[Makran]] coast in [[Balochistan]] province.<ref name="indianweatherman.blogspot.com"/>
Line 140: Line 142:
*In June 2010, [[Cyclone Phet]] (the 2nd strongest cyclone in the [[Arabian Sea]]), once a powerful category 4 cyclone, made landfall in [[Keti Bandar]] as a weak [[tropical depression]], with a total 14 casualties in Pakistan. Before that it wrecked havoc in [[Gwadar]], Balochistan province as a category 1 cyclone.
*In June 2010, [[Cyclone Phet]] (the 2nd strongest cyclone in the [[Arabian Sea]]), once a powerful category 4 cyclone, made landfall in [[Keti Bandar]] as a weak [[tropical depression]], with a total 14 casualties in Pakistan. Before that it wrecked havoc in [[Gwadar]], Balochistan province as a category 1 cyclone.
*In November 2010, remnants of [[Cyclone Jal]] caused dusty winds in Karachi while it caused light to moderate rainfall in southeastern [[Sindh]].<ref>http://www.pakmet.com.pk/Pakistan%20Weather%20outlook/WxReportDaily.html</ref><ref>http://dawnnews.tv/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/gusty-winds-lash-city-010</ref>
*In November 2010, remnants of [[Cyclone Jal]] caused dusty winds in Karachi while it caused light to moderate rainfall in southeastern [[Sindh]].<ref>http://www.pakmet.com.pk/Pakistan%20Weather%20outlook/WxReportDaily.html</ref><ref>http://dawnnews.tv/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/gusty-winds-lash-city-010</ref>



==Floods==
==Floods==

Revision as of 11:36, 31 December 2010

Dust storm over Pakistan and surrounding countries, April 7, 2005

Pakistan lies in the temperate zone. The climate is generally arid, characterized by hot summers and cool or cold winters, and there are wide variations between extremes of temperature. The upper parts of Pakistan sometimes get rain from the Western Disturbance almost every month and from June till September almost whole country is lashed by South West Monsoon rain.

Pakistan has recorded one of the highest temperatures in the world, the hottest of which is recorded in Mohenjo-daroo, Sindh, 53.5 °C (128.3 °F) on 26 May, 2010 it is not only the hottest temperature ever recorded in Pakistan, but also the hottest reliably measured temperature ever recorded in the continent of Asia.[1][2] As Pakistan is located on a great landmass north of the tropic of Cancer (between latitudes 24° and 37° N), it has a continental type of climate characterized by extreme variations of temperature, both seasonally and daily. Very high altitudes modify the climate in the cold, snow-covered northern mountains; temperatures on the Balouchistan Plateau are somewhat higher. Along the coastal strip, the climate is modified by sea breezes. In the rest of the country, temperature reach great heights in the summer; the mean temperature during June is 38 °C (100 °F) in the plains, where the highest temperatures can exceed 47 °C (117 °F). In the summer, hot winds called Loo (wind) blow across the plains during the day. Trees shed their leaves to avoid loss of moisture. The dry, hot weather is broken occasionally by dust storms and thunderstorms that temporarily lower the temperature. Evenings are cool; the diurnal variation in temperature may be as much as 11 °C (52 °F) to 17 °C (63 °F). Winters are cold, with minimum mean temperatures of about 4 °C (39 °F) in January.

Factors

The monsoon and the Western Disturbance are the two main factors which alter the weather over Pakistan; otherwise, Continental air prevails for rest of the year. Following are the main factors that influence the weather over Pakistan.

  • Western Disturbances mostly occur during the winter months and cause light to moderate showers in southern parts of the country while moderate to heavy showers with heavy snowfall in the northern parts of the country, temperature also decreases due to it. These westerly waves are robbed of most of the moisture by the time they reach Pakistan.
  • Fog do occur during the winter season and remains for weeks; it usually occur in upper Sindh, central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern plains of Punjab.
  • Southwest Monsoon occurs in summer from the month of June till September in almost whole Pakistan excluding western Balochistan. Monsoon rains bring much awaited relief from the scorching summer heat. These monsoon rains are quite heavy by nature and can cause significant flooding, even severe flooding if they interact with westerly waves in the upper parts of the country.
  • Tropical Storms usually form during the summer months from late April till June and then from late September till November. They affect the coastal localities of the country.
  • Dust storm occur during summer months with peak in May and June, They are locally known as Andhi. These dust storm are quite violent. Dust storms during summer indicates arrival of monsoon while dust storms in winter indicates the arrival of winter season.
  • Heat waves occurs during May and June that causes stroke problems in the country, especially in southern Punjab, central Balochistan and interior Sindh.
  • Continental air prevails during the period when there is no precipitation in the country.

Seasonal climate

File:Bkh sherudhara1.jpg
Sheru Dhara in Bagh Azad Kashmir

Pakistan has a cool, dry winter starting from December but it get wets during January and February specially in western parts of the country ; a hot, dry season from March through May with occasional rains due to local cloud bursts; the summer rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September; and the retreating monsoon period of October and November. The onset and duration of these seasons vary somewhat according to location. It is also said that Pakistan has three seasons: winter (November to March) is warm and cooled by sea breezes on the coast; summer (April to July) has extreme temperatures and the monsoon season (rain season) (July to September) has the highest rainfall on the hills and the extreme lower and upper parts of the country.

Temperature regions

Pakistan can be divided into four broad temperature regions:

  1. Hot summer and mild winter: 32 °C (90 °F) or more in summer and 10 °C (50 °F) to 21 °C (70 °F) in winter.
  2. Warm summer and mild winter: 21 °C (70 °F) - 32 °C (90 °F) in summer and 10 °C (50 °F) to 21 °C (70 °F) in winter.
  3. Warm summer and cool winter: 21 °C (70 °F) - 32 °C (90 °F) in summer and 00 °C (32 °F) - 10 °C (50 °F) in winter.
  4. Mild summer and cool/cold winter: Summer temperature between 10 °C (50 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F) and winter temperature between 00 °C (32 °F) and 10 °C (50 °F)

Regional climate

Punjab

There are two areas of Punjab in Pakistan, which are southern Punjab and northern Punjab. Both these areas have their own weather pattern like north Punjab is more wet and south Punjab is little drier than north Punjab. Most areas in Punjab experience fairly cool winters, often accompanied by Western Disturbance rain. Woolen shawls are worn by women and men for warmth because few homes are heated. By mid-February the temperature begins to rise; springtime weather continues until mid-April, when the summer heat sets in. The onset of the southwest monsoon is anticipated to reach Punjab by June, but since the early 1970s the weather pattern has been irregular but monsoon reaches Punjab in the second week of July. The Pothohar Plateau also receives a good deal of rainfall during the winter season. The spring monsoon has either skipped over the area or has caused it to rain so hard that floods have resulted. June and July are oppressively hot. There are many hot places in the plain areas of Punjab, the highest temperatures of 51 °C (124 °F) are recorded in Mianwali, Noorpurthal, and Sargodha, which were recorded on 9 June 2007, 26 May 2010, and 10 June 2007 respectively.[3]

Climatically, Punjab has three major seasons as under:[4]

  1. Hot weather (April to June): It occurs when temperature rises as high as 45 °C (113 °F).
  2. Rainy season (July to September): Average rainfall annual ranges between 96 cms sub-mountain region and 46 cms in the plains.
  3. Cold weather (October to March): Temperature goes down as low as 5 °C (41 °F).

Sindh

Main article: Climate of Sindh
Drizzle in Karachi in June as Pre-Monsoon rain.

Sindh is divided into three climatic regions: Siro (the upper region, centered on Jacobabad), Wicholo (the middle region, centered on Hyderabad), and Lar (the lower region, centered on Karachi). Sindh is situated in a subtropical region; it is very hot in the summer and mild cold in winter. Temperatures frequently rise above 46 °C (115 °F) between May and August, and the minimum average temperature of 2 °C (36 °F) occurs during December and January. The annual rainfall averages about seven inches, falling mainly during July and August. The southwesterly monsoon wind begins to blow in mid-June and continues until the end of September, whereas the cool northerly wind blows during the winter months from October to January. The highest temperature ever recorded in Pakistan was recorded in Mohenjo-daroo, Sindh, 53.5 °C (128.3 °F) on 26 May, 2010 it is not only the hottest temperature ever recorded in Pakistan, but also the hottest reliably measured temperature ever recorded on the continent of Asia.[5][6]

Balochistan

Balochistan does not lie in a monsoon region except for some eastern and northern parts and is the driest region of Pakistan. The climate of Balochistan is identical to that of Middle East. There are no rains in this province from monsoon (except for Barkhan, Lasbela, Zhob, Sibbi and the adjoining areas) but in December and January snowstorm and rain occur due to Western Disturbance. There is little rainfall in Balochistan.In the Khuzdar District of Balochistan, there is a small area adjoining Dadu district of Sindh that is in the monsoon belt and it receives good rainfall during monsoon season; the yearly rainfall in the province however ranges from 50 to 100 mm (2.0 to 3.9 in) per year. In 2010, Cyclone phet caused widespread rains and flooding in the province. Gwadar alone receive 227 millimetres (8.9 in) of rain in 24 hours which is also a record rainfall for the city.[7]

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

The climate of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa varies immensely for a region of its size, most of the many climate types found in Pakistan. The province stretching southwards from the Baroghil Pass in the Hindu Kush covers almost six degrees of latitude; it is mainly a mountainous region. Dera Ismail Khan is one of the hottest places in the South Asia while in the mountains to the north the weather is temperate in the summer and intensely cold in the winter. The air is generally very dry and consequently the daily and annual range of temperature is quite large. there is a high amount of rainfall in the upper upper North-West Frontier Province ranging from 1,800 to 2,000 mm (70.9 to 78.7 in) per year.Dir, Balakot,and adjoining areas are among the wettest places of Pakistan and the province.

Islamabad Capital Territory

The climate in the Islamabad Capital Territory varies from an average daily low of 2 °C (35.6 °F) in January to an average daily high of 40 °C (104 °F) in June. Half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August, averaging about 255 millimetres (10.04 in) in each of those two months. The remainder of the year has significantly less rain, amounting to about 50 millimetres (1.97 in) per month. Hailstorms are common in the spring. The capital city, Islamabad, is in the range of both summer and winter rainfall, so average rainfall is quite high as compared to the plains in the south. On 24 July, 2001 Islamabad received its highest rainfall of 620 millimetres (24 in) during 24 hours. The record breaking rain fell in just 10 hours. It was the heaviest rainfall in Islamabad in the past 100 years.[8][9]

Gilgit-Baltistan

The 62 kilometer long Baltoro Glacier, in northern Pakistan, is one of the longest glaciers outside the polar regions
The 62 kilometer long Baltoro Glacier, in northern Pakistan, is one of the longest glaciers outside the polar regions

The northern areas are very cold throughout the year, and the Karakoram mountain range has large glaciers, sometimes referred to as the third pole of the world. These areas are only accessible in the summer months to world-class climbers. Winter rainfall and snowfall is high in Gilgit-Baltistan.

Azad Kashmir

Cyclone 2A making landfall near Karachi at peak intensity as Category-3 Hurricane in May 1999

Azad Kashmir receives rainfall in both winters and the summer. Neelum valley and hill tops are completely covered with intense layer of snowfall during the winters other lower valleys receive a handsome amount of winter rainfall. Summer rainfall occur due to interaction of Monsoon winds blowing from Arabian sea and Bay of Bengal with Western Disturbances. Muzaffarabad and Pattan are among the wettest places in Pakistan. Throughout most of the region, the average rainfall normal average exceeds 1,400 millimetres (55 in), with the highest average rainfall occurring somewhere near Muzaffarabad which is 1,800 millimetres (71 in). During the summer season, monsoon floods of the rivers Jhelum and Leepa are common due to extreme rains and snow melting.

Extreme weather events

Highest temperature ever recorded

Main article: List of extreme weather records in Pakistan

List of cities where 50°C or above temperature was recorded

Temperature extremes in Pakistan over 50 °C (122 °F) based on data from the Pakistan Meteorological Department, 1931–2010[10] The standard measuring conditions for temperature are 1.2 meters above the ground out of direct sunlight.

Date Temperature °C City Province Notes References
26-5-2010 53.5 °C (128.3 °F)[A] Mohenjo-daro Sindh It was the fourth highest temperature ever recorded on earth and the hottest reliably measured temperature ever recorded in the continent of Asia.50 °C (122 °F) or above was recorded for consecutive 4 days from 24 to 27 May 2010 [11][12]
26-5-2010 53 °C (127 °F)[A] Sibi Balouchistan 50 °C (122 °F) or above was recorded for consecutive 5 days from 22 to 26 May 2010. [12]
26-5-2010 53 °C (127 °F) Jacobabad Sindh 50 °C (122 °F) or above was recorded for consecutive 4 days, 24 to 27 May 2010.Event also occurred on 12 June, 1919. [12]
26-5-2010 53 °C (127 °F)[A] Padidan Sindh 50 °C (122 °F) or above was recorded for consecutive 3 days from 24 to 26 May 2010. [12]
26-5-2010 53 °C (127 °F)[A] Larkana Sindh 50 °C (122 °F) or above was recorded for consecutive 4 days from 24 to 27 May 2010. [12]
26-5-2010 52 °C (126 °F)[A] Nawabshah Sindh 50 °C (122 °F) or above was recorded for consecutive 5 days from 22 to 26 May 2010. [12]
30-5-2009 52 °C (126 °F) Turbat Balouchistan 50 °C (122 °F) or above was recorded for consecutive 5 days from 26 to 29 May 2009. [12]
1-7-1990 51.4 °C (124.5 °F) Dalbandin Balouchistan
9-6-2007 51 °C (124 °F) Mianwali Punjab 50 °C (122 °F) or above was recorded for 2 days, 9 and 10 June 2007. [12]
1-6-1996 51 °C (124 °F) Rohri Sindh [13]
28-5-2010 51 °C (124 °F)[A] Dadu Sindh 50 °C (122 °F) was recorded for 2 days, 26 and 27 May 2010 . [12]
26-5-2010 51 °C (124 °F)[A] Noorpurthal Punjab [12]
25-5-2010 51 °C (124 °F)[A] Sukkar Sindh 50 °C (122 °F) or above was recorded for consecutive 3 days, 25 to 27 May 2010. [12]
10-6-2007 51 °C (124 °F) Sargodha Punjab 50 °C (122 °F) was recorded for 2 days, 9 and 10 June 2007. [12]
26-5-2010 50 °C (122 °F)[A] Rahim yar Khan Punjab 50 °C (122 °F) or above was recorded for consecutive 3 days from 25 to 27 May 2010. [12]
15-5-2009 50 °C (122 °F) Lasbella Balochistan 50 °C (122 °F) was recorded for 2 days, 15 and 16 May 2009. [12]
27-5-2010 50 °C (122 °F)[A] Multan Punjab Record temperature in Multan; previous highest 49 °C (120 °F) in 1956. [12]
26-5-2010 50 °C (122 °F)[A] Bahawalnagar Punjab [12]
18-6-1995 50 °C (122 °F) Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [14]
5-6-1978 50 °C (122 °F) Dera Ismail Khan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [15]
10-6-2007 50 °C (122 °F) Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 50 °C (122 °F) or above was recorded for two days, 9 and 10 June 2007. [12]

Tropical cyclones and tornadoes

Main article: Tropical cyclones and tornadoes in Pakistan

Each year before the onset of monsoon that is 15 April to 15 July and also after its withdrawal that is 15 September to 15 December, there is always a distinct possibility of the cyclonic storm to develop in the north Arabian Sea. There is a 98 per cent chance of cyclones to turn towards the Indian state of Gujarat, one per cent chance of moving towards the Gulf and one per cent chance of moving towards the Pakistani coast. However tornadoes mostly occur during spring season that is March and April usually when a Western Disturbance starts effecting the northern parts of the country. It is also speculated that cycles of tornado years may be correlated to the periods of reduced tropical cyclone activity.

List of cyclones that affected the Pakistani coastline

Cyclone Yemyin making landfall in Balochistan province on 26 June 2007

Cyclones mostly hit the Sindh coast than the Balochistan coast in Pakistan. During the last 100 years a number of cyclonic storms have struck Pakistan’s costal areas. The years involved were 1895, 1902, 1907, 1944, 1948, 1964, 1985, 1999, 2007 and 2010. Other cyclones that are listed below caused rains as remnants.[16]

The 1965 Karachi cyclone is the deadliest tropical storm in the history of Pakistan as it caused 10,000 casualties in Karachi on 15 December.[17]

  • In 1895, a cyclonic storm hit the Makran coast in Balochistan province.[16]
  • In May 1902, a cyclonic storm struck the coast in the vicinity of Karachi.[16]
  • In June 1907, a tropical storm struck the coast near Karachi.[16]
  • On 27 July 1944, a cyclone left some 10,000 people homeless in Karachi.[18]
  • In 1948, a tropical storm made landfall along the Makran coast in Balochistan province.[16][19]
  • On 12 June 1964, a deadly cyclone made landfall near Karachi. It killed 460 people and left some 400,000 people homeless in south eastern Sindh.[20]
  • On 15 December 1965, a powerful cyclone slammed Karachi with 10,000 casualties.[21][22]
  • In May 1985, a cyclonic storm made a landfall in the eastern direction of Karachi. The cyclonic storm in 1985 which was moving towards Karachi actually had weakened over the sea while still a few 100 Kilometers away south of Karachi. It did, however, cause concern and panic for Karachiites.[23]
  • In November 1993, a category 1 1993 Indo-Pak cyclone approached the Sindh-Gujarat border but dissipated due to high vertical shear over open waters. It killed 600 people in coastal Sindh with massive flooding in Karachi.
  • In June 1998, remnants of the category 3 1998 Gujarat cyclone (the 5th strongest cyclone of the Arabian Sea) killed 12 people in Karachi.
  • In May 1999, again a category 3 1999 Pakistan cyclone (the 4th strongest cyclone of Arabian Sea) hit Keti Bandar near Karachi at peak intensity in Sindh province; this Cyclone killed 6400 people in Sindh. It is the strongest cyclone recorded in Pakistan.
  • In May 2001, the powerful category 3 2001 India cyclone (the 3rd strongest cyclone of the Arabian Sea) hit the Indian border of Gujarat. It caused rain along the Sindh coast, but no damage was reported.
  • In October 2004, a severe cyclonic storm, Cyclone Onil, approached the Sindh coast but later recurved back to the sea; it caused heavy rain that killed 9 people in Karachi.
  • In early June 2007, a category-5 Cyclone Gonu (the most strongest cyclone in the Arabian sea) passed near the city of Gwadar in Balochistan province as a cyclonic storm with torrential rain and strong winds, it caused damage to dozens of boats and school buildings in the area.[24]
  • In late June 2007, a cyclonic storm, Cyclone Yemyin, passed near Karachi and hit between the towns of Pasni and Ormara in Balochistan Province; it killed 380 people in Balochistan and 200 in Karachi city before moving towards Balochistan.
  • In November 2009, remnants of Cyclone Phyan caused gusty winds along the Sindh coast including Karachi. However six Pakistani fishermen were trapped in the storm later rescued by the Indian Navy.[25]
  • In June 2010, Cyclone Phet (the 2nd strongest cyclone in the Arabian Sea), once a powerful category 4 cyclone, made landfall in Keti Bandar as a weak tropical depression, with a total 14 casualties in Pakistan. Before that it wrecked havoc in Gwadar, Balochistan province as a category 1 cyclone.
  • In November 2010, remnants of Cyclone Jal caused dusty winds in Karachi while it caused light to moderate rainfall in southeastern Sindh.[26][27]

Floods

Main article: List of floods in Pakistan

Following are some notable floods in the country.

  • In the year of 2003, Sindh province was badly affected when above normal monsoon rainfall caused flooding in the province, urban flooding also hit Karachi where two days of rainfall of 284.5 millimetres (11.20 in) created havoc in the city. While Thatta district was the worst hit where 404 millimetres (15.9 in) rainfall caused flash floods in the district. Atleast 484 people died and some 4,476 villages in the province was affected.[28][29]
  • In the year of 2007, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh and coastal Balochistan were badly effected due to monsoon rainfall. Sindh and coastal Balochistan were affected by Cyclone Yemyin in June and then torrential rains in July and August. While Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa was effected by melting glaciers and heavy rainfall in July and August. At least 130 people dead and 2,000 displaced in Khyber-Pakhtunkwain July and 22 people died in August. While 815 people died in Balochistan and Sindh due to flash floods.[30]

See also

References

  1. ^ http://www.pakmet.com.pk/latest%20news/Latest%20News.html
  2. ^ http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1559&tstamp=
  3. ^ http://www.pakmet.com.pk/latest%20news/Latest%20News.html
  4. ^ http://punjabgovt.nic.in/punjabataglance/SomeFacts.htm
  5. ^ http://www.pakmet.com.pk/latest%20news/Latest%20News.html
  6. ^ http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1559&tstamp=
  7. ^ http://www.pakmet.com.pk/FFD/index_files/rainfalljune10.htm
  8. ^ http://www.essl.org/ECSS/2007/abs/02-Case-study/sheikh-1-sec02.oral.pdf
  9. ^ http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/extremes/2001/july/extremes0701.html
  10. ^ Pakistan Meteorological Department. "Pakistan Meteorological Department". Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  11. ^ "wunderground.com".
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "pakmet.com.pk". Cite error: The named reference "pakmet.com.pk" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  13. ^ "Climate Data of Rohri". Pakmet.com.pk. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
  14. ^ "Climate Data of Peshawar". Pakmet.com.pk. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference Climate Data of Dera Ismail Khan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ a b c d e Cite error: The named reference indianweatherman.blogspot.com was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1498
  18. ^ http://www.ndma.gov.pk/Publications/livingwithdisasters.pdf
  19. ^ http://www.wxp.unisys.com/hurricane/n_indian/1948/index.html
  20. ^ http://www.ndma.gov.pk/Publications/livingwithdisasters.pdf
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference wxp.unisys.com was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ Emergency Disaster Management, Inc. (2003-07-02). "Cyclone". Retrieved 2010-04-15.
  23. ^ http://www.wxp.unisys.com/hurricane/n_indian/1985/index.html
  24. ^ http://www.woeurope.eu/cgi-app/reports?ARCHIV=1&LANG=eu&MENU=207&FILE=b1.txt&DAY=20070607&JJA=2007&MMA=06&TTA=08
  25. ^ http://videosfromindia.smashits.com/view/10962/rescued-pak-teenagers-of-phyan-cyclone-seek-early-repatriation&page=1&viewtype=&category=mr
  26. ^ http://www.pakmet.com.pk/Pakistan%20Weather%20outlook/WxReportDaily.html
  27. ^ http://dawnnews.tv/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/gusty-winds-lash-city-010
  28. ^ http://www.pakmet.com.pk/journal/july2003floods-sindh.htm
  29. ^ http://www.islamic-relief.com/wherewework/10-PK-1001-sindh-flood-relief-programme-2003-echo.aspx
  30. ^ http://www.dartmouth.edu/~floods/Archives/2007sum.htm
  31. ^ "Floods in Pakistan worse than tsunami, Haiti". gulfnews. Retrieved 2010-08-12.
  32. ^ http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/LSGZ-89GD7W?OpenDocument
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