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'''Typhoon Haiyan''', known as '''Typhoon Yolanda''' in the Philippines, was an exceptionally powerful [[tropical cyclone]] that devastated portions of [[Southeast Asia]], particularly the [[Philippines]], in early November 2013. It is the deadliest [[Typhoons in the Philippines|Philippine typhoon]] on record,<ref>{{cite report | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-25051606 | title=Typhoon Haiyan death toll rises over 5,000 | publisher=BBC | accessdate=November 22, 2013 | year=2013 }}</ref> killing at least 5,632 people in that country alone.<ref name="NDRRMC"/> <!-- only use Philippine total here, not the one listed in the infobox --> Haiyan is also the strongest storm recorded at [[landfall]], and unofficially the fourth strongest typhoon ever recorded in terms of wind speed.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fischetti |first=Mark |url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2013/11/12/was-typhoon-haiyan-a-record-storm/ |title=Was Typhoon Haiyan a Record Storm? &#124; Observations, Scientific American Blog Network |publisher=Blogs.scientificamerican.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-27}}</ref>
'''Typhoon Haiyan''', known as '''Typhoon Yolanda''' in the Philippines, was an exceptionally powerful [[tropical cyclone]] that devastated portions of [[Southeast Asia]], particularly the [[Philippines]], in early November 2013. It is the deadliest [[Typhoons in the Philippines|Philippine typhoon]] on record,<ref>{{cite report | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-25051606 | title=Typhoon Haiyan death toll rises over 5,000 | publisher=BBC | accessdate=November 22, 2013 | year=2013 }}</ref> killing at least 5,632 people in that country alone.<ref name="NDRRMC"/> <!-- only use Philippine total here, not the one listed in the infobox --> Haiyan is also the strongest storm recorded at [[landfall]], and unofficially the fourth strongest typhoon ever recorded in terms of wind speed.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fischetti |first=Mark |url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2013/11/12/was-typhoon-haiyan-a-record-storm/ |title=Was Typhoon Haiyan a Record Storm? &#124; Observations, Scientific American Blog Network |publisher=Blogs.scientificamerican.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-27}}</ref>

Revision as of 10:39, 1 December 2013

This article is about the 2013 typhoon. For other uses, see Typhoon Haiyan (disambiguation) and Haiyan (disambiguation).

Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda)
Violent typhoon (JMA scale)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Typhoon Haiyan at peak intensity, on November 7
FormedNovember 3, 2013 (2013-11-03)
DissipatedNovember 11, 2013 (2013-11-11)
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 270 km/h (165 mph)
1-minute sustained: 315 km/h (195 mph)
Lowest pressure895 hPa (mbar); 26.43 inHg
(Estimated)
Fatalities5,665 confirmed
Damage$1.55 billion (2013 USD)
(Preliminary total)
Areas affected

Typhoon Haiyan, known as Typhoon Yolanda in the Philippines, was an exceptionally powerful tropical cyclone that devastated portions of Southeast Asia, particularly the Philippines, in early November 2013. It is the deadliest Philippine typhoon on record,[1] killing at least 5,632 people in that country alone.[2] Haiyan is also the strongest storm recorded at landfall, and unofficially the fourth strongest typhoon ever recorded in terms of wind speed.[3]

The thirtieth named storm of the 2013 Pacific typhoon season, Haiyan originated from an area of low pressure several hundred kilometers east-southeast of Pohnpei in the Federated States of Micronesia on November 2, 2013. Tracking generally westward, environmental conditions favored tropical cyclogenesis and the system developed into a tropical depression the following day. After becoming a tropical storm and attaining the name Haiyan at 0000 UTC on November 4, the system began a period of rapid intensification that brought it to typhoon intensity by 1800 UTC on November 5. By November 6, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) assessed the system as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale; the storm passed over the island of Kayangel in Palau shortly after attaining this strength.

Thereafter, it continued to intensify; at 1200 UTC on November 7, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) upgraded the storm's maximum ten-minute sustained winds to 235 km/h (145 mph), the highest in relation to the cyclone. The Hong Kong Observatory put the storm's maximum ten-minute sustained winds at 260 km/h (160 mph) prior to landfall in the central Philippines, while the China Meteorological Administration estimated the maximum ten-minute sustained winds at the time to be around 75 m/s (270 km/h or 167 mph). At 1800 UTC, the JTWC estimated the system's one-minute sustained winds to 315 km/h (196 mph), unofficially making Haiyan the fourth most intense tropical cyclone ever observed. Several hours later, the eye of the cyclone made its first landfall in the Philippines at Guiuan, Eastern Samar, without any change in intensity; if verified, this would make Haiyan the strongest tropical cyclone to make a landfall on record, surpassing the old record of 305 km/h (190 mph) set by Atlantic Hurricane Camille in 1969. Gradually weakening, the storm made five additional landfalls in the country before emerging over the South China Sea. Turning northwestward, the typhoon eventually struck northern Vietnam as a severe tropical storm on November 10. Haiyan was last noted as a tropical depression by the JMA the following day.

The cyclone caused catastrophic destruction in the Visayas, particularly on Samar and Leyte. According to UN officials, about 11 million people have been affected and many have been left homeless.[4]a new super Typhoon subtitled Super Typhoon Sapiah, known in the Philippines as the Super Typhoon Zarya, for the 400km (443 mph) near Northern Mindanao and Sabah, Malaysia on December 6, 2013 by the South African President Jacob Zuma.

Meteorological history

Main article: Meteorological history of Typhoon Haiyan
Map showing the path of a storm as represented by colored dots connected by a white line; the position of the dots indicates the storm's position at six-hour intervals, while color denotes the storm's intensity at that point.
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On November 2, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began monitoring a broad low-pressure area about 425 kilometers (265 miles) east-southeast of Pohnpei, one of the states in the Federated States of Micronesia.[nb 1] Moving through a region favoring tropical cyclogenesis,[6] the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) classified the developing system as a tropical depression early on November 3.[7][nb 2] Subsequent intensification resulted in the JMA upgrading the system to a tropical storm and assigning it the name Haiyan (Chinese: 海燕; lit. 'petrel') at 0000 UTC on November 4.[9] Tracking generally westward along the southern periphery of a subtropical ridge,[10] rapid intensification ensued by November 5 as a central dense overcast with an embedded eye began developing; the JMA classified Haiyan as a typhoon later that day.[11] By November 6, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) assigned the storm the local name Yolanda as it approached their area of responsibility.[12] Intensification slowed somewhat during the day, though the JTWC estimated the storm to have attained Category 5-equivalent super typhoon status on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale around 1200 UTC.[nb 3][14] Later, the eye of the typhoon passed over the island of Kayangel in Palau.[15] Around 1200 UTC on November 7, Haiyan attained its peak intensity with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a barometric pressure of 895 mbar (hPa; 26.43 inHg).[16] Six hours later, the JTWC estimated Haiyan to have attained one-minute sustained winds of 315 km/h (195 mph) and gusts up to 378 km/h (235 mph).[17]

PAGASA Cebu City weather radar reflectivity loop from November 8, 2013
Weather radar reflectivity loop of Haiyan's landfall on Leyte Island. Tacloban City was struck by the northern eyewall, the most powerful part of the storm.[18]

The storm displayed some characteristics of an annular tropical cyclone, though a strong convective band remained present along the western side of the system.[17] At 2040 UTC on November 7, Typhoon Haiyan made landfall in Guiuan, Eastern Samar at peak intensity with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) as measured by PAGASA.[19] The JTWC's unofficial estimate of one-minute sustained winds of 315 km/h (195 mph) would, by that measure, make Haiyan the most powerful storm ever recorded to strike land.[20] Interaction with land caused slight degradation of the storm's structure, though it remained an exceptionally powerful storm when it struck Tolosa, Leyte around 2300 UTC.[21] The typhoon made four additional landfalls as it traversed the Visayas:[22] Daanbantayan, Bantayan Island, Concepcion, and Busuanga Island. A weakened Haiyan, with its core disrupted by interaction with the Philippines, emerged over the South China Sea late on November 8.[23] Environmental conditions ahead of the storm soon became less favorable, as cool stable air began wrapping into the western side of the circulation.[24] Continuing across the South China Sea, Haiyan turned more northwesterly late on November 9 and through November 10 as it moved around the southwestern edge of the subtropical ridge previously steering it westward.[25] Rapid weakening ensued as Haiyan approached its final landfall in Vietnam,[26] ultimately striking the country near Haiphong around 2100 UTC as a severe tropical storm.[27] Once onshore, the storm quickly diminished and was last noted over Guangxi Province, China as a tropical depression on November 11.[28]

Climate change

Both political leaders and climatologists have connected the typhoon to climate change. During the 2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference (which was coincidentally held concurrently with the typhoon), Yeb Saño, the lead negotiator of the Philippines delegation, received a standing ovation when he declared a hunger strike:

"In solidarity with my countrymen who are struggling to find food back home, I will now commence a voluntary fasting for the climate; this means I will voluntarily refrain from eating food during this COP, until a meaningful outcome is in sight." — Yeb Saño[29]

Climatologists have consequently published analyses correlating the increasing intensity of storms with the progression of global warming.[30][31][32][33][34][35] As Saño continued his hunger strike, several delegates, including American delegate Collin Reese, joined him in fasting. Sixty people from Climate Action Network, an umbrella group of environmental non-governmental organisations, also joined the hunger strike.[36]

Preparations

Micronesia and Palau

Upon JTWC's declaration of Tropical Depression 31W on November 3, a tropical storm warning was issued for Chuuk Lagoon, Losap, and Poluwat in the Federated States of Micronesia. Further west, Faraulep, Satawal, and Woleai, were placed under a typhoon watch while Fananu and Ulul were placed under a tropical storm watch.[37] The following day, the tropical storm warning expanded to include Satawal while a typhoon warning was issued for Woleai.[38] Much of Yap State and the islands of Koror and Kayangel in Palau were placed under a typhoon watch.[39] The government issued a mandatory evacuation for Kayangel, and although most residents ignored the warning, they all survived the storm.[15] As Haiyan progressed westward, the easternmost advisories were gradually discontinued.[39] As Haiyan intensified into a typhoon on November 5, warnings were raised across Palau and Yap State.[40][41] Government offices in Melekeok were used as an evacuation building for Palau.[42] Despite mandatory evacuation orders, most residents on Kayangel remained on the island and rode out the typhoon.[43]

Philippines

File:YolandaPSWS.png
Highest Public Storm Warning Signals raised by PAGASA throughout the Philippines.

Shortly before Typhoon Haiyan entered the Philippine area of responsibility on November 6, PAGASA raised Public Storm Warning Signal (PSWS) No. 1, the lowest of four levels, for much of the Visayas and Mindanao.[44] As the storm continued to approach the country, warnings expanded into Luzon and increased in severity for eastern areas.[45] By the evening of November 7, PSWS No. 4, the highest level of warning which indicates winds in excess of 185 km/h (115 mph) are expected, was raised for Biliran Island, Eastern Samar, Leyte, northern Cebu, Metro Cebu, Samar, and Southern Leyte.[46][47] Through November 8, the coverage of PSWS No. 4 continued to expand, with areas in southern Luzon being included.[48]

Officials placed police officers in the Bicol Region ahead of the storm.[49] In the provinces of Samar and Leyte, classes were canceled, and residents in flood- and landslide-prone areas were required to evacuate.[50] Some of the storm-threatened areas were affected by an earlier earthquake in Bohol.[51] The Philippine President requested the military to deploy planes and helicopters to the region expected to be affected.[52] As Haiyan was moving very fast, PAGASA issued warnings at different levels to about 60 of the 80 provinces, including the capital Metro Manila.[53] On November 8, the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters was activated, providing widespread charitable satellite coverage to relief organizations.[54]

Southern China

The State Flood Control and Drought Relief Headquarters hoisted a level three emergency response in the provinces of Hainan, Guangdong and Guangxi. All fishing vessels were urged to return to ports by noon on 9 November.[55] The Hong Kong Observatory issued the Strong Monsoon Signal at 19:10 HKT on 9 November,[56] and it was still in place on 13 November.[57]

Vietnam

On November 8, Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung activated the highest state of preparedness in the country.[58] Approximately 600,000 people across southern and central provinces were evacuated while a further 200,000 were evacuated in northern provinces. Alerts were sent to 85,328 seagoing vessels, with a collective crew of 385,372 people, to sail to safer waters away from the storm. Requests were sent to China, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines to aid any fishermen who needed immediate shelter from the typhoon.[59] Threatening Vietnam after two other typhoons, Wutip and Nari, there were concerns that the storm would cause significant damage to homes with makeshift repairs.[60] Roughly 460,000 military personnel and other authorities were mobilized to assist in evacuation efforts.[59] Hundreds of flights were canceled across the country while schools were closed on November 11. On the small island of Cồn Cỏ, all residents were moved to underground shelters with enough supplies for several days.[61] The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) branches in Vietnam prepared relief stockpiles, consisting of food, water, housing material, and ₫6.6 billion (US$310,000) in funds.[59] The local United Nations Resident Coordinator, Pratibha Mehta, praised the government's actions and credited them with saving numerous lives.[58] However, there were complaints by many residents that the warnings came too late.[61]

Impact

Micronesia and Palau

On Kayangel in Palau, a high storm surge damaged several houses,[42] while strong winds downed trees.[15] Despite residents' refusal to evacuate, no fatalities or major injuries took place on the island. Helicopters were flown to the island to survey damage and provide relief supplies. The government planned to evacuate those who were left homeless from the island.[43] Koror, Babeldaob and Kayangel each lost access to water and power.[15] In Koror, winds reaching as high as 120 km/h (75 mph) blew out rooftops and downed trees and power lines. A causeway linking an offshore hospital to the main island was temporarily shut down after being inundated by water.[62] On the northern end of Babeldaob, Haiyan damaged schools and buildings.[42] Lying closest to Haiyan at the time of the typhoon's passage, Kayangel was flooded in its entirety, and all homes were destroyed. Though no people were killed there, 69 others were displaced by the storm.[62]

Philippines

Effects of Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) in the Philippines
Casualties
Region Dead Injured Missing
CALABARZON (IV-A) 3 4 0
MIMAROPA (IV-B) 19 61 6
Bicol Region (V) 7 21 0
Western Visayas (VI) 215 464 22
Central Visayas (VII) 74 348 5
Eastern Visayas (VIII) 5,289 25,237 1,726
Zamboanga Peninsula (IX) 1 1 0
Caraga (XIII) 1 0 0
Total 5,632 26,136 1,759
Damages
Amount
in PH₱ in US$
Agriculture 15,026,036,681.40 343,334,419.94
Infrastructure 15,620,130,890.00 356,909,056.74
Total damages[nb 4] 30,646,167,571.40 700,243,476.69

SOURCE: Data gathered from the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC). Updated as of 6:00 a.m. of November 28, 2013.[2]

Typhoon Haiyan called typhoon "Yolanda" in the Phillipines caused catastrophic damage throughout much of Leyte and Samar islands, where cities and towns were largely destroyed.[63] As of 8:00 p.m. local time on November 22, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) confirmed 5,209 fatalities across the country, 4,919 of those taking place in the Eastern Visayas.[2] The actual death toll remains unclear, with the total loss of life estimated as low as 2,500 by President Benigno Aquino III. As of November 13, Red Cross estimated that 22,000 people were missing while approximately 65,500 people were listed as such through Google Person Finder. Google, however, cautioned that this value is not to be read into, as shown during the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami when more than 600,000 names were listed in contrast to the final death toll of roughly 20,000.[63]

In Surigao City, 281.9 mm (11.10 in) of rainfall was recorded, much of which fell in under 12 hours.[64] Storm surges were also recorded in many places. In the island of Leyte and Samar, PAGASA measured 5–6 meter (15–19 ft) waves.[65] In Tacloban, Leyte, the terminal building of Tacloban Airport was destroyed by a 5.2 m (17 ft) storm surge up to the height of the second story.[66] Along the airport, a storm surge of 4 m (13 ft) was estimated.[67] Waves of 4.6 m (15 ft) were also estimated.[68] On the western coast of Samar, the storm surge was not as significant.[69]

Guiuan in Eastern Samar was the point of Haiyan's first landfall, and was severely affected due to the typhoon's impacts.[70] Nearly all structures in the township suffered at least partial damage, many of which were completely flattened.[71] For several days following Haiyan's first landfall, the damage situation in the fishing town remained unclear due to lack of communication.[72] However, the damage could finally be assessed after Philippine Air Force staff arrived in Guiuan on November 10.[73]

There was widespread devastation from the storm surge in Tacloban City especially in San Jose, with many buildings being destroyed, trees knocked over or broken, and cars piled up.[68] The low-lying areas on the eastern side of Tacloban city were hardest hit, with some areas completely washed away. Flooding also extended for 1 km (0.62 mi) inland on the east coast of the province.[68] City administrator Tecson John Lim stated that roughly 90 percent of the city had been destroyed.[63] Journalists on the ground have described the devastation as, "off the scale, and apocalyptic".[74] Most families in Samar and Leyte lost some family members or relatives; families came in from outlying provinces looking for relatives, especially children, who may have been washed away.[75] The entire first floor of the Tacloban City Convention Center, which was serving as an evacuation shelter, was submerged by storm surge. Many residents in the building were caught off-guard by the fast rising waters and subsequently drowned or were injured in the building.[76]

Although wind speeds were extreme, the major cause of damage and loss of life appears to have been storm surge. The major focus of devastation appears to have been on the east coast of Samar and Leyte, with a particular focus on Tacloban, because of its location between Samar and Leyte, and the large population in low lying areas.[69] Philippine Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) Secretary Mar Roxas said the scale of the relief operation that was now required was overwhelming, with some places described as a wasteland of mud and debris.[77]

Deadliest Philippine typhoons
Rank Storm Season Fatalities Ref.
1 Yolanda (Haiyan) 2013 6,300 [78]
2 Uring (Thelma) 1991 5,101–8,000 [79]
3 Pablo (Bopha) 2012 1,901 [79]
4 "Angela" 1867 1,800 [80]
5 Winnie 2004 1,593 [80]
6 "October 1897" 1897 1,500 [80][81]
7 Nitang (Ike) 1984 1,426 [82]
8 Reming (Durian) 2006 1,399 [80][79]
9 Frank (Fengshen) 2008 1,371 [nb 5][83][84]
10 Sendong (Washi) 2011 1,257 [85]
Animated enhanced infrared satellite loop of Typhoon Haiyan from peak intensity to landfall in the Philippines

Sebastian Rhodes Stampa, head of a UN disaster assessment co-ordination team, said there was "destruction on a massive scale" in Tacloban. "There are cars thrown like tumbleweed and the streets are strewn with debris. The last time I saw something of this scale was in the aftermath of the [2004] Indian Ocean tsunami."[68] There is little communication in the city, and no mobile phone coverage. Up the east coast of the Leyte there are numerous towns and villages that are completely cut off without any assistance. Large parts of Leyte and Samar are without power and may have no power for a month.[74]

The storm crossed the Visayas region for almost a day, causing widespread flooding. In Cebu and Bohol, struck by a magnitude 7.2 earthquake two weeks before, cities were also severely devastated.[86] During the morning of November 8, media stations across the country were able to broadcast live the destruction of Haiyan. However, before afternoon, all communications on the Visayas region failed. The Presidential Communications Department of President Benigno Aquino III had difficulty contacting DILG Secretary Mar Roxas and Defense Secretary Voltaire Gazmin in Iloilo to plan relief.[87] Widespread power interruptions, landslides and flash floods were also reported. Major roads were blocked by trees, and impassable. 453 domestic and international airline flights were canceled. Some airports were also closed on November 8 and 9. Ferries were affected. Relief and rescue efforts were underway by November 9, but some places remained isolated and out of communication due to severe damage.[88]

China

Typhoon Haiyan reached Hainan Province, where severe damage took place and six people were killed in various incidents.[89] The hardest hit area was Qionghai, where roughly 3,500 people across 20 villages were isolated due to extensive flooding.[90] Direct economic losses in Hainan amounted to ¥4.9 billion (US$803 million).[89] In Guangxi Province to the north, heavy rains up to 380 mm (15 in) fell and wind gusts reached 100 km/h (60 mph).[91] An estimated 1.21 million people were affected, of whom 26,300 were evacuated. Two people died while four others went missing after a car fell off a flooded road into a river near Beihai.[92] Losses throughout Guangxi amounted to ¥275 million (US$45 million).[89][91] Approximately 900 homes and 25,500 hectares of crops were destroyed, while 8,500 homes were damaged. Additionally, an estimated 3 million people were affected by the storm throughout Southern China.[93] A cargo ship broke from its moorings at Sanya on November 8;[94] three members of the crew drowned while four others went missing.[91] One person also went missing off the coast of Lantau Island, Hong Kong.[95]

Vietnam

In neighboring Vietnam, Haiyan made landfall as a severe tropical storm and produced widespread heavy rain. Fourteen people were reported killed and 81 injured, mostly by accidents and health complications during preparation works. Four people are also listed as missing in Quang Ninh.[96]

Taiwan

Along the coast of New Taipei, 16 people were swept out to sea by three 8 m (26 ft) waves. After several hours of search and rescue, eight were hospitalized while the other eight drowned. This was considered the largest loss of life from waves in Taiwan in several years.[97]

Aftermath

Philippines

Animated satellite comparison of power outages across the Visayas following Typhoon Haiyan.
Map of damaged houses by municipality showing track of storm, from the United Nations, as of November 18, 2013

By November 11, the provinces of Aklan, Capiz, Cebu, Iloilo, Leyte, Palawan, and Samar, were placed under a state of national calamity, allowing the government to use state funds for relief and rehabilitation and to control prices of basic goods.[98] Additionally, approximately ₱30.6 million (US$700,000) had been allocated in relief assistance by the NDRRMC. Local and national agencies deployed a collective 18,177 personnel, 844 vehicles, 44 seagoing vessels, and 31 aircraft for various operations.[2]

Extreme damage to infrastructure throughout the region posed logistical problems that greatly slowed relief efforts. Though aid was flown into local airports, most of it remained there as roads remained closed.[99] According to estimates on November 13, only 20 percent of the affected population in Tacloban City was receiving aid. With lack of access to clean water, some residents dug up water pipes and boiled water from there in order to survive. Thousands of people sought to evacuate the city via C-130 cargo planes, however, the slow process fueled further aggravation. Reports of escaped prisoners raping women in the city prompted a further urgency to evacuate. One resident was quoted as saying "Tacloban is a dead city."[63] Due to the lack of electricity, planes could only operate during the daylight, further slowing the evacuations. At dawn on November 12, thousands of people broke through fences and rushed planes only to be forced back by police and military personnel. A similar incident occurred later that day as a U.S. cargo plane was landing.[100]

On November 14, a correspondent from the BBC reported Tacloban to be a "war zone," with tanks and armed military personnel entering the city. Safety concerns prompted several relief agencies to back out of the operation, and some United Nations staff were pulled out for safety reasons. A message circulating among the agencies urged them to not go into Tacloban for this reason.[101] On the west coast of Leyte Island, residents in Ormoc were fearing that the focus on Tacloban City would leave them without aid. Though not as hard hit, roughly 90 percent of the city was damaged or destroyed and supplies were running low. Hospitals in the city were either shut down or working at partial capacity, leaving many of the nearly 2,000 injured in the city without medical assistance. In nearby Baybay, lack of assistance fueled anger and incited looting for survival.[102]

In the coastal community Guiuan, which took the full brunt of the typhoon, Mayor Christopher Gonzalez is credited with saving countless lives after he incessantly urged residents to evacuate. He referred to the storm as "delubyo (deluge)," which roughly translates to Armageddon. Of the town's 45,000 residents, 87 died, 931 were injured, and 23 others were listed as missing. U.S. Navy Capt. Russell Hays, a medical officer, estimated that a storm of Haiyan's caliber could have killed as many as 4,500 in Guiuan alone had it not been for the mayor's efforts.[103]

On November 18, the government of the Philippines launched an online portal, called the Foreign Aid Transparency Hub (FaiTH), that provides the public a transparency view of the funds and other aids received by the government from the international community.[104][105]

Environmental impact

Typhoon Haiyan knocked down Power Barge 103 of Napocor in Estancia, Iloilo causing an oil spill.[106][107][108][109]

Looting and violence

The remains of a home destroyed by the storm in Tacloban City

Throughout Tacloban City, widespread looting took place in the days following Haiyan's passage. In some instances, relief trucks were attacked and had food stolen in the city. Two of the city's malls and numerous grocery stores were subjected to looting. A fuel depot in the city was guarded by armed police while 200 additional officers were dispatched to assist.[110] Security checkpoints have since been set up all over Tacloban and a curfew was imposed on residents to prevent more attacks.[111] Philippine military forces also prevented members of the New People's Army from ambushing a relief convoy bound for Samar in Matnog, Sorsogon, killing two.[112] President Benigno Aquino III considered declaring martial law in hopes of restoring order in affected areas.[113][114]

Looting intensified as slow recovery efforts forced residents to seek any means necessary to survive. Tacloban city administrator Tecson John Lim stated, "The looting is not criminality. It is self-preservation." The Chicago Tribune reported that some areas were on the brink of anarchy, though Interior Secretary Mar Roxas denied such claims.[63] Further complicating efforts to retain order was the lack of officers reporting for work. In Tacloban, only 100 of the city's 1,300 police personnel reported for duty.[100] In Alangalang, just west of Tacloban, eight people were crushed to death after the walls of a warehouse collapsed during a raid on a government rice stockpile. Approximately 33,000 bags of rice, each weighing 50 kg (110 lb), were stolen. Warehouses were also raided in Jaro and Palo. Throughout the city of Tacloban itself, people began looting from homes as stores had been completely emptied.[63]

Criticism of government response

Color coded map of Eastern Visayas showing the number of deaths caused by Typhoon Haiyan.
  More than 1,000
  500-999
  100-499
  50-99
  25-49
  1-24
  0

Condemnations of slow government action in the relief effort in response to the typhoon mounted days after the storm had passed. Media reports criticized the Aquino administration for apparent lack of preparation and coordination among government agencies in the aid operation.[115][116] Up until November 12, five days after the typhoon struck, survivors continued to struggle with basic necessities such as food, water, and shelter while remote towns in Leyte and Samar were yet to be reached by aid.[117] The Philippine government responded by saying that they have dealt with the tragedy "quite well" but the response had been slow due to the breakdown of the local governance in affected areas where officials and employees, who were usually the first to respond in these events, were victims of the typhoon themselves.[118] Cabinet Secretary Jose Rene Almendras said that the national government had to take over despite logistical challenges and assured it is working toward providing aid the quickest way possible to the survivors.[119]

Humanitarian crisis and population displacement

The Philippines faces a humanitarian crisis days after the typhoon hit much of the Visayas with 1.9 million homeless and more than 600,000 displaced.[120] In Tacloban alone, ninety percent of the structures are either destroyed or damage while other cities, such as Ormoc, are reporting similar damage.[121] The United Nations fear that the possibility of the spread of disease is high due to the lack of food, water, shelter, and medication. Casualties have been reported as a result of the lack of aid in affected areas and the number of dead is likely to rise.[122]

As a result of the damage in Tacloban and much of Leyte, thousands of people who once lived in the area left and made their way into less affected areas such as Cebu and Manila.[123] Catbalogan reported that their population more than doubled after the typhoon with the influx of refugees into the city.[124]

International response

Main article: Humanitarian response to Typhoon Haiyan
Summary of international relief efforts in the Philippines following Typhoon Haiyan
Country Cash donation (US$) Supplies Comments
 Australia $28 million[125] Emergency and humanitarian supplies[126] Royal Australian Air Force and Royal Australian Navy deployed with medical teams and supplies[126][127]
 Bahrain 90 tons of relief supplies[128]
 Bangladesh $1 million[129]
 Belgium €500,000[130] Humanitarian aid[131] Field hospital, water purification system, 5 medical doctors, 13 nurses, 10 logistic personel[132]
 Brunei Humanitarian aid and relief supplies[133][134] Emergency team been deployed.[133] Aircraft from the Royal Brunei Air Force deployed with supplies.[134]
 Canada $40 million[135] Two hundred members of the Canadian military Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART) and their equipment are sent, along with three additional Griffon helicopters.[136][137] GlobalMedic, a Toronto-based NGO has three teams of rescuers and medics dispatched to the disaster zone along with large quantities of water purification supplies and equipment.[138][139]
 Chile Humanitarian aid[140]
 China $1.4 million[141] Deployed the naval hospital ship, Peace Ark.[142]
 France $1.4 million[143] Sent 70 tons of relief supplies and a team of 61 persons from the Sécurité Civile, to restore electricity and water supplies etc.
 Germany 23 tons of aid[144] Rescue teams sent[144]
 Holy See $150,000[145]
 Hong Kong Call to postpone economic sanctions.[146] $5.16 million given to international charities.[147][148]
 India >15 tonnes of relief supplies[149]
 Indonesia $1 million[150] Humanitarian aid of goods and logistics worth $1 million.[150][151] Indonesian Red Cross sent 688.862 tonnes emergency supplies.[152] Three Indonesian Air Force Hercules aircraft deployed with supplies to affected areas.[150] Logistical aid including aircraft, food, generators and medicine.[153] The Indonesian Red Cross deployed KM Emir cargo ship loaded with emergency supplies and also 30 Indonesian Red Cross volunteers.[152]
 Ireland $1.36 million[154] 100 tonnes of emergency supplies[154]
 Israel Sent members of the Israeli Foreign Ministry and the Israeli Defense Forces' Home Command[155]
 Japan $52 million[156] Humanitarian aid[157] Deployed 1,180 members of the Japanese Self-Defense Forces and military vessels[158][159][160]
 Kuwait $10 million[161]
 Malaysia $1 million[162] Essential relief supplies and humanitarian aid[163][164] Malaysian Filipino community collected supplies to be sent.[165] Aircraft from the Royal Malaysian Air Force deployed with supplies.[163] The Malaysian disaster relief team was also deployed.[166]
 Mexico $1 million[167]
 New Zealand $1.22 million[168] 30 tonnes of food and medical supplies[169]
 Norway $33.5 million[170][171] 100 tonnes of food and 70 tonnes of communication equipment[170][172] In addition to the aid provided by the Norwegian government, Norwegians supported various aid agencies, such as the Norwegian Red Cross and the Norwegian branch of Save the Children, with donations through texting reaching 30 million NOK (US$4.9 million). On October 24, a relief concert with various Norwegian artists was held in Norway for the victims of the typhoon in the Philippines. During the 70 min. TV sendt broadcast, Norwegians donated another 24,7 million NOK ( 4 million USD ).[173][174][175][176]
 Qatar 80 tonnes of relief supplies[177]
 Russia Over 200 personnel from the Ministry of Emergency Situations deployed for medical and relief efforts[178][179]
 Saudi Arabia $10 million[180] Relief supplies[181]
 Singapore $276,000[182] Humanitarian aid[182] Aircraft from the Republic of Singapore Air Force deployed with supplies[183]
 South Korea $5 million[184] Emergency relief team sent[184]
  Switzerland $5.4 million[185] 21 tons of Emergency Assistance [185] Members of Swiss Humanitarian Aid Unit sent [185]
 Taiwan $200,000[186] 660 tons of relief supplies [187]
 Thailand Humanitarian aid[188]
 Turkey Humanitarian supplies[189]
 United Arab Emirates $10 million[190]
 United Kingdom $130 million[191][192] Deployed HMS Daring and HMS Illustrious and Royal Air Force pllanes for relief efforts[193]
 United States $20 million[194] Humanitarian supplies[194] Deployed the USS George Washington (CVN-73) and its carrier strike group along with 13,000 military personnel[195][196]
 Vietnam $100,000[197]
Supranational bodies
Debris littering the streets of Tacloban City on November 14, nearly a week after the storm struck

The United Nations said it was going to increase critical relief operations as a result of the devastation caused by the typhoon. Its Manila office issued a statement that read, "Access remains a key challenge as some areas are still cut off from relief operations. Unknown numbers of survivors do not have basic necessities such as food, water and medicines and remain inaccessible for relief operations, as roads, airports and bridges were destroyed or covered in wreckage."[198] The United Nations also began relief operations by this time; however, the severe damage to infrastructure hampered efforts to distribute supplies.[110] The World Health Organization has developed guidance on donations of medicine and healthcare equipment, so that the Philippines receives supplies appropriate for this emergency. According to WHO, many people suffered cuts, wounds, and broken bones during the disaster and others were injured in flooding that followed the typhoon.[199] Interpol announced that they would send in Interpol officers from Lyon to help local law enforcement identify any of the corpses that are unidentified.[200]

Celebrities, companies, and NGOs

American band Journey is donating $350,000 to help relief efforts in the Philippines, and its lead singer has a message for his homeland: "Don't Stop Believin'". Arnel Pineda (the band's Filipino vocalist) and the rest of the band announced the donation on November 15, 2013. It will go to the United Nations World Food Programme, which is providing Filipinos with food assistance. The donation should provide 1.4 million meals.[201] Ikea, Walmart, Samsung, and HSBC are among those taking advantage of the event to donate to those in need.[202][203] Northwestern Mutual announced they will donate $100,000 to the American Red Cross.[204] The Coca-Cola Company says they have donated $2.5 million of their advertising to budget to the relief efforts as of November 25.[205]

U.S. Marines assisting in the Philippine disaster relief.

Major League Baseball donated $200,000 to UNICEF and the American Red Cross, with Commissioner Bud Selig encouraging fans to donate to the organizations.[206] UNICEF delivered portable toilets and hygiene supplies to the region and also appealed for $34 million to help the four million children affected.[207] The American Red Cross announced that they collected $11 million in donations for the Philippines Relief Fund.[208] Mercy Corps dispatched a "emergency response" team to help with humanitarian efforts.[209]

Among the NGO responses, Doctors Without Borders is sending 200 tons of aid.[197][210] The International Society for Krishna Consciousness's Food For Life Global, the world's largest vegan food relief organisation, raised money and provided vegan meals in the Philippines to Typhoon Haiyan survivors.[211][212] Other NGOs run by faith-based organisations that raised money and/or aided in the disaster relief efforts of Typhoon Haiyan included Catholic Relief Services,[213] Catholic Medical Mission Board (CMMB),[213] Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA),[213] LDS Philanthropies,[214] American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (AJJDC),[213] Samaritan's Purse,[213] Salvation Army,[213] and World Vision.[213]

Celebrities such as David and Victoria Beckham,[215] Stephen Colbert,[216] Kim Kardashian,[217] David Guetta,[218] and The X Factor contributed to the fundraisng.[219] On November 26, iTunes released a compilation album entitled Songs for the Philippines featuring different artists, including Katy Perry, Madonna, Bob Dylan, and The Beatles.[220] All proceeds will go to the Philippine Red Cross.[220] One Republic donated $1 million on November 30, 2013.[221]

On the day of his death, actor Paul Walker attended a charity event for his organization, Reach Out Worldwide, for the victims of the typhoon that was held right before his accident.[222]

Politics involving aid relief
First UK-funded humanitarian flight arrives at Mactan-Cebu International Airport.

The aid contributions of China and the United States were given focus with regards to their involvement in the politics of the Philippines.[223] Apart from having the two largest economies in the world, both countries are involved in a complex relationship with the island country. China is currently disputing the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea with the Philippines while the United States used to be an occupying power and currently has a mutual defense treaty with the islands.[224]

China was initially criticized for its meager contribution of US $100,000 to the typhoon victims, which led to commentary about its disputes with the Philippines.[225] Earlier in 2013, the Philippines sued China over the nine-dotted line. Commentators attribute this low amount to China's intentions to isolate the Philippines while strengthening its ties with the rest of Southeast Asia.[226] The move had mixed reactions from the public of China with some commending its decision while others, such as The Global Times, insisted that China should be a responsible power. China later increased its contributions to US$ 1.4 million [141][227] and sent its naval hospital ship Peace Ark for disaster relief."[142]

The contributions of the United States was in contrast to that of China. It gave the Philippines an amount of US$ 20 million worth of aid apart from deploying the United States Marines in order to assist with the humanitarian operations.[228] This was seen by observers as part of the Asia pivot that the United States government had previously announced. The Philippine government had been discussing with the U.S. plans regarding the deployment of U.S. military troops within the country. Aid contributions of the U.S. was seen as a sign of goodwill in order to improve relations.[229]

Vietnam

Following Typhoon Haiyan's landfall in Vietnam, widespread search and rescue missions took place in the affected provinces. Damage assessments were also conducted in 13 provinces to determine what aid was needed. The IFRC began distribution of relief supplies and assisted residents in returning home by November 12. Operations regarding the aftermath of Typhoon Wutip were temporarily suspended due to Haiyan.[59]

Retirement

Due to extensive damage and high death toll, PAGASA announced that the name, Yolanda, will be stricken off the typhoon naming lists.[230][231]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The Joint Typhoon Warning Center is a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force task force that issues tropical cyclone warnings for the western Pacific Ocean and other regions.[5]
  2. ^ The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean.[8]
  3. ^ A super typhoon is defined as a tropical cyclone with one-minute sustained winds of at least 240 km/h (150 mph).[13]
  4. ^ Total damages figure includes agriculture, infrastructure, casualties, etc. damages.
  5. ^ The death and missing columns includes deaths caused by Typhoon Fengshen (Frank), in the MV Princess of the Stars disaster.

References

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Typhoon Haiyan (2013).
General information about the typhoon
General information about the response operation in the Philippines
Media coverage of Typhoon Haiyan's destruction in the Philippines
Relief operations of the Government of the Philippines
Others
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