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The [[Yatsenyuk Government|interim Ukrainian government]], [[United States]], [[European Union]], and several other nations stated that any referendum held by the local government of Crimea without the express authority of Ukraine is unconstitutional and illegitimate. The interim government in Kiev and the Crimean leadership do not recognize each other as legitimate.<ref name="ukrinform.ua">{{cite web |url=http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/mejlis_to_boycott_crimean_referendum_318219 |title=Mejlis to boycott Crimean referendum& |publisher=Ukrinform.ua |date=6 March 2014 |accessdate=2014-03-15}}</ref><ref name="march6bbc">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26465962|title=Ukraine crisis: Crimea MPs vote to join Russia|publisher=BBC News|date=6 March 2014|accessdate=6 March 2014}}</ref> Additionally, the [[Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People]]—the unofficial political association of the Crimean Tatars—called for a boycott of the referendum.<ref name="ukrinform.ua" /><ref name="pretedermined" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Bell |first=Yvonne |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/10/us-ukraine-crisis-referendum-tatars-idUSBREA291BT20140310 |title=Russia 'will fix' Crimea referendum, says Tatar leader |publisher=Reuters |date=2014-03-10 |accessdate=2014-03-17}}</ref>
The [[Yatsenyuk Government|interim Ukrainian government]], [[United States]], [[European Union]], and several other nations stated that any referendum held by the local government of Crimea without the express authority of Ukraine is unconstitutional and illegitimate. The interim government in Kiev and the Crimean leadership do not recognize each other as legitimate.<ref name="ukrinform.ua">{{cite web |url=http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/mejlis_to_boycott_crimean_referendum_318219 |title=Mejlis to boycott Crimean referendum& |publisher=Ukrinform.ua |date=6 March 2014 |accessdate=2014-03-15}}</ref><ref name="march6bbc">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26465962|title=Ukraine crisis: Crimea MPs vote to join Russia|publisher=BBC News|date=6 March 2014|accessdate=6 March 2014}}</ref> Additionally, the [[Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People]]—the unofficial political association of the Crimean Tatars—called for a boycott of the referendum.<ref name="ukrinform.ua" /><ref name="pretedermined" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Bell |first=Yvonne |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/10/us-ukraine-crisis-referendum-tatars-idUSBREA291BT20140310 |title=Russia 'will fix' Crimea referendum, says Tatar leader |publisher=Reuters |date=2014-03-10 |accessdate=2014-03-17}}</ref>


Russia and the Crimean parliament argue that the referendum is legal, citing the UN recognized right of self-determination and the [[International Court of Justice advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence|advisory opinion on Kosovo]] in which the [[International Court of Justice]] declared that [[international law]] contains no prohibition against [[unilateral declaration of independence|declarations of independence]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE66L01720100722|last1=Tanner |first1=Adam |first2=Reed |last2=Stevenson|title=Kosovo independence declaration deemed legal|date=22 July 2010 |agency=Reuters |accessdate=2010-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2014/03/10/putin-defends-crimea-referendum-to-join-russia/ |title=Putin Defends Crimea Referendum To Join Russia |date={{date|2014-03-10}} |accessdate={{date|2014-03-11}} |first=Kenneth |last=Rapoza |publisher=[[Forbes]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2014/03/11/354214/crimean-parl-declares-independence/ |title=Crimean assembly declares independence from Ukraine |publisher=Presstv.ir |date=2014-03-11 |accessdate=2014-03-15}}</ref> Western legal scholars have disputed the validity of the Kosovo analogy.<ref name=Bellinger01>[http://www.cfr.org/ukraine/why-crimean-referendum-illegitimate/p32594 Interview: John Bellinger III on Why the Crimean Referendum Is Illegitimate - Council on Foreign Relations<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name=Experts01>[http://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/302263--experts-crimea-isnt-comparable-to-kosovo Experts: Crimea isn't comparable to Kosovo Anadolu Agency<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name=BBC-Weller01>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26481423|title=Analysis: Why Russia's Crimea move fails legal test|publisher=BBC|author=[[Marc Weller (Professor)|Marc Weller]]|date=2014-03-07|accessdate=2014-03-12}}</ref>
Russia and the Crimean parliament argue that the referendum is legal, citing the UN recognized right of self-determination and the [[International Court of Justice advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence|advisory opinion on Kosovo]] in which the [[International Court of Justice]] declared that [[international law]] contains no prohibition against [[unilateral declaration of independence|declarations of independence]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE66L01720100722|last1=Tanner |first1=Adam |first2=Reed |last2=Stevenson|title=Kosovo independence declaration deemed legal|date=22 July 2010 |agency=Reuters |accessdate=2010-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2014/03/10/putin-defends-crimea-referendum-to-join-russia/ |title=Putin Defends Crimea Referendum To Join Russia |date={{date|2014-03-10}} |accessdate={{date|2014-03-11}} |first=Kenneth |last=Rapoza |publisher=[[Forbes]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2014/03/11/354214/crimean-parl-declares-independence/ |title=Crimean assembly declares independence from Ukraine |publisher=Presstv.ir |date=2014-03-11 |accessdate=2014-03-15}}</ref> Western legal scholars have disputed the validity of the Kosovo analogy. Kosovo's independence involved a humanitarian crisis, large scale [[NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia|NATO military action]] and did not involve a referendum.<ref name=Bellinger01>[http://www.cfr.org/ukraine/why-crimean-referendum-illegitimate/p32594 Interview: John Bellinger III on Why the Crimean Referendum Is Illegitimate - Council on Foreign Relations<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name=Experts01>[http://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/302263--experts-crimea-isnt-comparable-to-kosovo Experts: Crimea isn't comparable to Kosovo Anadolu Agency<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name=BBC-Weller01>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26481423|title=Analysis: Why Russia's Crimea move fails legal test|publisher=BBC|author=[[Marc Weller (Professor)|Marc Weller]]|date=2014-03-07|accessdate=2014-03-12}}</ref>


[[File:2014-03-10 - Yevpatoria military base - 0017.JPG|thumb|250px|Request by [[Council of Ministers of Crimea]] to the Ukrainian 55th Anti-Aircraft Artillery regiment in Yevpatoria to lay down arms under control of the [[Black Sea Fleet|Russian Black Sea Fleet]] for the period of the referendum.]]
[[File:2014-03-10 - Yevpatoria military base - 0017.JPG|thumb|250px|Request by [[Council of Ministers of Crimea]] to the Ukrainian 55th Anti-Aircraft Artillery regiment in Yevpatoria to lay down arms under control of the [[Black Sea Fleet|Russian Black Sea Fleet]] for the period of the referendum.]]

Revision as of 02:55, 15 April 2014

2014 Crimean status referendum
March 16, 2014 (2014-03-16)
Crimean referendum, 2014
Map of the Crimean peninsula with its political subdivisions
According to results, released by the Crimean and Sevastopol authorities, the choice to join Russia obtained an overwhelming majority in all regions and city municipalities of Crimea (including Sevastopol). The legality of the referendum was not recognized by the US, EU and most of the international community
Voting systemMajority voting
Autonomous Republic of Crimea
Join the Russian Federation
 
 96.77%
Restore 1992 constitution...
 
 2.51%
Invalid votes
 
 0.72%
Voter turnout: 83.1%
Sevastopol[1]
Join the Russian Federation
 
 95.60%
Restore 1992 constitution...
 
 3.37%
Invalid votes
 
 1.03%
Voter turnout: 89.5%
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Crimea
Autonomous Republic of Crimea
(within Ukraine, 1991–present)
Republic of Crimea
(territory occupied by Russia 2014–present)
See also
Political status of Crimea
Politics of Russia • Politics of Ukraine

Crimean status referendum, 2014 was a referendum on the status of Crimea held on March 16, 2014, by the legislature of Autonomous Republic of Crimea as well as by the local government of Sevastopol, both subdivisions of Ukraine. The referendum asked the people of Crimea whether they wanted to join Russia as a federal subject, or if they wanted to restore the 1992 Crimean constitution and Crimea's status as a part of Ukraine. The 1992 constitution accords greater powers to the Crimean parliament including full sovereign powers to establish relations with other states.

The available choices did not include keeping the status quo of Crimea and Sevastopol as they were at the moment the referendum was held. The Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People — the unofficial political association of the Crimean Tatars — called for a boycott of the referendum.[2][3] Many Western and Ukrainian commentators argued that both provided referendum choices would result in de facto separation from Ukraine.[4][5][6]

On March 11 in their joint Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Crimea the Crimean parliament and the Sevastopol city council expressed their intention to join with Russia pending a supporting result in the referendum.[7] The leadership in Crimea and Sevastopol considered the ousting of Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych in the 2014 Ukrainian revolution as a coup and the new interim government in Kiev as illegitimate.[8]

The referendum was not officially recognized by the heads of the European Union, the United States, Canada, who rejected its legitimacy because it violated the Ukrainian Constitution and International Law.[9][better source needed] The Russian Federation officially recognized the results of the Crimean referendum.[citation needed]

Thirteen members of the United Nations Security Council voted in favor of a resolution declaring the referendum invalid (China abstained), but Russia exercised its right to veto as a permanent member of the council.[10][11]

A non-binding United Nations General Assembly resolution was later adopted by a vote of 100 in favor vs. 10 against (with 58 abstentions), which declared the referendum invalid and affirmed Ukraine's territorial integrity.[12]

The official result from the Autonomous Republic of Crimea was a 96.77 percent vote ‘for’ integration of the region into the Russian Federation; turnout was 83.1 per cent.[13][14] Andrey Illarionov, former Russian government adviser, based on polls over the previous three years stated that the support for the reunification of Crimea with Russia was about 34 percent, and called the referendum "grossly rigged falsification" and the outcome "cynically distorted".[15]

Following the referendum, Crimea declared its independence from Ukraine and started seeking UN recognition, and requested to join the Russian Federation.[16] On the same day, Russia recognized Crimea as a sovereign state.[17][18]

Background

Linguistic map of Ukraine according to the 2001 census, with Russian (in red) dominant in Crimea.
Distribution of ethnicities in the Crimean peninsula according to the 2001 census. Ethnic Russians comprise a majority at 58%.[19]

According to the 2001 Ukrainian population census, 60.4% of the population of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea are ethnic Russians, 24.0% are ethnic Ukrainians and 10.2% are Crimean Tatars. In Sevastopol, 71.6% are ethnic Russians and 22.4% are ethnic Ukrainians.[20] 77% of Crimea's and 94% of Sevastopol's population are native speakers of Russian.[21]

Crimea and Sevastopol are neighboring subdivisions of Ukraine located in the Crimean peninsula, a region with a long and complex history.[22][23] Demographically, the region is currently populated by Russian-speaking majorities but with such demographics undergoing dramatic changes for the past 200 years that have shifted the ethnic majorities from Crimean Tatars to ethnic Russians, due in part to the their deportation 70 years ago.[24] Following the Tatar deportation, large numbers of ethnic Russians and ethnic Ukrainians settled in the region.[25]

History

During the period of the Soviet Union, the Crimean Oblast was a subdivision of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic until the 1954 transfer of Crimea into the Ukrainian SSR. Crimea became part of independent Ukraine after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, shortly after Crimea had re-gained its autonomy following a 1991 referendum.[26] Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine abolished the 1992 Crimean Constitution[27] and the office of President of Crimea in 1995.[28] Crimea gained a new constitution in 1998 that granted less autonomy; notably, any legislation passed by the Crimean parliament could be vetoed by the Ukrainian parliament.[26]

Polling

Polling by the Razumkov Centre in 2008 found that a majority of Crimeans would like Crimea to secede from Ukraine and join Russia (63.8%), and at the same time to preserve its current status, but with expanded powers and rights (53.8%). Razumkov characterized Crimeans' views as confused, unsteady, and sometimes contradictory and therefore vulnerable to internal and external influences.[29] Polling conducted by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) in 2013 found that 36% of respondents in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea wanted Ukraine to unite with Russia. A poll by the International Republican Institute in May 2013 found that 67% wanted to remain in Ukraine and 23% wanted unity with Russia.[30] By early February 2014, just days before the ousting of Viktor Yanukovych, a subsequent KIIS poll showed a 41% support for unification of the entire Ukraine with Russia.[31]

In the days leading up to the referendum, one poll conducted by the German GfK Group found that 70% of Crimeans who intended to participate in the referendum planned to vote to join Russia, while 11% planned to vote to remain part of Ukraine.[32] A poll conducted by the Institute for European Policy Studies found that 80% were in favor of reunification with Russia,[33] while another conducted by the Crimean Institute of Political and Social Research found that 77% were in favour of reunification, and 97% assessed the current situation in Ukraine as negative.[34]

Events leading up to the referendum

The interim Ukrainian government, United States, European Union, and several other nations stated that any referendum held by the local government of Crimea without the express authority of Ukraine is unconstitutional and illegitimate. The interim government in Kiev and the Crimean leadership do not recognize each other as legitimate.[2][35] Additionally, the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People—the unofficial political association of the Crimean Tatars—called for a boycott of the referendum.[2][3][36]

Russia and the Crimean parliament argue that the referendum is legal, citing the UN recognized right of self-determination and the advisory opinion on Kosovo in which the International Court of Justice declared that international law contains no prohibition against declarations of independence.[37][38][39] Western legal scholars have disputed the validity of the Kosovo analogy. Kosovo's independence involved a humanitarian crisis, large scale NATO military action and did not involve a referendum.[40][41][42]

Request by Council of Ministers of Crimea to the Ukrainian 55th Anti-Aircraft Artillery regiment in Yevpatoria to lay down arms under control of the Russian Black Sea Fleet for the period of the referendum.

On February 27, amidst tensions in the region during the Ukrainian revolution, the Supreme Council of Crimea voted to hold a referendum on the status of Crimea on May 25.[43][44] Olha Sulnikova, head of information and analysis department of parliament, reported on the phone from inside the parliamentary building that 61 of the registered 64 deputies had voted for the referendum resolution and 55 for the resolution to dismiss the government.[45]

Interfax-Ukraine reported that, "it is impossible to find out whether all the 64 members of the 100-member legislature who were registered as present, when the two decisions were voted on or whether someone else used the plastic voting cards of some of them" because due to the armed occupation of parliament it was unclear how many members of parliament were present.[45]

Enver Abduraimov, member of the parliament presidium, said that he did not go inside when he saw that armed guards who secured the building were confiscating all communications devices from deputies. Andriy Krysko, head of the Crimean branch of the Voters Committee of Ukraine, announced that no one from the parliament secretariat was in the building when voting took place.[45]

Originally the referendum was to be about the status of Crimea within Ukraine and was initially set for May 25, but later, on March 1, it was pushed back to March 30.[46] The referendum was approved by the Supreme Council of Crimea on February but the Central Election Commission of Ukraine denounced 27 it by stating that the Crimean authorities do not possess the legal jurisdiction to conduct it.[47] Regarding the referendum's initial purpose, the Daily Telegraph reported on February 27, that it, "appears to be for greater autonomy within Ukraine rather than for full independence."[48]

On March 4, the district administration court of Kiev nullified the no confidence vote in the Council of Ministers of Crimea and the appointment of Sergey Aksyonov as Prime Minister of Crimea and declared the organization and conduct of the referendum as illegal.[49][50] On March 6, the Supreme Council changed the date of the referendum from March 30 to March 16 and changed the choice for the referendum from greater autonomy to accession to the Russian Federation. This decision was made with 78 votes in favor and 8 abstentions.[51] Concerns were raised about the presence of armed forces outside the parliament and reports of lawmakers being denied access to the vote.[52][53] Later that day, acting President Turchynov announced "In accordance with power I am conferred on, I have stopped the decision of the Crimean parliament. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine will initiate dissolution of the parliament of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. We will defend the inviolability of the Ukrainian territory."

On March 11, the Supreme Council of Crimea and the Sevastopol City Council adopted a resolution expressing their intent to declare independence pending a supporting result in the referendum, and on March 14 the Crimean parliament removed the coat of arms of Ukraine from its building.[54]

Unsigned posters and leaflets campaigning for the referendum appeared throughout Crimea.[55][56][57]

Several hundred residents of Crimea, mainly Crimean Tatars, left Crimea for security reasons according to the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine.[58][59]

Choices

Ballot sample.

There were two choices to choose from on the ballot. Voters were able to choose only one of these.[60] The choices reflected the following stances:[61][62]

Choice 1: Do you support the reunification of Crimea with Russia with all the rights of the Russian federation?
Choice 2: Do you support the restoration of the Constitution of the Republic of Crimea in 1992 and the status of the Crimea as part of Ukraine?[63]

The original in Russian read:

Choice 1: Вы за воссоединение Крыма с Россией на правах субъекта Российской Федерации?
Choice 2: Вы за восстановление действия Конституции Республики Крым 1992 года и за статус Крыма как части Украины?[63]

The referendum was to be decided by a simple majority with the choice with the most votes declared winner.[a] Media outlets reported different translations for each choice and labeled them as "questions" which has created some confusion and inconsistencies on the matter.[62]

The Ukrainian city of Sevastopol, which is also located in the Crimean peninsula but administered separately from the Crimean republic, was also included in the referendum process.[65] However, on March 6, 2014, Sevastopol unilaterally declared itself a federal subject of the Russian Federation.[66]

For the second choice, it was unclear whether the 1992 constitution was to be adopted in its original form or in its amended form.[64][67] The original 1992 constitution was adopted together with a declaration of independence, but parliament then amended the constitution one day later to affirm that Crimea "was a part of Ukraine".[b][69]

Many commentators, including The New York Times, Kyiv Post, and Fox News argued that both choices would result in de facto independence.[5][70][71][72][73]

The ballot was printed in three languages: Russian, Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar (in the Cyrillic script).[74]

Procedure

Transparent voting boxes are customary in Ukraine.

There were two simultaneous referendums, one organised by the city council of Sevastopol[citation needed] and another organised by a special committee[citation needed] set up by the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.

Only Crimean residents with Ukrainian passports were allowed to vote.[75]

The voting boxes were transparent and the ballots were not placed in envelopes making some of the marked ballots visible through the box walls.[76][77][78]

Results

According to organizers of the referendum, 1,274,096 people voted in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, giving the plebiscite an 83.1% turnout in that region.[c] At the same time Mustafa Dzhemilev, a recent Chairman of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, reports that according to his sources the actual turn-up was only 32.4%.[80]

In the evening of 16 March 2014, Mikhail Malyshev, the Crimean election Spokesman, reported that as of 20:00, 1,250,427 people or 81.36% voted in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and 274,136 or 89.50% voted in Sevastopol for a total of 1,524,563 or 82.71% of the electorate.[81] ITAR-TASS initially reported this as 1,724,563 voters in total,[82] but corrected it later.[83] The discrepancy led to some reports of a 123% turnout in Sevastopol.[84][85][86][87]

According to the Central Election Commission of Ukraine on February 28, 2014 there were 1,534,815 registered voters in the autonomous republic of Crimea and 309,774 in the city of Sevastopol, which totals to 1,844,589 voters in the both Ukrainian regions.[88]

Final results from the Autonomous Republic of Crimea[c][89]
(Values in italics are calculated by an editor rather than provided by official sources.)
Choice Votes Percentage of registered voters Percentage of all ballots cast Percentage of valid votes
Join the Russian Federation 1,233,002 80.42% 96.77% 97.47%
Restore the 1992 constitution and remain as a part of Ukraine 31,997 2.09% 2.51% 2.53%
Subtotal of valid votes 1,264,999 82.51% 99.29% 100.00%
Invalid or blank votes 9,097 0.59% 0.72% —
Total votes cast 1,274,096 83.1% 100.00% —
Registered voters that did not participate 259,112 16.90% — —
Total registered voters [d]1,533,208 100.00% — —
Final results from Sevastopol[1]
(Values in italics are calculated by an editor rather than provided by official sources.)
Choice Votes Percentage of registered voters Percentage of all ballots cast Percentage of valid votes
Join the Russian Federation 262,041 85.56% 95.6% 96.59%
Restore the 1992 constitution and remain as a part of Ukraine 9,250 3.02% 3.37% 3.41%
Subtotal of valid votes 271,291 88.58% 98.97% 100.00%
Invalid or blank votes 2,810 0.92% 1.03% —
Total votes cast 274,101 89.50% 100.00% —
Registered voters that did not participate 32,157 10.50% — —
Total registered voters 306,258 (reported at the City Council meeting) 100.00% — —

According to Article 3 of the Law of Ukraine, territorial changes can only be approved via a referendum where all the citizens of Ukraine are allowed to vote, including those that do not reside in Crimea.[90] The Central Election Commission of Ukraine also stated that there are no judicial possibilities, according to the legislation of Ukraine, to initiate such changes.[91]

Venice Commission declared that the referendum was illegal under both Ukrainian and Crimean Constitutions, and violated international standards and norms.[92] Venice Commission stressed that self-determination was to be understood primarily as internal self-determination within the framework of the existing borders and not as external self-determination through secession. Moreover, any referendum on the status of a territory should have been preceded by serious negotiations among all stakeholders. Such negotiations did not take place.

Many scholars and politicians have stated that the referendum, was conducted under the cover of assault rifles and, thus, the result was obtained through violence.[40][41][42][93]

Party of Regions MP Yuriy Miroshnychenko claimed March 11 that "the Crimean referendum is illegitimate, and its holding must be immediately stopped".[94] Another Party of Regions MP, Hanna Herman, commented the same day about Yanukovych's press conference, "He needs to ... prevent the illegal referendum".[95]

President of Russia Vladimir Putin during his conversation with Mustafa Dzhemilev, a former Chairman of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, stated that Ukrainian Independence from the Soviet Union was not obtained legitimately either.[96][e]

Observers

On March 10, 2014 the de facto Prime Minister of Crimea, Sergei Aksionov, made an unofficial verbal invitation to OSCE to monitor the plebiscite as well.[98][99] However, later in the day, an OSCE spokeswoman said that Crimea did not have the authority to invite the organization into the region as it is not a fully-fledged state and, therefore, incapable of requesting services provided exclusively to OSCE members.[99] On March 11, the OSCE chair, Switzerland's Foreign Minister Didier Burkhalter, declared the referendum as unconstitutional and therefore the OSCE would not send observers.[100] OSCE observers attempted to enter the region four times but were turned away, with shots fired,[101][102] which was another reason given for not dispatching referendum observers.[103]

OSCE also published a report about their observations which "produced significant evidence of equipment consistent with the presence of Russian Federation military personnel in the vicinity of the various roadblocks encountered".[104]

The UN Human Rights Envoy Ivan Simonovic had to cancel his trip to Crimea as the current situation did not permit his travel. He intended to observe the human rights situation which was Russia's explanation for its engagement in Crimea.[105]

According to the historian Timothy Snyder,

Moscow sent an invitation to parties of the European far right, and found politicians willing to serve as "observers."

These included Luc Michel, formerly of the French neo-Nazi party Fédération d'action nationale et européenne (currently supporting National Bolshevism), Enrique Ravello, formerly of the Spanish neo-Nazi party CEDADE (currently of the far-right Platform for Catalonia) and Béla Kovács of the Hungarian neo-Nazi party Jobbik. They certified that the Crimean referendum was legitimate.[106]

Concerns have been raised about the objectivity of Russian-invited observers and the fact that the Eurasian Observatory for Democracy & Elections (EODE), claiming to be election monitoring organization, has ties to far-right and neo-nazi groups.[107][108] The mission leader Mateusz Piskorski is a well-known antisemite and admirer of Adolf Hitler,[109] and the EODE leader Luc Michel is an antisemite and neo-Nazi as well.[109]

Shaun Walker from The Guardian reported that during a press conference on the eve of the referendum, some of the aforementioned observers "went on political rants against U.S. hegemony in the world", describing the press conference as "rather bizarre".[f] Exit-polls were allowed only for the Republican Institute of Sociological Research since, according to Russia-24, no other organizations have applied for accreditation for exit polls.[111]

Reports

A Russian journalist stated that she was allowed to vote even after admitting she was a Russian citizen with only a temporary one-year permit to live in Crimea[112] "According to all the laws, this is illegal," she said in one interview. "I am a foreign citizen. How can I decide the destiny of the Crimean Autonomous Republic of Ukraine?".[113]

The chairman of the electoral campaign of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People claimed officials failed to check carefully whether voters' names were on the electoral register and that some voters were bussed in to Bakhchysarai to increase participation rates in the city.[114] Mejlis also stated that only 34.2% of Crimea residents participated in the referendum.[115][116]

There were reports of people confiscating identification documents before the voting day. Simferopol city administration confirmed these claims and declared these actions unlawful.[117]

A senior US official stated there was "concrete evidence" of some ballots having been pre-marked.[118][119]

Aftermath

Vladimir Putin (third, left), Sergey Aksyonov (first, left), Vladimir Konstantinov (second, left) and Aleksei Chalyi (right) sign the Treaty on the Adoption of the Republic of Crimea to Russia
Further information: Accession of Crimea to the Russian Federation

The next day after the referendum, the parliament of Crimea asked the Russian Federation "to admit the Republic of Crimea as a new subject with the status of a republic".[120] Later on the same day, 17 March, Putin issued a decree formally recognizing Crimea as an independent state.[121] On 18 March, the Russian, Crimean, and Sevastopolian leadership signed the Treaty on the Adoption of the Republic of Crimea to Russia,[122] which was ratified by the Russian Federal Assembly on 21 March.[123] A transition period is in force for integrating Crimean governmental institutions, ending on 1 January 2015.[124]

After the seizure of Ukrainian naval base at Feodosia on 24 March, Russian troops have seized most of Ukraine's military bases in Crimea. On the same day, the acting President of Ukraine, Oleksandr Turchynov, ordered the withdrawal of Ukrainian armed forces from Crimean peninsula.[125]

Reactions

See also: International recognition of the Republic of Crimea
Refat Chubarov, leader of Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, commented decision of Supreme Council of Crimea. Template:Ru icon

Most countries that have taken a position on the Crimean referendum have condemned it as a breach of Ukrainian sovereignty. Only a few countries, including Armenia, Kazakhstan, Russia, and several breakaway states supported by Russia have endorsed the vote.

Domestic

  • The Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People has announced that "Crimean Tatars will not take part in the referendum and deem it illegitimate."[126] Mejlis Chairman Refat Chubarov argued that voter turnout in the referendum among Crimeans could only be a maximum of 30–40 percent and that only 1 percent of the Tatar people participated.[127]
  •  Ukraine – The Ukrainian government has announced it will not recognise the referendum. Acting president Oleksandr Turchynov stated: "It is not a referendum, it is a farce, a fake and a crime against the state which is organised by the Russian Federation's military."[128] Former Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko alleged Russian coercion in allowing the referendum and that the international community should not allow it to happen.[129]

International

UN Security Council vote on a draft resolution condemning the 2014 Crimean referendum.
  Voted in favor of resolution
  Abstained
  Vetoed resolution
Organizations
  •  European Union – All 28 member states of the European Union believe the separation of the Crimea from Ukraine to be unacceptable under international law.[130]
  • The European Parliament rejected the referendum on independence in Crimea, which they saw as manipulated and contrary to international and Ukrainian law.[131]
  • Group of 7 world leaders said that they would not recognize the results of a referendum for Ukraine's Crimea region. The leaders called on Russia to "immediately" halt actions supporting the referendum on Crimea regarding its status.[132]
  • United Nations The United Nations Security Council voted 13–1 (with one abstention: China) to condemn the referendum, but Russia vetoed the draft resolution.[133]
  • United Nations The United Nations General Assembly approved a resolution describing the Crimean referendum as illegal. One hundred countries voted in favour of approving a UN General Assembly resolution declaring the Crimean referendum illegal and affirming Ukraine's territorial integrity. Eleven nations voted against, with 58 abstentions.[12]
  • The Monitoring Committee, in its report that was the basis for PACE resolution No. 1988 (2014) of April 9, 2014,[134] questioned the official outcome of the referendum. Russians accounted for only 54% of the population and around 36% were Crimean Tatars and ethnic Ukrainians, who had announced a boycott of the referendum. The authors of the report argued that the combination of an 82% turnout and a 96% vote in favor of annexation was therefore implausible.
  • NATO NATO – Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen said on March 14, "a planned referendum in Ukraine's Crimea region would violate international law and lack legitimacy".[135] On April 12, NATO published a fact sheet claims that "the referendum was illegal according to the Ukrainian constitution, which states that questions of altering the territory of Ukraine are resolved exclusively by an All-Ukrainian referendum and was organized in a matter of weeks by a self-proclaimed Crimean leadership that was installed by armed Russian military personnel after seizing government buildings".[136]

States

Results of the United Nations General Assembly vote about the territorial integrity of Ukraine.
  In favor   Against   Abstentions   Absent   Non-members
  •  Afghanistan – The office of President Hamid Karzai said that Afghanistan respected "decision the people of Crimea took through a recent referendum that considers Crimea as part of the Russian Federation". Western press speculated that Afghanistan's government's break with its Western backers may have been due to Afghanistan's own irredentist aspirations to similarly regain Pashtun-inhabited parts of Pakistan.[137]
  •  Albania – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Albania described the referendum as illegal in a statement and strongly objected to the idea that the declaration of independence of Crimea should be treated in the same manner as the declaration of independence of Kosovo.[138] After the referendum, the Ministry reiterated its stance, saying the referendum set a dangerous precedent.[139]
  •  Argentina – The President of Argentina Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, whose nation currently is a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, criticized the United States, the European Union and the United Kingdom pointing out the hypocrisy that stems from them trying to act as the world's police force. Kirchner further stated the double standards of the aforementioned bodies by stating that "My country is sufering an encroachment in the Malvinas Islands by the United Kingdom, and the major powers have spoken in favor of the referendum that 'kelpers' had: that is double standard. Can not agree with the regional integrity in Crimea but not Argentina's", in reference to the Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute and its recent referendum in 2013.[140]
  •  Armenia – Foreign Minister Eduard Nalbandyan said on March 17 that Armenia is "for the settlement of the Ukrainian crisis through dialogue, in peaceful and negotiated manner based on the UN Charter, international law."[141] During a phone conversation with Putin on March 19 President Serzh Sargsyan said the referendum in Crimea was an exercise of peoples' right to self-determination via free expression of will. Both leaders highlighted the importance of a commitment to the norms and principles of international law.[142][143] Asbarez commented that Sargsyan "apparently recognized Crimea's referendum to secede from Ukraine and join Russia."[144] In response, on March 20, Oleh Tyahnybok, the leader of the Ukrainian far-right Svoboda, urged to recall the Ukrainian ambassador to Armenia.[145]
  •  Australia – Foreign Minister Julie Bishop has rejected the legitimacy of the referendum, given the brief time frame, the disregard of the Ukrainian constitution and the presence of Russian troops on the peninsula. Australia also imposes sanctions on Russia.[146]
  •  Belarus - Position of President Alexander Lukashenko is vague: it includes "Ukraine should remain an integral, indivisible, non-aligned state" and "As for Crimea, I do not like it when the integrity and independence of a country are broken", on the one hand, and "Today Crimea is part of the Russian Federation. No matter whether you recognize it or not, the fact remains." and "Whether Crimea will be recognized as a region of the Russian Federation de-jure does not really matter", on the other hand.[147]
  •  Canada – Prime Minister Stephen Harper said the Canadian government will not recognise the result and that the region was under "illegal military occupation."[128]
  •  China – Foreign Ministry spokesperson Hong Lei said, "China always respects all countries’ sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity. The Crimean issue should be resolved politically under a framework of law and order. All parties should exercise restraint and refrain from raising the tension.”[148][149][150]
  •  Finland – The Foreign Ministry described the referendum as "against the Ukrainian constitution and, as such, illegal" and said it would "only aggravate the situation further".[151]
  •  France – Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius said that the referendum in Ukraine's Crimea region planned for March 16 is illegitimate and the annexation of Crimea by Russia would be illegal.[152] French President François Hollande told his Russian counterpart, Vladimir Putin, in a phone call that the referendum planned in Crimea "has no legal basis."[153]
  •  Georgia – On March 16, the Foreign Ministry released a statement saying it "does not recognize the referendum" as it occurred "amid pressure from Russian armed forces, in defiance of the universally recognized norms and principles of international law, with complete disregard for the Ukrainian national laws." It added, "Russia's attempt to annex Crimea represents a blatant violation of the commitments it has undertaken both under multilateral and bilateral agreements."[154] On March 17, President Giorgi Margvelashvili called it an "illegal referendum" and expressed his "extreme concern". He said that "it is unimaginable to speak about free choice and free expression of people’s will, where the situation is controlled by foreign, namely Russian, armed formations." He asserted that Georgia does not recognize the referendum and support Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity.[155]
  •  Germany – Chancellor Angela Merkel called the referendum "illegal and incompatible with Ukraine's constitution."[128]
  •  Hungary – In an interview to CNN's Richard Quest broadcast on 19 March, Foreign Minister János Martonyi asked if Budapest would back tougher sanctions on the Russians if the current ones did not succeed, said that if it came to it Hungary would expect EU member states to share the burden of the consequences equably. He said "we hope there'll be no need for that because also this morning we repeated and underlined again that diplomatic and political solutions should be found through negotiations between the parties."[156]
  •  Iceland – On March 14, the Foreign Minister Gunnar Bragi Sveinsson released a statement saying "The forthcoming referendum Crimea is taking place under Russian occupation. It is not in accordance with international law and is only bound to increase tensions in the region. It goes without saying that the outcome of such a referendum cannot be validated”.[157]
  •  India – India stated "There are legitimate Russian and other interests involved and we hope they are discussed and resolved." Further India made it clear that it will not support any "unilateral measures" against Russian government. "India has never supported unilateral sanctions against any country. Therefore, we will also not support any unilateral measures by a country or a group of countries against Russia." [158]
  •  Indonesia – The Minister of Foreign Affairs Marty Natalegawa stated, as instructed by the President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, stated that Republic of Indonesia does not recognize the Crimean referendum which is viewed as a violation of Ukrainian unity and sovereignty.[159]
  •  Kazakhstan - Kazakhstan views the referendum held in Crimea "as a free expression of will of the Autonomous Republic's population".[160]
  •  Kyrgyzstan – Kyrgyzstan views the interim Ukrainian government as legitimate and has stated concern over the crisis, and condemns any activities aimed at destabilizing the situation in Ukraine.[161] Nevertheless, the country recognized the referendum results as reflecting "the views of the region’s absolute majority."[162]
  •  Japan – Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida announced a set of sanctions against Russia for its recognition of Crimea as an independent state. Japan does not recognize the outcome of Crimea's referendum to split from Ukraine, saying it violates the Ukrainian constitution, and the country's sanctions to Russia involve suspension of talks on relaxing visa requirements between the two countries as well as planned talks on investment, space and military.[163]
  •  Lithuania – Lithuania supports and recognizes Ukraine's territorial integrity, including Crimea. Foreign Minister Linas Linkevičius has labeled the referendum as unhelpful in engendering a solution to the crisis.[citation needed]
  •  Norway – On March 14, the Foreign Minister Børge Brende released a statement saying "the referendum in Crimea, if it is held on Sunday as planned, is in violation of international law and lacks legitimacy”.[164]
  •  Philippines – The Department of Foreign Affairs released a statement saying that the Philippines is concerned over developments in Crimea, and urges all parties to exercise maximum restraint under United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3314. The DFA also urged for "comprehensive, inclusive and peaceful dialogue and reconciliation, with full respect for the rule of law".[165]
  •  Poland – The Minister of Foreign Affairs Radosław Sikorski told Corriere della Sera on 16 March 2014, that the Crimean referendum was a farce under the barrel of a gun, reminiscent of the 19th-century territorial acquisitions. Poland cannot accept that especially that Russian minorities live everywhere, including in the Baltic states. The EU must reassert its role in Central Europe with clear definition of who's on the attack here and who's being attacked said Sikorski.[166] Following a working visit of the Polish delegation in Kyiv, the MFA Press Office stated on 1 April, that Poland have allocated nearly half a million zloty toward expert assistance for the Ukrainian self-government reform, in order to share experience gained after the collapse of the Soviet empire.[167]
  •  Romania – President Traian Băsescu issued a statement declaring that: "Romania considers the referendum illegal, and will not recognize the results".[168] Foreign Minister Titus Corlățean called it "illegal and illegitimate" and "a violation of the Ukrainian Constitution", adding that the "result will not be recognized by the democratic international community".[169]
  •  Russian Federation – Chairman of the Federation Council, Valentina Matviyenko, said that Russia will welcome Crimea to the Federation if the referendum passes.[170] President Vladimir Putin has further solidified Russia's position on the matter, stating: "The steps taken by the legitimate leadership of Crimea are based on the norms of international law and aim to ensure the legal interests of the population of the peninsula." [171] During a phone call with once deported, former leader of the Crimean Tatars Mustafa Dzhemilev President Putin informed him that the rights of this indigenous people is important to him and that he ordered to prevent any violence against the Crimean Tatars.[172] On 17 March, President Putin signed a decree recognizing Crimea as a sovereign state.[17][173] The State Duma issued a statement that was supported by 441 legislators, with one abstention and said: "Welcoming the expression of will by the Crimean people at the March 16 referendum on accession of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol to Russia, the State Duma proceeds from the standpoint that the government bodies operating on the territory of Crimea will be maintaining inter-faith accord and language diversity of the republic. The State Duma will contribute to ensuring the safety of all people staying in Crimea, regardless of their citizenship, nationality, language or religion, and to observing their legitimate rights and freedoms".[174] Mayor of Moscow, Sergey Sobyanin congratulated residents of the Republic of Crimea. He recalled that Russians had always felt unity with Crimea and Sevastopol.[175]
  •  Serbia - Ministry of Foreign Affairs refused to comment on Crimean referendum due to the caretaker status of the Government following the elections.[176]
  •  South Korea - The Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that “The sovereignty, territorial right and independence of Ukraine must necessarily be respected,” adding that “Our government cannot recognize the (recent) referendum on Crimean people and Russia’s (subsequent) annexation of Crimea.”[177]
  •  Turkey – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey stated that, "The result of the unlawful and illegitimate “referendum” held in Crimea on Sunday, 16 March 2014, and the de facto situation that will prevail following the steps that will be taken in conjunction with this referendum will not bear any legal validity for Turkey and will not recognize." [178] Also, Turkey supports and recognizes Ukraine's territorial integrity, including Crimea.[179] Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu has labeled the referendum as unhelpful in engendering a solution to the crisis.[180]
  •  United Kingdom – Prime Minister David Cameron has declared that any referendum vote in Crimea will be "illegal, illegitimate, and will not be recognized by the international community."[181][182] Foreign Secretary William Hague said that "I condemn the fact that this referendum has taken place. ... The UK does not recognise the referendum or its outcome. ... we believe measures must be adopted that send a strong signal to Russia that this challenge to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine will bring economic and political consequences."[183]
  •  United States – The United States will not recognize the results of the referendum, and will continue to consider Crimea as part of Ukraine.[184] President Barack Obama claimed that the referendum would violate Ukrainian sovereignty and international law.[128] The United States issued limited sanctions on a number of Russian and Crimean officials.
  •  Venezuela - Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro has accused both the US and the EU of “double standards” over Crimea and recalled the Kosovo and Falkland Islands referendums as evidence.[citation needed]
  •  Vietnam The Spokesman of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Lê Hải Bình said that "the measures need to respect basic principles of international laws and legitimate aspirations of people so that the situation will soon be stable for peace and stability in the region and the world." [185]
States with limited recognition
  •  Abkhazia – President Alexander Ankvab stated that he "respects the will of Crimeans, supports and recognizes their momentous choice" and that the referendum "reflects the will of multi-national people of the peninsula."[186]
  •  Nagorno-Karabakh – Foreign Ministry of the NKR said in a statement on 17 March that the referendum is "yet another manifestation of realization of the right of people to self-determination."[187] On March 18, a concert was held in Stepanakert dedicated to the "self-determination of Crimea" and was attended, among others, by President Bako Sahakyan.[188]
  •  South Ossetia – Foreign Ministry stated that they "respect the right of population of Crimea to determine independently its fate."[186]
  •  Transnistria - Irina Kubanskikh, a spokeswoman for the Transnistrian parliament, said that the region's public bodies had "appealed to the Russian Federation leadership to examine the possibility of extending to Trans-Dniester the legislation, currently under discussion in the State Duma, on granting Russian citizenship and admitting new subjects into Russia."[189]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Crimean Parliament (2014; in Russian) "Вопрос, получивший большинство голосов, считается выражающим прямое волеизъявление населения Крыма."[64]
  2. ^ Kolstø; Edemsky (1995) "On 5 May 1992 the Crimean parliament adopted a constitution plus a Declaration of Independence. [...] However, on the very next day, the parliament inserted a new sentence into the new constitution to the effect that the Crimean republic [was] a constituent part of the Ukrainian republic." p. 194[68]
  3. ^ a b Morello; Constable; Faiola (2014) "[Mikhail Malyshev, the Crimean election Spokesman,] who spoke briefly Monday morning on Crimean televsion, said a total of 1,274,096 people voted, for an 83.1 percent turnout. Of those who cast a ballot, [sic] 1,233,002 voted to shift to Russia, 31,997 voted to stay with Ukraine, and 9,097 were in invalid, Malyshev said."[79]
  4. ^ Calculated as Total votes cast divided by Turnout
  5. ^ The Constitution of the Soviet Union did give the Republics of the Soviet Union the right to secede.[97]
  6. ^ Urquhat; Williamson; Nelid (2014) "[Walker has] just come back from a rather bizarre "press conference" of international observers for the referendum. It was 45 minutes before there were any questions, as the six people present mainly went on political rants against US hegemony in the world."[110]

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