Marwari language: Difference between revisions

Marwari
Marwari
मारवाड़ी
Native to	India, Pakistan, Nepal
Region	Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Sindh
Native speakers	(undated figure of 20 million); Census results conflate some speakers with Hindi.
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Western Rajasthani–Marwari Marwari; ; ; ; ;
Writing system	Devanagari script and Mahajani
Language codes
ISO 639-2	mwr
ISO 639-3	mwr – inclusive code; Individual codes:; dhd – Dhundari; rwr – Marwari (India); mve – Marwari (Pakistan); wry – Merwari; mtr – Mewari; swv – Shekhawati; hoj – Harauti; gig – Goaria; ggg – Gurgula

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Marwari (Mārwāṛī मारवाड़ी; also rendered Marvari, Marwadi, Marvadi) is a Rajasthani language spoken in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Marwari is also found in the neighboring state of Gujarat and Haryana and in Eastern Pakistan. With some 13.2 million speakers (in 1997, ca.), it is the largest language by number of speakers of the Marwari subgroup of the Rajasthani language. There are 13 million speakers in Rajasthan and rest 200,000 in Sindh province of Pakistan. There about 23 dialects of the Marwari language.

It is popularly written in Devanagari script, as is Hindi, Marathi, Nepali and Sanskrit. Marwari currently has no official status as a language of education and government. There has been a push in the recent past for the national government to recognize this language and give it a scheduled status. The state of Rajasthan recognizes Rajasthani as a language.

In Pakistan, there are two varieties of Marwari. They may or may not be close enough to Indian Marwari to be considered the same language. Marwari speakers are concentrated in Sindh.

The Marwari language was used in the recent Indian movie, Paheli, where it was mixed with Hindi so it is understandable to the main stream (Hindi speakers) audience. Marwari is still spoken widely in and around Jodhpur. There are ongoing efforts to identify and classify this language cluster and the language differences.

History

It is said that Marwari and Gujarati evolved from Gujjar Bhakha or Maru-Gurjar, language of the Gurjars.^[4] Formal grammar of Rajasthani was written by Jain monk and eminent scholar Hemachandra Suri.

Classification and related languages

Marwari sounds similar to Haryanvi and is similar to Gujrati, Punjabi, Hindi and Haryanvi. Closely related languages to Marwari in the Rajasthani cluster are: Gojri, Shekhawati, Hadoti, Dhundhari, Mewari, Brij, Bagri, Wagdi, Mewati.

Geographical distribution

Marwari is primarily spoken in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Marwari speakers have dispersed widely throughout India and other countries but are found most notably in the neighboring state of Gujarat and in Eastern Pakistan. Speakers are also found in Bhopal. With some 13.2 million speakers (in 1997, ca. 13 million in India and 200,000 in Pakistan) it is the largest of the Marwari subgroup of the Rajasthani cluster of western dialects of Hindi.

Phonology

It shares a 50%-65% lexical similarity with Hindi (this is based on a Swadesh 210 word list comparison). Marwari has many cognate words with Hindi. Notable phonetic correspondences include /s/ in Hindi with /h/ in Marwari. For example /sona/ 'gold' (Hindi) and /hono/ 'gold' (Marwari). /h/ sometimes elides. There are also a variety of vowel changes. Most of the pronouns and interrogatives are, however, distinct from those of Hindi.

Grammar

Marwari language has grammar structure which is quite similar to the Hindi language. Its primary sentence structure is SOV (subject–object–verb). Most of the pronouns and interrogatives used in Marwari language are distinct from those used in Hindi. At least Marwari proper and Harauti have a clusivity distinction.

Vocabulary

Marwari Vocabulary language is somehow similar to Hindi language but it has difference in speaking of it. They use words which is not of Hindi language and are purely of Sanskrit language.

Writing system

Marwari is generally written in the Devanagari script, although the Mahajani script is traditionally associated with the language. Traditionally it was written in Mahajani script (which does not have vowels, only consonants). In Pakistan it is written in the Perso-Arabic script with modifications. Historical Marwari orthography for Devanagari uses other characters in place of standard Devanagari letters.^[5]

References

Lakhan Gusain (2004). Marwari. Munich: Lincom Europa (LW/M 427)

^ Marwari language at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
^ [1]
^ Ernst Kausen, 2006. Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen (Microsoft Word, 133 KB)
^ Ajay Mitra Shastri (2005). Revealing India's past: recent trends in art and archaeology. Aryan Books International. p. 227. ISBN 8173052875, ISBN 978-81-7305-287-3. It is an established fact that during 10th-11th century.....Interestingly the language was known as the Gujjar Bhakha.. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); horizontal tab character in |id= at position 5 (help)
^ Pandey, Anshuman. 2010. Proposal to Encode the Marwari Letter DDA for Devanagari

External links

[1] Marwari language at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)

[2] [1]

[3] Ernst Kausen, 2006. Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen (Microsoft Word, 133 KB)

[4] Ajay Mitra Shastri (2005). Revealing India's past: recent trends in art and archaeology. Aryan Books International. p. 227. ISBN 8173052875, ISBN 978-81-7305-287-3. It is an established fact that during 10th-11th century.....Interestingly the language was known as the Gujjar Bhakha.. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); horizontal tab character in |id= at position 5 (help)

[5] Pandey, Anshuman. 2010. Proposal to Encode the Marwari Letter DDA for Devanagari

[1]

[2]

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@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 '''Marwari''' (''Mārwāṛī'' ''मारवाड़ी''; also rendered ''Marvari'', ''Marwadi'', ''Marvadi'') is a [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani language]] spoken in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. Marwari is also found in the neighboring state of [[Gujarat]] and [[Haryana]] and in Eastern Pakistan. With some 13.2 million speakers  (in 1997, ca.), it is the largest language by number of speakers of the Marwari subgroup of the [[Rajasthani language]]. There are 13 million speakers in Rajasthan and rest 200,000 in [[Sindh]] province of [[Pakistan]]. There about 23 dialects of the Marwari language.
-It is popularly written in [[Devanagari]] script, as is [[Hindi]], [[Sanskrit]] and [[Nepali language|Nepali]]. Marwari currently has no official status as a language of education and government.  There has been a push in the recent past for the national government to recognize this language and give it a scheduled status. The state of Rajasthan recognizes Rajasthani as a language.
+It is popularly written in [[Devanagari]] script, as is [[Hindi]], [[Marathi]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Sanskrit]]. Marwari currently has no official status as a language of education and government.  There has been a push in the recent past for the national government to recognize this language and give it a scheduled status. The state of Rajasthan recognizes Rajasthani as a language.
 In Pakistan, there are two varieties of Marwari. They may or may not be close enough to Indian Marwari to be considered the same language. Marwari speakers are concentrated in [[Sindh]].