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In late January, there were multiple reports that Western foreign fighters, including Americans, British, and Germans among others, had moved into Afrin to aid its defense against Turkish-led forces.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-42799284|title=British men prepare to fight Turkish-led forces in Syria|agency=[[BBC News]]|date=24 January 2018|accessdate=2 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/27/world/middleeast/foreign-fighters-kurdish-militia-syria.html|title=Foreign Fighters Back Kurdish Militia in Syria in Fight Against Turkey|agency=[[New York Times]]|date=27 January 2018|accessdate=2 February 2018|author=Megan Specia}}</ref> <br>
In late January, there were multiple reports that Western foreign fighters, including Americans, British, and Germans among others, had moved into Afrin to aid its defense against Turkish-led forces.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-42799284|title=British men prepare to fight Turkish-led forces in Syria|agency=[[BBC News]]|date=24 January 2018|accessdate=2 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/27/world/middleeast/foreign-fighters-kurdish-militia-syria.html|title=Foreign Fighters Back Kurdish Militia in Syria in Fight Against Turkey|agency=[[New York Times]]|date=27 January 2018|accessdate=2 February 2018|author=Megan Specia}}</ref> <br>

[[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AKP]] spokesman [[Mahir Ünal]] accused [[PYD]] of releasing 400 ISIL members from Manbij and Raqqa, on the condition to fight against the Turkish army in Afrin.<ref>[http://aa.com.tr/tr/gunun-basliklari/ak-parti-sozcusu-unal-pydnin-400-deasliyi-serbest-biraktigi-teyit-edildi/1058968] AK Parti Sözcüsü Ünal: PYD'nin 400 DEAŞ'lıyı serbest bıraktığı teyit edildi</ref>


==War crime reports==
==War crime reports==

Revision as of 23:32, 9 February 2018

For the previous Turkish operation in Syria, see Operation Euphrates Shield.

Turkish military operation in Afrin
Part of the Syrian Civil War, the Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War and the Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

  Turkish-backed opposition control
  Kurdish control
  Syrian Army control
For a more detailed, up-to-date, interactive map, see here.
Date20 January 2018[a] – present
(6 years, 9 months, 2 weeks and 6 days)
Location
Afrin District, northern Aleppo Governorate, Syria
Status Ongoing
Territorial
changes
Belligerents
 Turkey
Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army (TFSA)[1]
Non-TFSA rebel factions[2]
 Democratic Federation of Northern Syria
Sinjar Resistance Units (YBŞ)
Êzîdxan Women's Units (YJÊ)
Commanders and leaders
Turkey Lt. Gen. İsmail Metin Temel[6]
(Operations chief commander)
Maj. Yasser Abdul Rahim[7]
(Sham Legion commander)
Lt. Col. Muhammad Hamadin[8]
(Third Legion and Levant Front commander)
Abu Muslim[7]
(Levant Front commander)
Ahmad Fayyadh Al-Khalaf †[9]
(Samarkand Brigade field commander)		 Bahjt Abedo[10]
(Afrin Region defense minister)[11]
Mehmud Berxwedan[12]
(YPG and SDF Afrin commander)
Haji Ahmed[13]
(Army of Revolutionaries commander)
Units involved
See order of battle See order of battle
Strength

Turkey Unknown

Equipment
10,000–25,000[22][23]		 8,000–10,000[24]
Casualties and losses

Per SOHR:[25]
136 killed
Turkey 22 killed

Per SDF:
Turkey 781 killed[26][27]

Per Turkey:[28][29][30]
24+ killed, 108+ wounded

Turkey 19 killed, 64 wounded

Per SOHR:
135 killed[3][25]

Per SDF:
77 killed[26][27]

Per Turkey:

1,062 killed, wounded or captured[31]
70–129 civilians killed in Syria
(per SOHR and SDF)[b][25][32]
7 civilians killed in Turkey (2 Syrians)[33]

a The TAF announced the start of Operation Olive Branch on 20 January,[34] while the Turkish Defence Minister stated it "de facto started with cross-border shelling" the day before[35] when one additional SDF fighter was killed.[36]

b Denied by Turkey.[37]

In January 2018, the Turkish military began an operation in the Kurdish-majority Afrin Canton and the Tel Rifaat Area of Shahba Canton in Northern Syria. Turkey code-named the operation as Operation Olive Branch (Template:Lang-tr). The offensive is against the Kurdish-led Democratic Union Party in Syria (PYD),[38] its armed wing People's Protection Units (YPG),[39] and Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) positions surrounding the Syrian city of Afrin.[35] Turkey also says it is fighting the ISIL,[40] though ISIL does not exist in Afrin.[41][42][43][44][45] Afrin and the surrounding area is claimed by the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria as Afrin Canton, part of its Afrin Region. It is the first major military operation by Turkey in Syria since Operation Euphrates Shield.

Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has stated that the operation in Afrin would be followed by a push in the northern town of Manbij,[46] which the US-backed Kurdish forces captured from ISIL in 2016.[24] American generals said they’ll respond “aggresively” if such a provocation is made against them.[47] Turkey is confronting the YPG alongside the Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army (TFSA) and other rebel groups, including Sham Legion and Ahrar al-Sham.[2] The YPG announced that it would protect the people of Afrin and respond to the Turkish army.[48] Hundreds of civilians have been killed[49] and at least 16,000 civilians have been displaced since the operation started.[50][51] Other war crime allegations include the mutilation of female corpses by TFSA fighters,[52] the use of napalm by the Turkish army,[53] and the indiscriminate shooting of refugees fleeing from the conflict area into Turkey by Turkish border guards.[54]

Erdoğan has threatened there will be a "heavy price" for those who have protested against the military offensive.[55][56] Hundreds of individuals have been arrested for demonstrating against the operation.[57] Dozens of journalists and hundreds of social media users have also been arrested for criticizing the operation.[58][59]

Background

Demonstration in Afrin (top) to support the YPG and the YPJ against the Turkish military operation, and demonstration in Bizaah (bottom) to support the Turkish military operation in Afrin against the YPG and the YPJ, 19 January 2018.

Turkey has been fighting PKK and other groups in southeastern Turkey for decades. The Kurdish–Turkish conflict is estimated to have cost 40,000 lives. The Turkish government has publicly stated that it does not recognize a difference between the Syrian YPG forces and PKK, and says that both are terrorist organizations.[60] While the PKK is a designated Foreign Terrorist Organization by the United States, the United States' position on the YPG is that it is not a terrorist organization and that has become source of conflict between the two NATO allies.[61][62] Despite this, the CIA named the PYD as the "Syrian wing" of the PKK in its World Factbook on 23 January 2018.[63] However, the head of the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR) remarked that "Turkey supports anything that harms the Kurds" and stated that Turkey has consistently been allowing jihadist fighters to cross the Turkish border into Syria to fight Kurds since the start of the Syrian Civil War.[64]

In the course of the Syrian Civil War, Damascus government forces pulled back from the Afrin in spring 2012. The Popular Protection Units took control of the city soon afterward.[65][66] Afrin Canton as a de facto autonomous part was declared on 29 January 2014[67][68] and the territory has virtually never seen civil war combat, the ISIS never attacked Afrin. Afrin managed to maintain some trust with both the Syrian government and its rebel neighbors.[69] In February 2016, during the latter part of the Battle of Aleppo, Syrian government forces cut-off the rebel supply route to Aleppo. Subsequently, Kurdish forces moved east out of Afrin and successfully attacked the rebels, capturing the Menagh Military Airbase and the town of Tell Rifaat. In response, Turkish forces shelled Kurdish forces across the border to protect the rebel-held town of Azaz.[70][71] In 2017, Russian military troops stationed themselves in Afrin as part of an agreement to protect the YPG from further Turkish attacks.[72]

The offensive came amid growing tension between the Turkish and American governments over the latter's support of the Syrian Democratic Forces, which are made up primarily of Kurdish fighters of the YPG, which Turkey considers to be a branch of the PKK. In particular, Turkey objected to announced plans by the US to train and equip a 30,000 strong SDF border force, which Turkey claimed posed a direct threat to their security. "A country we call an ally is insisting on forming a terror army on our borders," Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said in a speech in Ankara. "What can that terror army target but Turkey? Our mission is to strangle it before it's even born."[73]

In the days prior to the offensive, Turkey and the Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army exchanged artillery fire with YPG militants along the Turkish-Syrian border near Afrin. The YPG shelled the TFSA-held town of Azaz.[74][75] The Turkish state-run Anadolu Agency reported that Russian military observers in the Afrin area began withdrawing on 19 January 2018 in anticipation of a Turkish offensive on YPG positions in Afrin.[76][77]

On 21 January Erdoğan warned that anyone in Turkey protesting against the operation would pay a "heavy price".[55][78] Erdoğan then added: "Know that wherever you go out on the streets our security forces are on your necks."[79]

Offensive

The Turkish government announced the start of the offensive on 19 January 2018, with Turkish Defence Minister Nurettin Canikli stating, "The operation has actually de facto started with cross-border shelling." He added no troops had crossed into Afrin.[35] Turkey intensified its shelling later, while People's Protection Units (YPG) claimed that 70 shells had been fired overnight.[80] After days of shelling, Turkish fighter jets on 20 January 2018 carried out air raids on the border district targeting positions held by the PYD and YPG groups.[24]

Tanks of the Turkish Land Forces on the way to Afrin

The UK-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR) stated that 14 people in a psychiatric hospital had been wounded due to shelling by Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF). Turkish media reported that 20 buses carrying Turkish-backed Syrian opposition rebels had crossed into Syria through the Öncüpınar border crossing. An AFP photographer stated that 30 buses carrying Syrian fighters had also crossed through the Cilvegözü border crossing.[81]

On 20 January, the pro-PYD Hawar News Agency reported that fighters of the Army of Revolutionaries in the Shahba Canton inflicted damage to the ranks of the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army as they killed 4 SNA fighters, and wounded 5 others, in a claimed response to the recent mortar and artillery bombardments of civillian areas.[82] YPG forces fired rockets on Turkish border towns Kilis and Reyhanli, where at least one civilian was reported killed amongst a number of wounded.[55] Turkey announced that its airstrikes had hit 150 targets in Afrin.[83][84]

The Turkish General Staff made the announcement in a statement published on its website, saying the objective of the mission is to "establish security and stability on our borders and region, to eliminate terrorists of PKK/KCK/PYD-YPG and ISIL."[85]

On 21 January 2018, Turkish state media reported Turkish ground forces begun to move into Afrin[86] and had advanced up to 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) into the territory.[55] The SOHR reported that Turkish troops had clashed with Kurdish militias on the northern and western borders of Afrin and entered the towns of Shankil and Adah Manli to the west.[87]

Women's Protection Units (YPJ) fighters in Afrin Region during the operation

By 22 January 2018, Turkish forces announced the capture of seven villages, although the YPG recaptured two.[88] The same day, the first Turkish soldier was reported killed in the fighting.[89][90] By 23 January, territorial gains of the pro-Turkish forces were still "limited". Both sides claimed to have inflicted numerous casualties on each other,[91] including a high-ranking TFSA commander,[9] amid the back-and-forth fighting for several strategic points at the border. Meanwhile, about 5,000 civilians had fled the Turkish advance in the contested areas, relocating into the central areas of Afrin Region.[91] On 27 January, in the first case of a Kurdish suicide attack against Turkish forces, female Kurdish YPJ fighter Zuluh Hemo (a.k.a. "Avesta Habur") was reported to had threw a grenade down the turret of a Turkish tank, destroying the tank and killing two Turkish soldiers and herself. The attack took place during fighting in the village of al-Hammam.[92] The Turkish military denied that any Turkish soldiers had been killed or injured in the incident, and also claimed that Hemo blew herself up with a grenade in her mouth.[93]

TFSA fighters hoist the Turkish flag and the Syrian independence flag on the top of Barsaya mountain[94]

On 28 January, pro-Turkish forces achieved their first major victory by capturing the strategic Barsaya mountain[5][95] after several previous attacks on the mountain since 22 January failed[96] due to stiff Kurdish resistance.[97] The following day, there were reports Kurdish fighters once again pushed back the Turkish-led forces from the mountain,[98] although Turkey disputed this,[99] with Turkish commander Lt. Gen. İsmail Metin Temel, who was leading the operation, reportedly visiting Barsaya.[100]

At the start of February, some rebel factions fighting on behalf of the Turkish army reportedly withdrew from Afrin in order to fight the Syrian army.[101][better source needed]

On 6 February, a convoy from the eastern parts of SDF-controlled Northern Syria carrying YPG as well as Yazidi YBŞ and YJÊ fighters passed through regime-held territory and arrived in the city of Afrin after an agreement for the transfer was approved by Damascus. The number of fighters in the convoy is unclear, but estimates range from 500 up to 5,000. There has been speculation that the agreement as well as a recent halt in Turkish airstrikes on the Afrin region was approved after the Turkish troop deployment in the Aleppo Province and the downing of a Russian Su-25 by rebels in the Idlib province, located close to Turkish troops on 3 February. A commander among the pro-Syrian government forces also said that the army had deployed air defences and anti-aircraft missiles to the frontlines that are near Turkish positions and cover the airspace of the Syrian north including Afrin.[102][103][104][105][106] However, according to Turkish sources, Russia temporarily closed Syrian airspace to Turkey to establish an electronic defence mechanism against the Manpads since the night of 4 February. According to the report, Turkish armed drones can still operate in Afrin.[107] On 9 February, 12:00 AM (GMT+3), Syrian airspace is reopened for Turkish jets.[108][109]

Composition of forces

Turkey has been accused of having a contingent of ex-ISIS fighters within the ranks of its military and are likely spearheading troops in Afrin. An ex-ISIS fighter stated: "Most of those who are fighting in Afrin against the YPG [People’s Protection Units] are Isis, though Turkey has trained them to change their assault tactics."[110] Faraj, the name of the former ISIS member, added: "Turkey at the beginning of its operation tried to delude people by saying that it is fighting Isis, but actually they are training Isis members and sending them to Afrin."[110]

In late January, there were multiple reports that Western foreign fighters, including Americans, British, and Germans among others, had moved into Afrin to aid its defense against Turkish-led forces.[111][112]

AKP spokesman Mahir Ünal accused PYD of releasing 400 ISIL members from Manbij and Raqqa, on the condition to fight against the Turkish army in Afrin.[113]

War crime reports

A civilian wounded by the Turkish airstrikes on Afrin.

According to the Human Rights Watch (HRW), Turkish border guards have been indiscriminately shooting at refugees attempting to flee the conflict zone into Turkey. The deputy Middle East director at the HRW said: "Syrians fleeing to the Turkish border seeking safety and asylum are being forced back with bullets and abuse."[54] Several witnesses who were asylum seekers affirmed that they were beaten, suffered abuses, and were denied medical care.[54][114] The official statement from the HRW calls on Turkey to "respect the principle of nonrefoulement, which prohibits rejecting asylum seekers at borders when that would expose them to the threat of persecution, torture, and threats to life and freedom. Turkey must also respect the right to life and bodily integrity, including the absolute prohibition on subjecting anyone to inhuman and degrading treatment."[114] A senior Turkish government official denied the report on Saturday.[115]

In late January 2018, Kurdish officials accused Turkey of dropping napalm, a weapon that is prohibited in combat, during the operation.[53] Turkish Armed Forces denied usage of prohibited bombs: "Napalm, chemical, biological and similar ammunition prohibited by international law and treaties. It's not used by the Air Force. Such ammunition is not in the inventory of the Turkish Armed Forces."[116]

Less than a week after the operation having began, at least 66 civilians have been killed by aerial and artillery bombardment by Turkish forces. Senior SDF official Redur Xelil accused Turkey of committing war crimes.[117]

Several videos have emerged showing Turkish backed rebels mutilating the bodies of YPG fighters.[118] One such video showed the mutilated body of a dead female YPJ fighter with her breasts cut off. The fighters that surrounded her were Turkish-backed FSA fighters who called her a "female pig" and said "shame on them for sending women to fight" while stepping on her breasts and mocking her.[52] Rami Abdulrahman, the head of the SOHR, condemned the act and called it a "crime" and said this act "is more brutal, more ugly even than ISIS; they didn’t mutilate bodies like this, put their feet on someone’s chest."[52][119] According to the pro-PKK Firat News Agency, she was a YPJ fighter named "Barin Kobanê" who fought until the end and blew herself up.[120] The Free Syrian Army has said that it will investigate allegations that its fighters mutilated the corpse of a female member of the YPG.[121]

Another video emerged on social media which showed Turkish soldiers stepping and kicking the corpse of a YPG fighter.[118] More videos on social media then emerged including one such video that showed Turkish soldiers beating a Kurdish civilian while questioning him.[122]

Syrian news media outlets and Kurdish fighters have accused Turkish forces of bombing schools. The SOHR also stated that Turkey had bombed a water plant near the city of Afrin leaving more than 100,000 civilians without water. Turkey said these reports are untrue.[123]

Reactions in Turkey

In Istanbul, the offices of Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) was attacked when supporters of the operation vandalized the building and wrote sexist and racist writing on the walls.[124]

Rising anti-American sentiment has also occurred since the start of the operation. A poll conducted in Turkey during the operation revealed that 90 percent of respondents believed that the United States is "behind" the PKK and YPG.[125]

Groups in Turkey

The Nationalist Movement Party,[126] İYİ Party, Republican People's Party[127] and Patriotic Party[128] all supported the intervention, while the Peoples' Democratic Party,[129] Turkish Communist Party[130] and the Labour Party[131] opposed the intervention.

Less than a week after the operation began, İsmail Kahraman, the Speaker of the Grand National Assembly in Turkey, called for an open jihad in Afrin.[132][133][134] He said: "Look, we are now in Afrin. We are a big state. Without jihad, there can be no progress, one cannot stand on their feet."[135]

The Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople said that Turkish Armenians are praying for Turkish soldiers "who are fighting against terrorists".[136] Yetvart Danzikian, the editor-in-chief of Turkish-Armenian Agos newspaper in Turkey, asserted that it is wrong to state that the Armenians support the Patriarch. He added that there are "strong nationalists winds" in Turkey and going against the operation would lead to arrest and imprisonment.[137] The Greek Orthodox Patriarch, Bartholomew I, has also lent his support to the Turkish military operation.[138][better source needed] However, many news outlets in Greece criticized the Greek Patriarch's statement and some outlets, including the official Orthodox church website, mocked him with a picture of him standing happily next to a Turkish soldier.[139][140]

The Turkish Medical Association stated that the war could end in large-scale human tragedy to which Erdogan responded by calling the doctors of the association "filth", "agents of imperialism", and "terrorist lovers".[141] The Turkish interior ministry then opened an investigation into the association.[141] At least eleven doctors were then arrested.[142]

Media reactions

Turkish mainstream newspapers featured front page titles such as "We said we would strike despite the US and Russia. We struck the traitors", "We hit them in their den", "Iron fist to terror, olive branch to civilians", and "Our jets hit Afrin. Turkey’s heart beats as one" from the Sözcü, Sabah, Habertürk, and Hürriyet newspapers respectively.[143][144] İbrahim Karagül, editor-in-chief of the pro-AKP Yeni Şafak, wrote that the US is the real enemy and that it has a plan to "divide and destroy Turkey" by allying itself to PKK and ISIS. He called for the Incirlik Air Base to be shut down as "since the Syria war started, terrorist organizations are being controlled from this base." He also remarked that if it is not closed down "there will come a time when thousands of people surround and siege the İncirlik Base."[145] Pro-AKP Newspaper Yeni Akit wrote that Muslim al-Shishani, a US and United Nations-designated terrorist, joined Operation Olive Branch,[146] though Muslim al-Shishani strongly denied this, further urging Kurds and Turks to stop fighting and instead unite in order to combat the "rafidites" (a.k.a. the Syrian government).[147] Al-Masdar News also cited "a military source in Damascus", according to which Shishani and his followers took part in the fighting in Idlib Governorate.[148]

Media restrictions and arrests in Turkey

Turkish government ministers ordered the Turkish press to follow a 15-point list of "expectations" for reporting on the conflict, which included not mentioning attacks on civilians or protests against the operation, relying on Turkish government statements and ignoring statements by "domestic arms of the PKK", which include the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP), ignoring any protests against the Afrin operation, and keeping in mind "national interest" and "patriotic journalism".[59] Journalists were admonished not to "report news that boosts the morale of the PKK/PYD".[149][150] Reporters without Borders notes that the goal of these directives is to essentially "put the Turkish media at the service of the government and its war goals."[59]

As of 23 January 2018, at least 24 journalists writing columns against the operation have been arrested in Turkey.[58] In addition to the arrest of journalists, hundreds of known arrests occurred of social media users who criticized the operation. The Anadolu Chief Public Prosecutor's Office said that the posts were violations of the following crimes proscribed by articles of the Turkish Penal Code, including Article 301, which prohibit insulting public officials or the president, degrading the Turkish nation, and spreading terrorist propaganda.[58][59]

During a news segment on Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT), a newscaster is now being investigated by TRT's news division after she stated on air that civilians died due to Turkish bombardment. The news division stated: "After this sad mistake, our speaker has immediately been withdrawn from the air, and a new friend was assigned to replace her. Also, an investigation has been launched against our speaker."[151]

After the Turkish Medical Association stated that "every clash, every war, causes physical, psychological, social and environmental health problems and causes human tragedy", they were issued arrest warrants against 11 board members of the Turkish Medical Association for spreading terrorist propaganda.[152]

On 6 February 2018, Mehmet Arslan, a leader of the Democratic Regions Party, has been arrested for criticizing the operation.[153]

Turkey has detained nearly 600 people for social media posts and protesters who opposed the offensive.[154]

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) has criticized the Turkish government over the detention of social media users for criticizing the operation.[155]

Reactions in Syria

Syrian government

The Syrian Foreign Ministry condemned "the Turkish aggression against the town of Afrin", calling it "an inseparable part of Syria".[156] President of Syria Bashar al-Assad denounced the Turkish invasion as terrorism,[157] saying "Turkey’s aggression in the Syrian city of Afrin cannot be separated from the policy pursued by the Turkish regime since the outbreak of the Syrian crisis and built on support for terrorism and various terrorist groups"[158].

Other regional actors

  • Syrian opposition Syrian National Coalition supported the joint operation of the Syrian National Army and the Turkish Armed Forces considering it as continuation of the struggle against "the tyrannical regime and its allied Iranian terrorist organizations." The Coalition called Kurdistan Workers' Party, People's Protection Units and Democratic Union Party as terrorist organizations and urged to remove "their danger from Syria." The Syrian Coalition emphasized that "elected local councils will take on the administration of the freed towns and villages away from the authority of terrorist groups and the status quo they sought to establish."[159]
    • Syrian Turkmen councilhead Emin Bozoğlan stated "We were informed that the terror group PYD/PKK will transfer its arms to Raqqa, where they used to work with regime forces for years." He also said Turkey should "definitely" take necessary measures in this regard.[160]
    • Kurdish National Council in Syria, part of the Syrian National Coalition, condemned the Turkish military operation in Afrin. In a statement on 22 January, the KNC "categorically rejected" the SNC statement supporting the operation, stating that the SNC statement was released without consultation with the KNC. The KNC also demanded a halt to Turkish bombing and military operations in Afrin.[161][162]
  • The YPG stated that "they will respond to the Turkish provocation since civilians have been attacked".[163][164] General Command of YPG in Afrin stated: "We know that, without the permission of global forces and mainly Russia, whose troops located in Afrin, Turkey cannot attack civilians using Afrin airspace. Therefore we hold Russia as responsible as Turkey and stress that Russia is the crime partner of Turkey in massacring the civilians in the region."[165]
  • Syrian population in Idlib Governorate: local population denounced the move of rebel troops to serve Turkey in its focus on Afrin while the Syrian government lead an active and successful offensive against rebel groups in the region.[166]

International reactions

UN-member states

  • Azerbaijan Azerbaijan: Spokesman of Ministry of Foreign Affairs Hikmət Hacıyev said that Azerbaijan fully understands Turkey’s security concerns against "terror threat". Hacıyev also said: "Azerbaijan, which suffered from terrorism, condemns all forms and manifestations of terrorism and supports the efforts of the international community in the fight against this menace."[167]
  • Bulgaria Bulgaria: The President of Bulgaria Rumen Radev condemned the operation and insisted that the European Union should intervene to stop it.[168][169]
  • Cyprus Cyprus: The Republic of Cyprus condemned the Turkish invasion in Afrin as "illegal" and stressed that the Syrian crisis cannot be resolved by military means.[170]
  • Egypt Egypt: Egypt condemned Turkey's military operation in the Afrin region and stated it was a serious threat to Syria's sovereignty.[171]
  • France France: Minister of Foreign Affairs Jean-Yves Le Drian called for an emergency United Nations Security Council meeting hours after the Turkish incursion into Afrin. On Twitter he indicated that the meeting would also cover the situation in Ghouta and Idlib.[172] President Emmanuel Macron stated on 31 January 2018, that if the Operation Olive Branch intends something different than securing turkish borders against terrorists and evolves into an attempted invasion this becomes a real problem for France[173] Macron also said, Turkey must respect Syrias sovereignty.[174] On 7 February France’s foreign minister Jean-Yves Le Drian said that Ankara should not worsen the Syrian conflict: "Ensuring the security of its borders does not mean killing civilians and that should be condemned. In a dangerous situation in Syria, (Turkey) should not add war to war."[175]
  • Germany Germany: The assistant spokesman from the Minister for Foreign Affairs said that "Turkey has legitimate security interests along its border with Syria. We hope and expect that Turkey will continue to exert political and military restraint". Breul also added that Germany believes that the focus of military activities in northern Syria should be on ISIL and its successor terrorist organizations in the region.[176] Due to the ongoing Operation Olive Branch, Germany halted the upgrading of the Leopard 2 tanks. According to Sigmar Gabriel, the German government decided it was better not to deliver arms to conflict zones.[177]
  • Iran Iran: A spokesman for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs said: "Iran hopes that this operation will be ended immediately to prevent a deepening of the crisis in the border regions of Turkey and Syria. A continued crisis in Afrin may boost (..) terrorist groups in northern Syria."[178] Hassan Rouhani, the President of Iran, demanded Turkey to immediately halt its operation.[179]
  • Iraq Iraq: The Iraqi government condemned the operation. Iraqi foreign minister Ibrahim al-Jaafari stated: We reject any foreign nation from intervening in the affairs of another country."[180]
  • Netherlands Netherlands: The Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs, Halbe Zijlstra, said that Turkey had the right to defend itself and its border, but at the same time pleaded with Turkey to show restraint. He also mentioned in his letter to the Dutch parliament that the Turkish offensive in Afrin would impact the joint fight against ISIL. He believes this to be the case, because the Kurdish YPG fights alongside the international coalition against the ISIL, and are now being attacked by Turkey. Furthermore, he hopes to get more information from Turkish authorities concerning the operation, however, if this is not the case then he will ask for more clarity at the next NATO meeting.[181]
  • Qatar Qatar: Spokeswoman of Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Lulwah Rashif Al-Khater said that: "The launching of the Turkish military operation last Saturday was motivated by legitimate concerns related to its national security and the security of its borders, in addition to protecting Syria's territorial integrity from the danger of secession. Turkey, a NATO member, has always been a stabilizing factor in the region." She also added that Turkey's counterterrorist operation in Syria's Afrin region was motivated by legitimate security concerns.[182]
  • Russia Russia: Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov described Turkey's actions as "mad",[183] while also saying that it was "unilateral actions" by the United States in Iran and Syria that "enraged" Turkey.[184] The Russian Foreign Ministry stated that Moscow was closely following the situation in Syria's Afrin and was concerned by the news about the Turkish military engagement in the city. The Russian Ministry of Defense said that Russia was withdrawing its troops from Syria's Afrin, the target of the Turkish offensive.[156]
  • Sweden Sweden: The Foreign Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden Margot Wallström cancelled her visit to Turkey that was due in two weeks to protest the Afrin invasion.[185]
  • United Kingdom United Kingdom: Boris Johnson, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs said: "Watching developments in Afrin closely. Turkey is right to want to keep its borders secure. We share the goal of reducing violence and keeping the focus on the most important task: a political process in Syria that leads to the end of the Assad regime."[186] On 26 January, PM Theresa May called Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, both have agreed that civilians must be protected in his country's offensive against a Kurdish militia in Syria. Downing Street spokesman said: "The leaders discussed the ongoing Turkish operation in Afrin in Syria, with the Prime Minister recognising the right of Turkey to secure its border."[187]
  • United States United States: A spokesman for the Pentagon stated: "We encourage all parties to avoid escalation and to focus on the most important task of defeating ISIS." The spokesman then added that the United States understands Turkey's concerns about the PKK, but would like to see a deescalation of violence and instead focus on fighting ISIS.[188] US State Department spokesperson Heather Nauert called on Turkey not to engage in any invasion of Syria's Afrin, reiterating a statement made by US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, who also assured that the US had no intention of building a Syria-Turkey border force, saying the issue, which has incensed Ankara, had been "misportrayed."[156] A day later, Tillerson then added that the United States is "very concerned" and that the operation should remain limited in scope and should show restraint.[189] In a phone call on 24 January 2018, President Donald Trump urged Erdogan to "deescalate, limit its military actions, and avoid civilian casualties and increases to displaced persons and refugees."[190] After Turkey has urged the USA to remove its troops from Manbij, saying that otherwise they might come under attack from Turkish troops; however, US General Votel confirmed an American commitment to keeping troops in Manbij.[191]

Supranational organizations

  • NATO NATO: Deputy Secretary General Rose Gottemoeller said the following in Istanbul: "Among all NATO Allies, Turkey is the most exposed to instability and turmoil stemming from the Middle East.  Your country has suffered a series of brutal terrorist attacks and I want you to know that NATO stands in solidarity with Turkey in the fight against terrorism." [192] Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said: "Turkey is the NATO Ally which has suffered most from terrorist attacks over many years and Turkey, as all of the countries, have the right to self defence, but it is important that this is done in a proportionate and measured way." during his meeting in Madrid with Spanish Minister of Defence María Dolores de Cospedal.[193]
  • European Union European Union: The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Federica Mogherini said she was "extremely worried" and would seek talks with Turkish officials. She expressed her concerns for two reasons: "One side is the humanitarian one — we need to make sure that humanitarian access is guaranteed and that civilian population and people are not suffering from military activities on the ground." The second issue was the offensive "can undermine seriously the resumption of talks in Geneva, which is what we believe could really bring sustainable peace and security for Syria". [194] On 8 February, the European Parliament condemned the mass arrest of critics in Turkey of the Afrin operation, and criticized the military intervention as raising serious humanitarian concerns. "[MEPs] are seriously concerned about the humanitarian consequences of the Turkish assault and warn against continuing with these disproportionate actions," the parliament's statement said.[195]

Other political entities

  •  Northern Cyprus: In a Twitter post, Turkish Cypriot Prime Minister Hüseyin Özgürgün said his greatest wish is the successful outcome of the Afrin operation.[196]
    • The office of the Turkish Cypriot newspaper, Afrika, was attacked after Erdogan pointed out in a public speech that the newspaper wrote an article entitled the "Yet Another Invasion by Turkey", referring to what they perceived to be the operation's similarities with the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. Erdogan called it a "dirty headline" and suggested that "his compatriots in Northern Cyprus" should "give the necessary response to this" which provoked a crowd of 500 protesters to surround the newspaper's offices and hurl eggs, stones, and water bottles while some carrying flags of Erdogan. The attacks damaged furniture, windows, and equipment.[149][197][58][59] The police, who were at the scene, watched the incident and did not intervene.[59] Mustafa Akıncı, President of Northern Cyprus, condemned the attack and went to the site during the rally to request extra security for the newspaper, only to be attacked by the crowd himself. A March for Peace and Democracy was organised by civil society in response to the attack.[198][199][200]
  •  Iraq
    • Kurdistan Regional Government: Kurdish Parliament condemned the Turkish military operation in Afrin, calling on the United Nations and the international community to stop the attacks.[201]
    • Kurdistan Workers' Party: PKK's women wing YJA member Ulkem Guneş, who uses Ciwal Simal as her nom de guerre, said: "Afrin resistance will open the northern revolution of Kurdistan and Turkey." She also called for uprising inside Turkey. Her speech ended with "Long Live Afrin Resistance" and "Leader Apo" slogans.[202]
    • Iraqi Turkmen Front: Aydin Maruf, lawmaker of ITF said: "We are well aware that this operation targets terrorist organizations in Afrin and not local residents or our Kurdish brothers. The armed groups currently based there, in Afrin, pose a serious threat to Turkey and the wider region. Iraq's Turkmen, as always, stand with the Turkish Republic. We believe this operation will serve to restore peace, prosperity and brotherhood to the area. The PYD/PKK terrorist group's presence in the Iraqi district of Sinjar disturbs all of the region's ethnic groups. We believe therefore that it is important to launch another such operation in Sinjar."[203]

Damage to archaeological and cultural sites

On 24 January, YPG fired rocket from Syria hit the 17th century Çalık Mosque in Kilis, Turkey. Mehmet Tekinarslan, the provincial governor of Kilis, said that at least two citizens were killed and 11 citizens injured.[204][205] On 28 January 2018, Syria’s antiquities department and the SOHR, said that Turkish shelling had seriously damaged the ancient temple of Ain Dara at Afrin. Syria called for international pressure on Turkey "to prevent the targeting of archaeological and cultural sites".[206][207] Satellite imagery has shown that more than half of the temple is destroyed.[208] The ancient city of Cyrrhus was also been hit by Turkish jets, as reported by Kurdish media. [209][better source needed] However the Turkish Armed Forces denied the claim of targeting religious, cultural, historical and archaeological sites: "At the same time, religious, cultural, historical and archaeological sites as well as public facilities have not been chosen as targets by the Turkish Armed Forces since the very beginning of this operation just like in the other ones conducted elsewhere before."[210]

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