COVID-19 pandemic in the United States: Difference between revisions
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|+Regions that formerly had a lockdown order or advisory<ref name="nyt-mervosh-lee-states">{{cite news |last1=Mervosh |first1=Sarah |last2=Lee |first2=Jasmine C. |title=See Which States Are Reopening and Which Are Still Shut Down |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/states-reopen-map-coronavirus.html |work=The New York Times |accessdate= |
|+Regions that formerly had a lockdown order or advisory<ref name="nyt-mervosh-lee-states">{{cite news |last1=Mervosh |first1=Sarah |last2=Lee |first2=Jasmine C. |title=See Which States Are Reopening and Which Are Still Shut Down |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/states-reopen-map-coronavirus.html |work=The New York Times |accessdate=May 3, 2020 |date=May 1, 2020}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 11:42, 3 May 2020
![]() | This article is about a current disease pandemic where information can change quickly or be unreliable. The latest page updates may not reflect the most up-to-date information. |
![]() | This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. (April 2020) |
2020 coronavirus pandemic in the United States | |||||||
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![]() Confirmed cases per million residents by state as of April 28, 2020[update].
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Disease | COVID-19 | ||||||
Virus strain | SARS-CoV-2 | ||||||
Location | United States | ||||||
First outbreak | Wuhan, Hubei, China[1] | ||||||
Index case | Everett, Washington[2] | ||||||
Arrival date | January 15, 2020[2] (4 years, 7 months and 5 days ago) | ||||||
Confirmed cases | |||||||
Active cases | 915,802 (JHU)[4] | ||||||
Recovered | 164,015 (JHU)[4] | ||||||
Deaths | |||||||
Government website | |||||||
coronavirus |
The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a novel infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), spread to the United States in January 2020. The first U.S. case was identified on January 20, in a man who had returned from Wuhan, China to Snohomish County, Washington on January 15.[2] The first report of a U.S. death came on February 29. An earlier U.S. death, on February 6, was determined in late April, and is believed to be community transmission.[6] By the end of March, cases had occurred in all 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and all inhabited U.S. territories except American Samoa.[7][8] By April 11, the federal government approved disaster declarations for all states and inhabited territories except American Samoa.[9] The same day, the U.S. death toll became the highest in the world when the number of cases reached 20,000, surpassing that of Italy.[10] As of April 24, the U.S. death rate was 152 per million people, the tenth highest rate globally.[11] On April 28, the total number of confirmed cases across the country surpassed 1 million, and by April 29, according to Johns Hopkins University at a minimum, 58,356 people had died as a result of COVID-19, more than the Americans who had died during the Vietnam War.[12][13][14] As of May 2, 2020[update], the U.S. has the most confirmed active cases and deaths in the world.[15][16]
The Trump administration declared a public health emergency on January 31, then on February 2 implemented a ban of most foreign nationals who had recently traveled to China.[17][18] The initial U.S. response to the pandemic was otherwise slow, in terms of preparing the healthcare system, stopping other travel, or testing for the virus.[19][20][21] A lack of mass testing obscured the true extent of the outbreak.[22] For much of February, manufacturing defects rendered many government-developed test kits unusable, commercial tests were disallowed by regulations, and strict testing requirements were in place.[23][20] The U.S. tested fewer than 10,000 people by March 10.[24] Meanwhile, President Donald Trump was optimistic,[25] dismissing the threat posed by coronavirus and claiming the outbreak was under control.[26] February 25 was the first time that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention warned the American public to prepare for a local outbreak.[27]
A national emergency was declared on March 13.[28] The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) by early March began allowing public health agencies and private companies to develop and administer tests, and loosened requirements to allow anyone with a doctor's order to be tested.[23] By the end of the month, over 1 million people had been tested (1 per 320 inhabitants).[29] The Trump administration largely waited until mid-March to start purchasing large quantities of medical equipment.[30] In late March, the administration started to use the Defense Production Act to direct industries to produce medical equipment.[31] Federal health inspectors surveyed hospitals in late March, reporting shortages of test supplies, personal protective equipment (PPE), and other resources due to extended patient stays while awaiting test results.[32] By April 20, the United States had processed more than four million tests (approximately 1 per 82 inhabitants).[33][34]
The CDC warned that widespread disease transmission may force large numbers of people to seek healthcare, which could overload healthcare systems and lead to otherwise preventable deaths.[35] On March 16, the White House advised against any gatherings of more than ten people.[36] Since March 19, 2020, the U.S. Department of State has advised U.S. citizens to avoid all international travel.[37] Travel restrictions on most foreign nationals who had recently traveled to Iran or 28 European countries were implemented in March.[18][38][39] State and local responses to the outbreak have included prohibitions and cancellation of large-scale gatherings (including cultural events, exhibitions, and sporting events), restrictions on commerce and movement, and the closure of schools and other educational institutions.[40] Disproportionate numbers of cases have been observed among African-American populations, and there have been reported incidents of xenophobia and racism against Asian Americans.[41]
Timeline
Location[i] | Cases[ii] | Deaths[iii] | Recoveries[iv] | Hospital[v] | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
56 / 56 | 112,168,104 | 1,168,021 | — | — | ||
![]() |
Alabama | 1,659,966[vi] | 21,138 [vi] | 509,800[vi] | 50,767 [vi] | [42] |
![]() |
Alaska | 310,531 | 1,485[vi] | 7,165[vi] | 4,208[vi] | [43] |
![]() |
American Samoa | 8,326 | 34 | 3 | — | [44] |
![]() |
Arizona | 2,611,788 | 34,545 | — | 157,969 | [45] |
![]() |
Arkansas | 1,039,712[vi] | 13,787 | 992,651[vi] | 48,032 | [46] |
![]() |
California | 14,332,727 | 107,703 | — | 664,057 | [47] |
![]() |
Colorado | 1,884,386 | 16,062 | — | 109,315 [vi] | [48][49] |
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Connecticut | 983,652[vii] | 12,354[vii] | — | 12,257[vii] | [50] |
![]() |
Delaware | 351,420 | 3,682 | 18,371[vi] | 36,436 | [51] |
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District of Columbia | 182,395 | 1,434[vii] | 34,985[vi] | — | [52] |
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Florida[viii] | 8,063,346 | 95,592 | — | 78,472[vi] | [53] |
![]() |
Georgia | 3,293,182 | 44,201 | — | 149,236[vi] | [54] |
![]() |
Guam | 64,279 | 419 | 63,816 | — | [55] |
![]() |
Hawaii | 419,655 | 2,174 | 11,958[vi] | 14,887[vi] | [56] |
![]() |
Idaho | 526,118[vi] | 5,766 | 92,573[vi] | 19,729[vi] | [57][58] |
![]() |
Illinois | 4,139,537[vi] | 42,033[vi] | — | 239,809[vii] | [59][60] |
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Indiana | 2,210,538 | 28,082 | 1,881,771 | 194,280 | [61][62] |
![]() |
Iowa | 908,936 [vii] | 10,797 [vii] | 286,309 [vi] | — | [63] |
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Kansas | 946,564 [vi] | 10,229 [vi] | — | 20,081 [vi] | [64] |
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Kentucky | 1,808,735[vii] | 19,914 | 53,643[vi] | 78,142 | [65] |
![]() |
Louisiana | 1,683,744[vi] | 19,727 | 429,935[vi] | — | [66] |
![]() |
Maine | 347,116 | 3,417 | 12,975[vi] | 9,316 | [67] |
![]() |
Maryland | 1,454,101 | 17,995 | — | 52,646[vi] | [68] |
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Massachusetts | 2,374,055 | 25,822 | 644,061[vi] | 124,678 | [69][70] |
![]() |
Michigan | 3,313,807 | 44,966 | 1,421,905 [vi] | — | [71] |
![]() |
Minnesota | 1,903,408 | 15,990 | 1,529,440[vi] | 96,724 | [72] |
![]() |
Mississippi | 1,000,415[vi] | 15,480 | 774,429[vi] | 14,042[vi] | [73][74] |
![]() |
Missouri | 1,790,525[vi] | 22,931[vi] | — | — | [75] |
![]() |
Montana | 333,758[vii] | 3,712[vii] | 329,725[vi] | 14,414[vi] | [76] |
![]() |
Nebraska | 604,901 | 5,034 [vi] | 142,336[vi] | 31,570[vi] | [77] |
![]() |
Nevada | 924,325 | 12,508 | — | — | [78] |
![]() |
New Hampshire | 382,242[vi] | 3,340 | 378,906[vi] | 9,441[vi] | [79] |
![]() |
New Jersey | 3,316,021 | 36,902 | — | 185,627 | [80] |
![]() |
New Mexico | 727,786 | 9,236[vi] | 660,313[vi] | 40,692 | [81] |
![]() |
New York | 7,975,950 | 65,835 | 475,270 | 471,317 | [82][83][84] |
![]() |
North Carolina | 3,501,404 [vi] | 29,059 [vi] | 3,371,565[vi] | 194,248[vi] | [85][86][87] |
![]() |
North Dakota | 310,409 | 2,233[vii] | 236,878[vi] | 7,831[vi] | [88] |
![]() |
Northern Mariana Islands | 13,981[vi] | 46[vi] | 13,124[vi] | 311[vi] | [89] |
![]() |
Ohio | 3,747,050 | 43,958 | 3,693,448 | 151,492 | [90] |
![]() |
Oklahoma | 1,306,350[vi] | 16,435 | 1,288,527[vi] | 45,990[vi] | [91] |
![]() |
Oregon | 975,856[vii] | 10,357 | — | 41,388[vi] | [92][93] |
![]() |
Pennsylvania | 3,565,644[vi] | 53,837 | 1,843,620[vi] | — | [94] |
![]() |
Puerto Rico | 1,486,077 | 7,362 | 442,126[vi] | — | [95] |
![]() |
Rhode Island | 470,368 | 4,365 | — | 23,606 | [96] |
![]() |
South Carolina | 1,859,979[vi] | 20,353[vi] | 559,814[vi] | — | [97] |
![]() |
South Dakota | 305,444 | 3,401 | 275,931[vi] | 14,160 | [98] |
![]() |
Tennessee | 2,736,444 | 30,811 | 1,996,027[vi] | 56,696 | [99] |
![]() |
Texas | 9,198,592 | 94,912 | 4,445,607[vi][ix] | — | [100] |
![]() |
US Virgin Islands | 26,148 | 133 | 26,002 | — | [101] |
![]() |
Utah | 1,138,594 | 5,615 | 1,103,895[vi] | 43,431 | [102][103] |
![]() |
Vermont | 153,806[vii] | 1,153 | 149,941[vi] | — | [104] |
![]() |
Virginia | 2,534,905 | 25,489 | — | 68,154 | [105] |
![]() |
Washington | 2,056,696 | 17,043 | — | 94,784[vii] | [106] |
![]() |
West Virginia | 662,339[vii] | 8,247[vii] | 629,631[vi] | — | [107] |
![]() |
Wisconsin | 2,043,839[vi] | 16,758[vi] | 596,339[vi] | 38,288[vi] | [108] |
![]() |
Wyoming | 196,232 | 2,128 | 154,312 | 1,395[vi] | [109] |
Updated:May 22, 2024 · History of cases: United States | ||||||
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![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/CoViD-19_US.svg/440px-CoViD-19_US.svg.png)
On December 31, 2019, China reported a cluster of pneumonia cases in its city of Wuhan.[110] On January 7, 2020, the Chinese health authorities confirmed that this cluster was caused by a novel infectious coronavirus.[110] The World Health Organization (WHO) issued technical briefings on January 10 and 11, warning about a strong possibility of human-to-human transmission and urging precautions.[111] On January 14, the WHO said "preliminary investigations conducted by the Chinese authorities have found no clear evidence of human-to-human transmission", although it recommended that countries still take precautions due to the human-to-human transmission during earlier SARS and MERS outbreaks.[111]
A few weeks earlier, on January 6, the Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar states that U.S. offered to send a team of CDC health experts to China to help contain the outbreak.[112] On January 8, the CDC issued an official health advisory via its Health Alert Network (HAN) and established an Incident Management Structure to coordinate domestic and international public health actions.[113] It issued an update on January 17, noting that person-person spread was not confirmed, but was still a possibility.[114] And on January 20, it activated its Emergency Operations Center (EOC) to further respond to the outbreak in China.[115] That same day, the WHO and China confirmed that human-to-human transmission had occurred.[116]
The earliest known death from COVID-19 occurred on February 6 in Santa Clara County, California, in a 57-year-old woman who passed from complications caused by coronavirus which apparently led to a ruptured heart.[117][6] This case was only confirmed months later, posthumously from tissue samples taken by the county coroner and sent to the CDC for testing, with infection estimated to have occurred several weeks earlier, between late December 2019 and mid January 2020, in what has now been established as already at that early date being untraceable community-based spread, passed between people in the United States, rather than a traveler bringing it home from abroad or from a contact known to have it. Until late April, it was assumed that the first U.S. death had been on February 29, in Kirkland, Washington,[118] while the first report of a U.S. case was not until January 20, in a man who returned on January 15 from visiting family in Wuhan, China, to his home in Snohomish County, Washington. He sought medical attention on January 19.[110]
On January 30, the WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, warning that "all countries should be prepared for containment."[119][120] The next day, January 31, the U.S. also declared a public health emergency.[121] Although by that date there were only seven known cases in the U.S., the HHS and CDC reported there was a likelihood of further cases appearing in the country.[121]
In response to the global outbreak, the American federal government implemented a series of travel restrictions denying entry to foreign nationals who had traveled within the past 14 days in certain affected countries, with exceptions for the immediate family of American citizens or permanent residents. The countries were China (restrictions effective February 2), Iran (effective March 2), the 26 European countries that comprise the Schengen Area (effective March 13), the United Kingdom and Ireland (effective March 16).[18][38][39] Americans returning home after traveling in these regions were required to undergo a health screening and submit to a 14-day quarantine.[122][123] In early March, the CDC advised Americans against non-essential travel to China, Iran, Malaysia, and the aforementioned European countries.[124] The WHO declared the outbreak to be a pandemic on March 11.[40]
Throughout March and early April, several state, city, and county governments imposed "stay at home" quarantines on their populations to stem the spread of the virus.[125] By the middle of March, all fifty states were able to perform tests, with a doctor's approval, either from the CDC or from commercial labs in a state, but the number of available test kits remained limited, which meant the true number of people infected had to be estimated.[126] The CDC suggested doctors use their own judgment along with certain guidelines before authorizing a test. By March 12, diagnosed cases of COVID-19 in the U.S. exceeded a thousand.[127]
Administration officials warned on March 19 that the number of cases would begin to rise sharply as the country's testing capacity substantially increased to 50,000 to 70,000 tests per day.[128][129] By March 27, the country reported over 100,000 cases.[130]
The coronavirus outbreak has had varying effects on different areas of the U.S. Of the 154 known deaths in the country before March 20, 94 occurred in the state of Washington, with 35 of those at one nursing home.[131] By late March, the toll was greatest in New York, which saw 56% of all confirmed U.S. cases on March 25.[132] Continuing into April, the New York City metropolitan area remained the country's epicenter for the pandemic.[133][134] On April 28, the total number of confirmed cases across the country surpassed 1 million.[12][13][14]
In mid-April, a tally by the New York Times found that at least 7,000 deaths from the pandemic took place at nursing homes, or 20% of all deaths nationwide.[135] A survey by the Wall Street Journal found at least 10,700 deaths at nursing homes of the 46,000 deaths nationwide.[136] As of April 23, the Kaiser Family Foundation estimated that 27% of deaths have occurred in nursing homes from data reported from 23 states.[137][138] In at least six states, senior care fatalities have accounted for half of all COVID-19 deaths.[139] And according to the WHO, half of all coronavirus fatalities in Europe have similarly been traced to nursing homes.[140]
At President Trump's direction in early April, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and CDC ordered additional preventive guidelines to the long-term care facility industry. They included requiring temperature checks for anyone in a nursing home, symptom screenings, and requiring all nursing home personnel to don face masks. Trump also said that COVID patients should have their own buildings or units, and dedicated staffing teams.[141] A few weeks later, the CMS added new regulations requiring nursing homes to inform residents, their families and representatives of COVID-19 cases in their facilities.[142] On April 30, President Trump announced the administration was establishing a Coronavirus Commission for Safety and Quality in Nursing Homes.[143][144]
Preparations made after previous outbreaks
Reports predicting global pandemics
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Alex_Azar_declares_PHED_for_Coronavirus.jpg/220px-Alex_Azar_declares_PHED_for_Coronavirus.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/President_Trump_Holds_a_News_Conference_on_the_Coronavirus_-_49659235436.jpg/220px-President_Trump_Holds_a_News_Conference_on_the_Coronavirus_-_49659235436.jpg)
The United States along with more than 100 other countries have been subjected to pandemics and epidemics throughout their history, including the 1918 Spanish flu, the 1957 Asian flu, and the 1968 Hong Kong flu pandemics.[145][146][147] In the most recent pandemic prior to COVID-19, the 2009 H1N1 swine flu took the lives of more than 12,000 Americans and hospitalized another 270,000.[145]
In 2017, outgoing Obama administration officials briefed incoming Trump administration officials on how to respond to pandemics by using simulated scenarios, although by the time of the COVID-19 outbreak in the U.S., around two-thirds of Trump administration officials who had attended that briefing had already left the administration.[148]
The United States Intelligence Community, in its annual Worldwide Threat Assessment report of 2017 and 2018, stated that if a related coronavirus were "to acquire efficient human-to-human transmissibility", it would have "pandemic potential". The 2018 Worldwide Threat Assessment also said new types of microbes that are "easily transmissible between humans" remain "a major threat".[149][150][151] Similarly, the 2019 Worldwide Threat Assessment warned that "the United States and the world will remain vulnerable to the next flu pandemic or large-scale outbreak of a contagious disease that could lead to massive rates of death and disability, severely affect the world economy, strain international resources, and increase calls on the United States for support."[151][152]
On April 8, 2020, ABC News reported that in late November 2019, the National Center for Medical Intelligence (NCMI) warned about a contagion spreading in Wuhan and "concluded it could be a cataclysmic event". The warning reportedly appeared in the President's Daily Brief in early January 2020 and was presented to decision-makers throughout the federal government. Similar bulletins claimed China was not sharing crucial information about the epidemic with other countries.[153] The Pentagon responded by denying any such NCMI report existed. The head of the NCMI, Dr. R. Shane Day, said the story of a November report was "not correct".[154][153] Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff John Hyten subsequently said he saw no U.S. intelligence reports on the COVID-19 outbreak until January. Discussing the ABC News claim, Hyten said: "We went back and looked at everything in November and December. The first indications we have were the reports out of China in late December that were in the public forum."[155][156] On April 27, it was reported U.S. intelligence agencies warned Trump about the coronavirus in more than a dozen classified briefings in January and February 2020. For weeks, the President's Daily Brief traced the spread of the coronavirus, made clear that China was suppressing information about the transmissibility and death toll, and raised the prospect of political and economic consequences.[157][158]
Preparations
A number of organizations in the U.S. have been involved for years preparing the country and other nations for epidemics and pandemics. Among those is the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, co-founded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, the European Commission. Since 2017 it has tried to produce a platform approach for dealing with emerging epidemic diseases which would enable rapid vaccine development and immunity research in response to outbreaks.[159] In the final year of the administration of George W. Bush, the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (a division of the Department of Health and Human Services) "estimated that an additional 70,000 [ventilators] would be required in a moderate influenza pandemic"; a contract was let and work started, but no ventilators were ever delivered.[160]
In January 2017 the U.S. government had updated its estimate of resource gaps, including ventilators, face masks, and hospital beds.[161] A vaccine for a related coronavirus, SARS, was developed in the U.S. by 2016, but never progressed to the stage of human trials due to a lack of funding.[162] According to the Global Health Security Index, an American-British assessment which ranks the health security capabilities in 195 countries, the U.S. in 2020 is the "most prepared" nation.[163][164] While the U.S., like many countries, did face criticism at the beginning or during the outbreak, the high quality of the laboratories in the U.S. and its skilled epidemiological workforce, were its highest attributes.[165] While some countries and cities did take the risk of a pandemic seriously enough to prepare years ahead of time, there was often a failure to follow through due to financial constraints or from making decisions without proper support of health or science professionals. New York City, for instance, took preparatory steps more than a decade ago, but then discontinued them in favor of other priorities.[166]
The editorial board of the Wall Street Journal stated that the world would have been "better prepared" had the WHO declared a public health emergency of international concern on January 23 when the virus had by then spread to other countries, instead of the actual declaration on January 30.[167][importance of example(s)?] By the time it was declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020, the virus had already spread across all continents except Antarctica, to 110 countries. The World Health Organization's definition of a pandemic "mixed severity and spread", reported Vox, and it held off calling the outbreak a pandemic because many countries were reporting at the time no spread or low spread.[168][169] In late February 2020, when there were only a dozen cases in the U.S., and before anyone was known to have died, the CDC advised Americans to prepare for an epidemic to contain the virus before it spreads throughout the U.S. Nancy Messonnier, a director at the CDC, explained that with no vaccine or treatment available, Americans must be prepared to take other precautions.[170]
With the current pandemic, once cases began spreading throughout the nation, federal and state agencies began taking urgent steps to prepare for a surge of hospital patients. Among the actions was establishing additional places for patients in case hospitals became overwhelmed. That included transforming buildings normally used for sports and entertainment events by turning them into field hospitals. The Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, for instance, was postponed to October and the fairgrounds where it is normally held was turned into a medical center.[171] To prepare housing for homeless persons, states such as California have procured private hotels and motels as emergency shelters and isolation spaces.[172] Manpower from the military and volunteer armies were called up to help construct the emergency facilities.[173][174]
Pandemic simulation tests
The Trump administration simulated a series of pandemic outbreaks from China in 2019 and found that the U.S. government response was "underfunded, underprepared, and uncoordinated" (see Crimson Contagion).[175] Among the conclusions of the test was the lack of certain medical supplies to meet demand due to their needing to be imported. It led President Trump to issue an executive order to make flu vaccines more readily available and of higher quality, and he provided additional funds for the pandemic threats program in the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).[176] White House economists published a study in September 2019 that warned a pandemic could kill half a million Americans and devastate the economy.[177]
Potential response strategies
In 2016, the NSC laid out pandemic strategies and recommendations including, moving swiftly to fully detect potential outbreaks, securing supplemental funding, considering invoking the Defense Production Act, and ensuring sufficient protective equipment available for healthcare workers. In 2017, the Trump administration was briefed on it in 2017, but declined to make it official policy.[178] Azar and Morrison, then a Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Weapons of Mass Destruction and Biodefense on the National Security Council, listed the threat of a pandemic as the issue that worried them most at the BioDefense Summit in April 2019.[179]
Reorganization and departures
In May 2018, National Security Advisor John Bolton reorganized the executive branch's United States National Security Council (NSC), largely merging the group responsible for global health security and biodefense into a bigger group responsible for counter-proliferation and biodefense. Along with the reorganization, the leader of the global health security and biodefense group, Rear Admiral Timothy Ziemer, left to join another federal agency, while Tim Morrison became the leader of the combined group.[180][181] There were critics of this reorganization, who referred to it as "disbanding" a pandemic preparedness group; and later, Trump berated a reporter for asking if the reorganization had slowed the government response.[181][182] Also in 2018, Homeland Security Advisor Tom Bossert left the administration; reportedly at Bolton's request. Bossert had helped to create the Trump administration's biodefense plans, and it was his responsibility to coordinate the government's response in the event of a biological crisis.[183] Bossert's successor, Doug Fears, and Fears' successor Peter J. Brown, took over the biodefense responsibilities of the DHS. Bloomberg News reported in January 2020 that biodefense was by then a "less prominent" part of the Homeland Security Advisor's responsibilities.[184][185] In another departure, Luciana Borio, the National Security Council director for medical and biodefense preparedness, left her post in March 2019. The Washington Post reported in March 2020 that the White House would not confirm the identity of Borio's replacement.[180]
Reuters reported in March 2020 that the Trump administration had in the years before the coronavirus outbreak drastically reduced the number of staff working in the Beijing office of the U.S. CDC from 47 to 14. According to Reuters, one of the staff eliminated in July 2019 was training Chinese field epidemiologists to respond to disease outbreaks at their hotbeds. Trump claimed that the report of the trainer being cut was "100% wrong", but the U.S. CDC acknowledged that the report was true.[27][186] The Trump administration also confirmed that it had closed the Beijing offices of the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID); these offices had been each manned by a single U.S. official.[186] In addition, the Trump administration acknowledged it had eliminated one managerial position from the Beijing office of the U.S. Department of Agriculture; Reuters reported that the position oversaw an animal disease monitoring program.[186]
The Trump administration ended funding for the PREDICT pandemic early-warning program in China, which trained and supported staff in 60 foreign laboratories, with field work ceasing September 2019.[187] The scientists tasked with identifying potential pandemics were already stretched too far and thin.[188]
Abandoned and delayed efforts to improve mask and ventilator supply
Since 2015, the federal government has spent $9.8 million on two projects to prevent a mask shortage in the event of a pandemic, but abandoned both projects before completion.[189] A second BARDA contract was signed with Applied Research Associates of Albuquerque, to design an N95-rated mask that could be reused in emergencies without reduced effectiveness. Though federal reports had called for such a project since 2006, the ARA contract wasn't signed until 2017, and missed its 15-month completion deadline, resulting in the 2020 pandemic reaching the United States before the design was ready.[189]
Previous respiratory epidemics and government planning indicated a need for a stockpile of ventilators that were easier for less-trained medical personnel to use. BARDA Project Aura issued a request for proposals in 2008, with a goal of FDA approval in 2010 or 2011. A contract for the production of up to 40,000 ventilators was awarded to Newport Medical Instruments, a small ventilator manufacturer, with a target price of $3,000, much lower than more complicated machines costing more than $10,000, and it produced prototypes with target FDA approval in 2013. Covidien purchased NMI and after requesting more money to complete the project (bringing the total cost to around $8 million) asked the government to cancel the contract, saying it wasn't profitable.[190] The government awarded a new $13.8 million contract to Philips, in 2014. The design for the Trilogy Evo Universal gained FDA approval in July 2019. The government ordered 10,000 ventilators in September 2019, with a mid-2020 deadline for the first deliveries and a deadline of 2022 to complete all 10,000. Despite the start of the epidemic in December, the capacity of the company to have produced enough to fill the full order, and the ability of the government to force faster production, the government did not reach an agreement with Philips for accelerated delivery until March 10, 2020.[190][191] By mid-March, the need for more ventilators had become immediate, and even in the absence of any government contracts, other manufacturers announced plans to make many tens of thousands.[192] In the meantime, Philips had been selling a commercial version, the Trilogy Evo, at much higher prices,[191] leaving only 12,700 in the Strategic National Stockpile as of March 15.[190]
Compared to the small amount of money spent on recommended supplies for a pandemic, billions of dollars had been spent by the Strategic National Stockpile to create and store a vaccine for anthrax, and enough smallpox inoculations for the entire country.[193]
Beginning of outbreak and supply shortages
The first known case of COVID-19 in the U.S. was confirmed by the CDC on January 21, 2020.[194] An unclassified Army briefing document, prepared February 3, on the coronavirus projected that "between 80,000 and 150,000 could die". The estimates also correctly stated that asymptomatic people could "easily" transmit the virus, that military forces could be tasked with providing logistics and medical support to civilians, including "provid[ing] PPE (N-95 Face Mask, Eye Protection, and Gloves) to evacuees, staff, and DoD personnel".[195] Trump administration officials declined an offer for congressional coronavirus funding on February 5. The officials, including HHS secretary Alex Azar, "didn't need emergency funding, that they would be able to handle it within existing appropriations," Senator Chris Murphy recalled.[196] On February 7 Mike Pompeo announced the administration donated more than 35,000 pounds of "masks, gowns, gauze, respirators, and other vital materials" to China the same day the WHO warned about "the limited stock of PPE (personal protective equipment)".[194]
National Geographic reported that as of March 3, 2020, the "U.S. has only a fraction of the medical supplies it needs to combat coronavirus." An additional 300 million N95 respirators and surgical masks could be required to protect health workers. However, in Senate testimony, HHS secretary Alex Azar said "the Strategic National Stockpile has just 30 million surgical masks and 12 million respirators in reserve." HHS said it intends to purchase as many as half a billion respirators and surgical face masks over the next year and a half. A previous 2015 CDC study found that seven billion N95 respirators might be necessary to handle a "severe respiratory outbreak".[197] Vessel manifests maintained by U.S. Customs and Border Protection showed a steady flow of the medical equipment needed to treat the coronavirus being shipped abroad as recently as March 17. Meanwhile FEMA said the agency "has not actively encouraged or discouraged U.S. companies from exporting overseas" and asked USAID to send back its reserves of protective gear for use in the U.S.[198][199] President Trump evoked the Defense Production Act to prohibit some medical exports.[200]
An unexpectedly high percentage of COVID-19 patients in the ICU required dialysis as a result of kidney failure, about 20%.[201] In mid-April, employees at some hospitals in New York City reported not having enough dialysis machines, were running low on fluids to operate the machines, and reported a shortage of dialysis nurses as many were out sick with COVID-19 due to lack of sufficient PPE.[201][202][203]
Medical responses
Testing
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Beyond identifying whether a person is currently infected, coronavirus testing helps health professionals ascertain how bad the epidemic is and where it is worst.[204] However, the accuracy of national statistics on the number of cases and deaths from the outbreak depend on knowing how many people are being tested every day, and how the available tests are being allocated. As of late March, most countries do not provide official reports on tests performed, therefore there is no centralized World Health Organization (WHO) data on COVID-19 testing.[205]
While the WHO opted to use an approach developed by Germany to test for coronavirus, the United States developed its own testing approach. The German testing method was made public on January 13, and the American testing method was made public on January 28. The WHO did not offer any test kits to the U.S. because the U.S. normally had the supplies to produce their own tests.[206] In February, the U.S. CDC produced 160,000 coronavirus tests, but soon it was discovered that many were defective and gave inaccurate readings.[22][207] Although academic laboratories and hospitals had developed their own tests, they were not allowed to use them until February 29, when the FDA issued approvals for them and private companies.[22] Approvals were required by federal law due to the outbreak being declared as a public health emergency.[208]
Meanwhile, from the start of the outbreak to early March 2020, the CDC gave restrictive guidelines on who should be eligible for COVID-19 testing. The initial criteria were (a) people who had recently traveled to certain countries affected by the outbreak, or (b) people with respiratory illness serious enough to require hospitalization, or (c) people who have been in contact with a person confirmed to have coronavirus. Only on March 5 did the CDC relax the criteria to allow doctors discretion to decide who would be eligible for tests.[23]
The United States had a slow start in widespread coronavirus testing.[209][210] Fewer than 4,000 tests were conducted in the U.S. by February 27.[22] The first U.S. case of a person having coronavirus of unknown origin (a possible indication of community transmission) saw the patient's test being delayed for four days after being hospitalized on February 19, because he had not qualified for a test under the initial federal testing criteria.[211] In Washington state, a group of researchers defied federal and state officials to conduct their own tests from February 25, using samples already collected from flu study subjects who had not given permission for coronavirus testing. They quickly found a teenager infected with coronavirus of unknown origin, newly indicating that an outbreak had already been occurring in Washington for the past six weeks. State regulators stopped these researchers' testing on March 2.[212][213]
On March 5, Vice President Mike Pence, the leader of the coronavirus response team, acknowledged that "we don't have enough tests" to meet the predicted future demand; this announcement came only three days after FDA commissioner Stephen Hahn committed to producing nearly a million tests by that week.[214] Senator Chris Murphy of Connecticut and Representative Stephen Lynch of Massachusetts both noted that as of March 8 their states had not yet received the new test kits.[215][216] Anthony Fauci, the head of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, acknowledged on March 12 it was "a failing" of the U.S. system that the demand for coronavirus tests was not being met;[217] Fauci later clarified that he believed the private sector should have been brought in sooner to address the shortfall.[218] By March 11, the U.S had tested fewer than 10,000 people.[24]
By mid-March, the U.S. had tested 125 people per million of their population, which was lower than several other countries.[219] The first COVID-19 cases in the U.S. and South Korea were identified at around the same time.[220] Critics say the U.S. government has botched the approval and distribution of test kits, losing crucial time during the early weeks of the outbreak, with the result that the true number of cases in the United States was impossible to estimate with any reasonable accuracy.[126][221]
By March 12, all 50 states were able to perform tests, with a doctor's approval, either from the CDC or local commercial lab.[222] This was followed by the government announcing a series of measures intended to speed up testing. These measures included the appointment of Admiral Brett Giroir of the U.S. Public Health Service to oversee testing, funding for two companies developing rapid tests, and a hotline to help labs find needed supplies.[223] The FDA also gave emergency authorization for New York to obtain an automated coronavirus testing machine.[224]
On March 13, drive-through testing in the U.S. began in New Rochelle, Westchester County, as New Rochelle was the U.S. town with the most diagnosed cases at that time.[225] By March 22, drive-through testing had started in more than thirty states, although the Associated Press reported that "the system has been marked by inconsistencies, delays, and shortages", leading to many people waiting hours or days even though they showed symptoms and were recommended by a doctor to get a test. A lack of supplies had already forced the closure of drive-through testing in seven states.[226]
In a March 13 press conference, the Trump administration announced a campaign to conduct tests in retail store parking lots across the country,[227] but this was not widely implemented.[228]
By March 30, more than a million people had been tested,[29] but not all the people showing symptoms were being tested.[229][217][230] Because of the shortage of testing, statistics quoted on the number of confirmed cases, and on the rate of growth of cases, may be inaccurate.[231]
During the weeks of April 6 and 13, the U.S. conducted about 150,000 tests per day, while experts recommended at least 500,000 per day prior to ending social distancing, with some recommending several times that level. Building up both testing and surveillance capacity are important to re-opening the economy; the purpose of social distancing is to buy time for such capacity-building.[232]
The New York Times reported on April 26 that the U.S. still had yet to reach an adequate level of testing capacity needed to monitor and contain outbreaks. The capacity has been hampered by shortages of reagents, shortages of test kits components like nasal swabs, shortages of protective gear for health workers, limited laboratory workers and equipment, and the federal government's limited interventions to solve shortages, instead leaving the issue to the free market, causing states and hospitals to compete with each other for supplies.[233]
Drug therapy and vaccine development
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There is currently no drug approved for treating COVID-19 either as a therapy or a vaccine, nor is there any clear evidence COVID-19 infection leads to immunity (experts assume it does for some period).[234] As of late March 2020, more than a hundred drugs are in testing.[235] In April 2020, the CDC began testing blood samples to determine if a person has been exposed to the virus, even without showing symptoms, which could provide information about immunity.[236] Learning who is protected is a primary factor in deciding when people can fully return to society.[237] Until then, physical distancing is recommended as it has been shown to slow the spread of the disease.[238] Due to the emergency nature of the pandemic, former FDA commissioners Drs. Scott Gottlieb and Mark McClellan have called for the FDA to develop therapeutics and vaccines that would be exempt from some regulatory requirements.[239] The FDA has also sent warning letters to at least seven retailers selling essential oils, nasal sprays, herbal remedies, and other products claiming to test for, treat, or prevent COVID-19.[240]
In early March President Trump directed the FDA to test certain medications to discover if they had the potential to treat COVID-19 patients.[239] Among those were chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, which have been successfully used to treat malaria for over 50 years. A small test in France had apparently given good results[241] and they were being tested in a European Union-wide clinical trial.[242] Some U.S. physicians, under the compassionate use and Emergency Use Authorization exceptions by the FDA, have prescribed them while trials and analysis are still ongoing.[239][243][244]
While there is no vaccine for coronavirus as of April, research is ongoing in a number of countries to create one.[245] More than 70 companies and research teams are working on a vaccine, with five or six operating primarily in the U.S.[246] Contributing funds to the research is Bill Gates, whose foundation will be focusing entirely on the pandemic, and he anticipates having a vaccine ready in 12 months.[247] Scott Gottlieb, former commissioner of the FDA, when a vaccine is ready for testing, about 25,000 people, in different groups, would be given the vaccine, two weeks apart, until 100,000 people have been inoculated over about six weeks. Researchers would then have a large enough sampling to see if the vaccine works. If successful, the next massive challenge would be making enough vaccines.[246] In preparation for large-scale production, congress has already set aside more than $3.5 billion for this purpose as part of the Cares Act[248][246] Among the labs working on a vaccine is the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, which has previously studied other infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and MERS. By March 18, tests had begun with dozens of volunteers in Seattle, Washington, which was sponsored by the U.S. government. Similar safety trials of other coronavirus vaccines will begin soon in the U.S.[249] This search for a vaccine has taken on aspects of national security and global competition.[250]
Medical supplies
After the pandemic became evident[when?], a number of preventative steps were set in motion within the United States. Incoming travelers from China and later from other continents were banned. Commerce came to a near-halt, and most Americans volunteered to honor "stay in shelter orders", which confined most Americans to their homes to avoid spreading the infection. Governors of all fifty states have had to purchase and scrounge for emergency medical gear for the general population and for medical profession personnel and the hospitals. In early March, the country had about 12 million N95 masks and 30 million surgical masks in the Strategic National Stockpile, but it was estimated around 3.5 billion masks would be needed in the event pandemic.[251]
Within weeks, a bidding war began between the governors of states and the administration all competed to order large quantities of medical equipment (such as N95 masks, surgical masks, and ventilators).[30] Although there were tens of thousands of ventilators in the National Stockpile in March, some states began needing more, with hospitals in New York City, for example, had run out.[252][253] By the end of March, states were competing with each other and the federal government in bidding for scarce medical supplies.[254][255]
Medical organizations, such as the American Medical Association and American Nurses Association implored Trump to obtain medical supplies, because they were "urgently needed".[256] That led President Trump to sign an order setting motion parts of the Defense Production Act, first used during the Korean War, to allow the federal government a wide range of powers, including telling industries on what to produce, allocating supplies, giving incentives to industries, and allowing companies to cooperate.[257][258] Trump then ordered auto manufacturer General Motors to make ventilators.[31]
During this period, hospitals in the U.S. and other countries were reporting shortages of test kits, test swabs, masks, gowns and gloves, referred to as PPE.[259][260][261] Hundreds of hospitals in the country had reported "severe shortages of PPE.[262] In early April, there was a widespread shortage of PPE, including masks, gloves, gowns, and sanitizing products[263] In early April, the difficulties in acquiring PPE for local hospitals led to orders for gowns and other safety items being confiscated by FEMA and diverted to other locations, which meant that in some cases states had to compete for the same PPE.[264] The shortages led in one instance of a governor asking the New England Patriots professional American football team to use the team's private plane to fly approximately 1.2 million masks from China to Boston.[265] At that time, Veterans Affairs employees stated that nurses were having to use surgical masks and face shields instead of more protective N95 masks.[266]
Beginning in April, there was a growing list of complaints about faulty medical gear and testing kits that were imported from China. As early as March, however, China reported that it had seized 80 million counterfeit and inferior masks before they were shipped.[267] That quality control problem escalated after the pandemic created a worldwide scramble for medical gear such as masks, gowns, ventilators, testing kits, much of it made in China. In other countries, scientists and health authorities in Spain, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Turkey and Britain have likewise complained about faulty coronavirus test kits purchased from Chinese companies, which in some cases cost the governments millions of dollars.[268]
Measuring case and mortality rates
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By April 25, on a per capita basis, the United States, with the world's third largest population, had the highest number of confirmed cases, while it ranked 10th in deaths per million people with 158, compared to Italy (423), Spain (474), and France (326).[269][270] By April 25, the U.S. had over 905,000 confirmed coronavirus cases and nearly 52,000 deaths, giving it a mortality rate around 5.7 percent. Comparatively, Spain's mortality rate was 10.2 percent and Italy at 13.5 percent; Dr. Deborah Birx pointed out the nation's low mortality rate during a White House coronavirus briefing.[271][11] Of those, more than 10,000 deaths occurred in nursing homes. Most nursing homes did not have easy access to testing, making the actual number unknown.[272] Subsequently, a number of states including Maryland[273] and New Jersey[274] reported their own estimates of deaths at nursing homes, ranging from 20 to 50 percent.
In counting actual confirmed cases, some have questioned the reliability of totals reported by different countries. Measuring rates reported by countries such as China or Iran have been questioned as potentially inaccurate.[275] In mid-April 2020, China revised its case totals much higher and its death toll up by 50% for Wuhan, partly as a result of a number of countries having questioned China's official numbers.[276] Iran's rates have also been disputed, as when the WHO's reports about their case counts were contradicted by top Iranian health officials.[277] Within the U.S., there are also discrepancies in rates between different states. After a group of epidemiologists requested revisions in how the CDC counts cases and deaths, the CDC in mid-April updated its guidance for counting COVID-19 cases and deaths to include both confirmed and probable ones, although each state can still determine what to report.[278] Without accurate reporting of cases and deaths, however, epidemiologists have difficulty in guiding government response.[279]
According to an excess mortality analysis of seven of the worst-affected states, there an additional 9,000 deaths than expected from prior years which are not explained by official reported coronavirus mortality statistics. In these states the death rate was nearly 50% higher than baseline between March 8 and April 11. (Excess mortality is higher than these figures because some death certificates have yet to be processed and reported).[280]
According to an article by researchers at Penn State, Duke, and Montana State Universities, updated to April 26, the syndromic case detection rate for covid-19 in the U.S. is probably less than 13%. This implies that the great majority of cases go undetected.[281]
Government responses
Initial events and task force formation
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Trump administration officials were briefed to the coronavirus outbreak in China on January 3, 2020.[282] Health officials first substantially briefed the president about the virus on January 18, when HHS secretary Alex Azar called Trump while he was at Mar-a-Lago.[283][284] The Washington Post reported that Azar did not have a good relationship with Trump; reportedly Azar recounted believing that the president thought of him as an "alarmist".[283] On January 27, then-acting chief of staff Mick Mulvaney convened a meeting in his office with White House aides in order to draw greater attention to the virus among senior officials.[284]
Two days later, on January 29, President Trump established the White House Coronavirus Task Force to coordinate and oversee efforts to "monitor, prevent, contain, and mitigate the spread" of COVID-19 in the United States.[285] Secretary Azar was appointed as the leader of the task force.[286][287]
On February 26, Trump appointed Vice President Mike Pence to take charge of the nation's response to the virus.[288] FEMA was put in charge of procuring medical supplies on March 17.[289][290]
Containment and mitigation
The early phases of public health efforts for epidemics and pandemics are to contain or limit further outbreaks. Once a pandemic has begun within a country's borders, the government must begin taking steps to curtail interactions between infected and uninfected populations. The methods used could include isolation of infected patients, quarantine, physical distancing practices, school closures, use of PPE, and travel restrictions.[291] As an outbreak grows, new facilities may need to be constructed to manage additional infectious cases.[291]
The CDC focuses on both containment, to keep the virus from spreading after detection, and mitigation, to prevent it from spreading quickly beyond containment limits. The process of mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic attempts to slow the spread of the disease by social distancing and isolating infected individuals. By lowering the peak number of new cases, the strain on the healthcare system is reduced.[292]
The WHO on January 30 warned that "all countries should be prepared for containment, including active surveillance, early detection, isolation and case management, contact tracing and prevention of onward spread" of the virus.[293] February 25 was the first day the CDC told the American public to prepare for an outbreak.[27]
By February the CDC was exploring options to control the spread of COVID-19 in the United States. Six cities believed to be high-risk were selected for early "sentinel surveillance" to try to detect the virus in patients who did not meet CDC guidelines for testing; those cities were Chicago, New York, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Seattle and Honolulu. Very few tests were successfully completed within a five-week window. Once testing showed the disease was spreading among those without travel-related risk factors, public officials in California began to issue "stay at home" orders; it would be at least a week before similar orders were issued in other parts of the country.[294]
At a White House press briefing on April 1, Dr. Anthony S. Fauci said that, even though he expected social distancing rules can eventually be relaxed even before the availability of a vaccine, a vaccine will still be necessary to end the pandemic.[295]
Travel and entry restrictions
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On January 31, President Trump announced travel restrictions which would come into effect on February 2, preventing foreign nationals from entering the U.S. if they had been in China within the previous two weeks. The immediate family members of U.S. citizens and permanent residents were exempt from this restriction.[296][297] By this time, three major U.S. airlines had already suspended flights between the U.S. and China,[298] although one of these, United Airlines, continued select flights for returning Americans.[299] Major Chinese carriers did not begin suspending flights from China to the United States until three days after the announcement of the travel restrictions.[299] In addition to restricting foreign nationals, Trump imposed a quarantine for up to 14 days on American citizens returning from Hubei, the main coronavirus hotspot at the time. This was the first quarantine order the U.S. federal government had issued in over 50 years.[296][297] Although the WHO had recommended against travel restrictions at the time,[300] HHS secretary Alex Azar said the decision stemmed from the recommendations of HHS health officials.[301] The New York Times analysed that more than 380,000 people arrived in the U.S. from China in January, including around 4,000 from Wuhan. After the restrictions began, almost 40,000 people arrived in the U.S. from China in February and March.[302]
Following the China-related restrictions, the Trump administration imposed other restrictions from weeks later:
- In mid-February, the CDC opposed allowing fourteen people who had tested positive for COVID-19 while passengers on the cruise ship Diamond Princess to be flown back to the U.S. without completing a 14-day quarantine. They were overruled by officials at the U.S. State Department.[303]
- On March 2, travel restrictions were implemented on foreign nationals who had been in Iran within the previous two weeks. An exemption was made for immediate family members of U.S. citizens and permanent residents. This measure was announced on February 29.[38]
- On March 12, the CDC recommended against any non-essential travel to China,[304] most of Europe,[305] Iran,[306] Malaysia,[307] and South Korea.[308][309] The following week, the U.S. Department of State recommended that U.S. citizens not travel abroad, while those who are abroad should "arrange for immediate return to the United States" unless prepared to remain abroad indefinitely.[310][311]
- On March 19, the State Department suspended routine visa services at all American embassies and consulates worldwide.[312]
- By March 20, the U.S. began barring entry to foreign nationals who had been in 28 European countries within the past 14 days. American citizens, permanent residents, and their immediate families returning from abroad could re-enter the United States under the new restrictions, but those returning from one of the specified countries must undergo health screenings and submit to quarantines and monitoring for up to 14 days. In addition to the earlier travel restrictions in place, Trump extended this quarantine and monitoring requirement to those coming from Iran and the entirety of China. Flights from all restricted countries are required to land at one of 13 airports where the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has "enhanced" entry screenings.[313][296] At least 241 foreigners (including several Canadians), who had recently traveled in China and Iran, were denied entry to the United States between February 2 and March 3.[314][315]
- On April 21, President Trump said he will sign an executive order that will bar people from seeking Green cards during a period of 60 days.[316]
Containment efforts within the U.S.
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As part of the early efforts to contain and mitigate the pandemic within the United States, Surgeon General Jerome Adams announced in early March that local leaders would soon have to consider whether to cancel large gatherings, consider telework policies, and close schools.[317] Over the next few weeks, a number of states imposed stay-at-home orders of diverse scope and severity, which placed limits on where people can travel, work and shop away from their homes.[318]
On March 16, Trump announced "15 Days to Slow the Spread"—a series of guidelines based on CDC recommendations on topics such as physical distancing, self-isolation, and protecting those at high risk. The government also recommended closing schools and avoiding gatherings of more than ten people.[319][320][321] Coronavirus Response Coordinator Deborah Birx cited an analysis by Imperial College London that if nothing was done by government officials, 2.2 million would die in the United States.[322] The researchers recommended enforced social distancing for the entire population and closing all schools and universities.[323] The White House recommended "social distancing". One month later, epidemiologists Britta Jewell and Nicholas Jewell estimated that, had social distancing policies been implemented just two weeks earlier, U.S. deaths due to COVID-19 might have been reduced by 90%.)[324]
By March 21, governors in New York, California and other large states had ordered most businesses to close and for people to stay inside, with limited exceptions. The order in New York, for instance, exempts financial institutions, some retailers, pharmacies, hospitals, manufacturing plants and transportation companies, among others. It placed a ban on non-essential gatherings of any size and for any reason.[318]
In late March, Trump announced that the National Guard would be deployed to California, New York, and Washington, and FEMA would send large medical stations with thousands of beds to the three states.[325] The city of Chicago said it would rent more than a thousand empty hotel rooms to house coronavirus patients who need to be isolated but do not require hospitalization.[326] Containment and care facilities would include two Navy hospital ships.[327] USNS Mercy arrived in Los Angeles on March 27,[328] and USNS Comfort arrived in New York City on March 30.[329]
On March 28, the president said he had decided not to enact a tri-state lockdown of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut, after having publicly suggested earlier in the day he was considering such a move; instead he ordered the CDC to issue a travel advisory suggesting voluntary travel limitations in these states.[330]
On March 31, Birx reiterated the projected 1.5 million to 2.2 million deaths if government officials did nothing to stop the virus and 100,000 to 240,000 deaths if measures such as social distancing were taken.[331] As April began, various state and local officials, including the mayors of New York[332] and Los Angeles,[333] and the governors or health departments of Colorado,[334] Pennsylvania,[335] and Rhode Island[336] encouraged residents to wear non-medical cloth face coverings while in public, as an additional measure to prevent unknowingly infecting others. The CDC issued a similar recommendation on April 3. Health officials have generally advised against the use of medical-grade PPE (such as surgical masks and respirators) by the general public, as they should be saved for healthcare personnel due to shortages.[337][338]
Congressional response
Aid packages
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On March 6, 2020, the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020 provided $8.3 billion to fight the pandemic. The deal includes "more than $3 billion for the research and development of vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics, as well as $2.2 billion for the CDC, and $950 million to support state and local health agencies".[339][340] Another bill, the Families First Coronavirus Response Act was approved on March 18. It provides paid emergency leave and food assistance be provided to affected employees, along with free testing.[341]
With guidance from the White House, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell proposed a third stimulus package amounting to over $1 trillion.[b][c][d] On March 22 and 23, the $1.4 trillion package, known as the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (or CARES Act), failed to pass in the Senate.[354][e][f] The act was revised in the Senate, coming to $2 trillion, including $500 billion for loans to larger businesses such as airlines, $350 billion for small business loans, $250 billion for individuals, $250 billion for unemployment insurance, $150 billion for state and municipal governments, and $130 billion for hospitals.[359] It passed unanimously in the Senate late the night of March 25.[360] On March 27, the House approved the stimulus bill and it was signed into law by President Trump.[361] On April 21 and 23, respectively, the Senate and House passed a $484 billion bill which will help fund the Paycheck Protection Program (created by the CARES Act), provide $75 billion in funding to hospitals, and implement nationwide testing for the virus;[362][363] the president signed it into law on April 24.[364] McConnell has cautioned against any further spending, saying it would not fix the problem.[365]
Other proposals
The U.S. House Committee on Financial Services, released a stimulus proposal on March 18 in which the Federal Reserve would fund monthly payments of "at least $2,000 for every adult and an additional $1,000 for every child for each month of the crisis". Other elements include suspending all consumer and small business credit payments.[366] On March 18, Representative Rashida Tlaib proposed the similar "Automatic BOOST to Communities Act", which would involve sending pre-loaded $2,000 debit cards to every American, with $1,000 monthly payments thereafter until the economy recovers. This would be funded by the U.S. Treasury minting two trillion-dollar coins. According to Tlaib, the Treasury has this authority, and it would not increase the national debt.[367] Senator Bernie Sanders has called for a monthly basic income to help "every person in the United States, including the undocumented, the homeless, the unbanked, and young adults excluded from the CARES Act".[368]
President Trump has floated using the low interest rates to invest in infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and tunnels, but specifically excluding the initiatives of the Democratic Party's Green New Deal.[369] Speaker of the House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi has made similar proposals, suggesting broadband and water projects be included.[370]
Both Republican and Democratic governors have called for $500 billion in unrestricted federal aid to state governments, which are losing billions of dollars in tax revenue due to business closings. Existing aid to states was restricted to specific programs, mostly direct costs related to the pandemic, which faced delays being disbursed,[371] and some of which may need to be returned due to restrictions on how it could be spent.[372] Congressional Democrats attempted to negotiate state aid into federal relief packages.[373] In response to a question from a radio talk show host, Republican Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell said he would instead support states going bankrupt (which would require Congress to change the bankruptcy code), prompting criticism from both Democratic and Republican elected officials, including Republican governors.[374][375][372]
Other federal policy responses
On March 3, 2020, the Federal Reserve lowered target interest rates from 1.75% to 1.25%,[376] the largest emergency rate cut since the 2008 global financial crisis,[377] in an attempt to counteract the outbreak's effect on the American economy.[378]
On March 11, during his Oval Office address, Trump announced that he had requested a number of other policy changes:
- He would ask Congress to provide financial relief and paid sick leave for workers who were quarantined or had to care for others.
- He would instruct the Small Business Administration (SBA) to provide loans to businesses affected by the pandemic, and would ask Congress for an additional $50 billion to help hard-hit businesses.
- He would request that tax payments be deferred beyond April 15 without penalty for those affected, which he said could add $200 billion in temporary liquidity to the economy.
- He would ask Congress to provide payroll tax relief to those affected.[379]
On March 15, the Federal Reserve cut their target interest rate again to a range of 0.0% to 0.25% and announced a $700 billion quantitative easing program similar to the one initiated during the financial crisis of 2007–08.[380] Despite the moves, stock index futures plunged, triggering trading limits to prevent panic selling.[381] The Dow Jones Industrial Average lost nearly 13% the next day, the third-largest one-day decline in the 124-year history of the index.[382] That day, the CBOE Volatility Index closed at the highest level since its inception in 1990.[383] On March 17, the Federal Reserve announced a program to buy as much as $1 trillion in corporate commercial paper to ensure credit continued flowing in the economy. The measure was backed by $10 billion in Treasury funds.[384] At this point, the federal government neared agreement on a stimulus proposal including direct cash payments to Americans.[385] Trump announced that the Small Business Administration would be providing disaster loans which could provide impacted businesses with up to $2 million.[386]
On March 18, Trump announced that the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) would be suspending all kinds of foreclosures and evictions until the end of April.[387] The week of March 19, the Federal Housing Finance Agency ordered federally-guaranteed loan providers to grant forbearance of up to a year on mortgage payments from people who lost income due to the pandemic. It encouraged the same for non-federal loans, and included a pass-through provision for landlords to grant forbearance to renters who lost income.[388]
On March 20, Trump announced that the Department of Education would not be enforcing standardized testing for 2020. Trump had also instructed to waive all federally held student loans for the next 60 days, which could be extended if needed.[389] Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin announced that the deadline for several federal filings including income tax returns and payments would be extended to July 15, 2020.[390]
On March 22, Trump announced that he had directed FEMA to build four large medical stations with 1,000 beds for New York, eight large medical stations with 2,000 beds for California, and three large medical stations and four small medical stations with 1,000 beds for the State of Washington.[391]
On March 23, the Federal Reserve announced large-scale expansion of quantitative easing, with no specific upper limit, and reactivation of the Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility. This injects newly created money into a variety of financial markets including corporate bonds, exchange-traded funds, small business loans, mortgage-backed securities, student loans, auto loans, and credit card loans. The Fed also lowered its repurchase agreement interest rate from 0.1% to 0.0%.[392] On the same day, Trump postponed the October 1, 2020, deadline for Americans on commercial airlines to carry Real ID-compliant documents.[393] On April 3, Trump announced that the federal government would use funds from the CARES Act to pay hospitals for treatment of uninsured patients infected with the coronavirus.[394] On April 20, Trump said he will sign an executive order to temporarily suspend immigration to the United States because of the pandemic.[395][396]
Communication
President Trump
In January 2020, President Trump disregarded warnings from his administration's officials about the threat the virus posed to the United States in favor of the country's economic considerations.[397] He publicly downplayed the danger until mid-March, making numerous optimistic statements, including that the outbreak was "under control" and being overcome, or that the virus would somehow vanish.[26] However, by the end of March, The Washington Post described Trump's pronouncements as having "evolved from casual dismissal to reluctant acknowledgment to bellicose mobilization".[398]
On March 11, 2020, Trump announced that the United States was "suspending all travel from Europe to the United States for the next 30 days", except travel from the United Kingdom, and including "the tremendous amount of trade and cargo" (post-speech, Trump said trade was still approved, and administration officials clarified that "American citizens or legal permanent residents or their families" were not affected). Trump also listed several economic policy proposals designed to provide tax relief for workers, aid small businesses, and fight the spread of the virus. Trump declared that insurance companies "have agreed to waive all co-payments for coronavirus treatments" (After the speech, the America's Health Insurance Plans association clarified the waivers were only for tests, not for treatments).[399] On March 13, Trump declared the coronavirus to be a national emergency, freeing up $50 billion in federal funds to fight the outbreak.[28]
Starting March 16 Trump began to hold daily press briefings on the coronavirus situation, lasting from an hour to more than two hours and usually broadcast live by the television networks.[400] On March 16, Trump said for the first time that the coronavirus was "not under control", and the situation was "bad" with months of impending disruption to daily lives, and a recession possible.[401] Also on March 16, Trump and the Coronavirus Task Force released new recommendations based on CDC guidelines for Americans, titled "15 Days to Slow the Spread". These recommendations included physical distancing and hygienic instructions, as well as directions to the states in dealing with school closures, nursing homes, and common public venues.[402][403]
On March 17 a French doctor made an online report of a small clinical study claiming good results treating coronavirus patients with the anti-malaria drug hydroxychloroquine. On March 18 the German drug manufacturer Bayer offered to donate millions of doses of the drug to the FDA.[404] The next day, March 19, Trump promoted hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine during his daily briefing as potential treatments by prescription for COVID-19.[405][406] For the next several weeks Trump continued to promote the drug as a potential "game changer" in treatment of the virus.[407] Within days of his first mention of the drug, a shortage occurred for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the United States, while panic buying occurred overseas in Africa and South Asia.[408][409]
On March 22, Trump indicated a desire to scale back physical distancing measures, saying: "We cannot let the cure be worse than the problem itself."[410][411] Despite having said in a previous briefing that he preferred to have mitigation measures be controlled by individual states because it was compatible with the Constitution, Trump said at an April 13 briefing he had the "ultimate authority" to order the end of restrictions.[412] However, on April 16 he assured governors "you are going to call your own shots" about relaxing restrictions.[413] On April 17, Trump gave a public call to "LIBERATE MICHIGAN", "LIBERATE VIRGINIA" and "LIBERATE MINNESOTA", after protests occurred against stay-at-home orders issued by the Democratic governors of these states.[414]
On April 15, Trump said government data showed the U.S. was "past the peak" of the epidemic and was "in a very strong position to finalize guidelines for states on reopening the country". He announced a temporary halt on funding to the WHO over its handling of the coronavirus outbreak, and alleged Chinese favoritism, pending a review.[415] The next day, April 16, the administration unveiled new federal guidelines for a three-phased approach to restoring normal commerce and services, but only for places with strong testing and seeing a decrease in COVID-19 cases.[416]
The White House Coronavirus Task Force meets daily in the Situation Room and follows with a press briefing to communicate updates, guidelines, and policy changes to the public. Trump only rarely attends the daily meetings and instead is briefed in the Oval Office shortly before he holds the press conference. On April 23, during the Oval Office meeting William Byron, an official from the Department of Homeland Security, offered Trump a brief presentation on the effect of disinfectants and sunlight on the virus on surfaces, which had been discussed during the earlier Situation Room meeting. Following Byron's presentation at the press briefing Trump began asking questions and suggested the possibility that light or disinfectants could be used inside the human body to cure coronavirus. Trump's remarks prompted doctors, lawmakers and the makers of the disinfectant brand Lysol to respond with incredulity and warnings against ingesting disinfectant chemicals.[417][418]
On April 25, it was reported that of 35 daily coronavirus task force briefings over the previous three weeks (held since March 16), Trump spoke for 13 of the 28 hours—including two hours spent on attacks and 45 minutes praising himself and his administration, but just 4+1⁄2 minutes expressing condolences for coronavirus victims. Trump said something false or misleading in nearly a quarter of his prepared comments or answers to questions.[400] On April 26, it is reported of the approximate 260,000 words Trump has spoken at the briefings about the virus, the most recurring utterances are self-congratulations, roughly 600 of them, which are predicated on exaggerations and falsehoods. Trump credits others (more than 360 times) for their work, but he also blames others (more than 110 times) for response inadequacies. Trump's attempts to display empathy or appeal to national unity (about 160 instances) amount to a quarter of the number of times he complimented himself or a top member of his team.[419]
Administration officials
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During the early stages of the outbreak, government officials gave mixed assessments of the seriousness and scale of the outbreak. CDC Director Robert R. Redfield said in late January that "the immediate risk to the American public is low," then in late February said it would be "prudent to assume this pathogen will be with us for some time to come". Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi appeared on television encouraging people to visit the Chinatown neighborhood of her San Francisco district.[420] While federal economic policy chief Larry Kudlow declared the coronavirus containment "pretty close to airtight". Dr. Nancy Messonnier (head of the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases) and Anthony Fauci (head of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) warned of the impending community spread of the virus in the United States, with Messonnier stating: "Disruption to everyday life might be severe." Around this point, Stephen Hahn, the head of the FDA, warned of national medical supplies being disrupted due to the outbreak. In early March, the U.S. Surgeon General, Vice Admiral Jerome Adams, declared that "this is likely going to get worse before it gets better."[421]
In February 2020, the CDC was notifying the press it expected the infections to spread, and urged local governments, businesses, and schools to develop plans for the outbreak. Among the suggested preparations were canceling mass gatherings, switching to teleworking, and planning for continued business operations in the face of increased absenteeism or disrupted supply chains.[422] CDC officials warned that widespread transmission may force large numbers of people to seek hospitalization and other healthcare, which may overload healthcare systems.[35]
A March 14 article on NBC said CDC officials wanted to recommend everyone over 60 remain inside their homes whenever possible but was instructed by the Trump administration to not say that.[423]
Public health officials stressed that local governments would need assistance from the federal government if there were school and business closures.[215] On March 23, Surgeon General Jerome Adams made several media appearances, in which he endorsed physical distancing measures and warned the country: "This week, it's going to get bad ... we really, really need everyone to stay at home [...] Every single second counts. And right now, there are not enough people out there who are taking this seriously."[424] On March 31, the CDC released several projections of the end of the epidemic. Under the best case scenario, more Americans will die of coronavirus than in the Vietnam War and Korean War combined.[425][426] On April 5, Anthony Fauci said as many as 50% of coronavirus carriers may be asymptomatic.[427]
Military response
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After mid-March 2020, the federal government made a major move to use the U.S. military to add health care capacity to impacted areas. The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), under existing statutory authority that comes from authorizations and powers of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), is leasing many buildings nationwide such as hotels, college dormitories, and larger open buildings to immediately convert them into hospital facilities. To assist USACE and FEMA efforts, the United States Army are dispatching medical soldiers to set up field hospitals in cities widely affected by the pandemic. Some of these facilities will have ICU capability for patients of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic, while others will serve non-coronavirus patients to allow established hospitals to concentrate on the pandemic. A public briefing of the plan was given by Army General Todd Semonite on March 20, 2020. USACE will handle leasing and engineering, with contracts for rapid facility modification and setup issued to local contractors. The plan envisions that the operation of the facilities and the provision of medical staff would be entirely handled by the various U.S. states rather than the Federal government.[428] One of the early and largest buildings to be converted is the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center in New York City, which was quickly being transformed into a 2,000-bed care facility on March 23, 2020.[429]
According to a mid-April Newsweek report, the Joint Force Headquarters National Capital Region's Joint Task Force National Capital Region was activated on March 16, operating under multiple contingency plans, from specific pandemic response operations to White House-directed continuity plans, in support of COVID-19 response efforts in the Washington, D.C., Maryland, and Virginia region.[430]
In addition to the many popup hospitals nationwide, the Navy on March 18 prepared to deploy two hospital ships, USNS Mercy and USNS Comfort, to affected areas. The ships will take in non-coronavirus patients transferred from land-based hospitals, so those hospitals can concentrate on virus cases.[327] On March 22, Trump announced that Comfort would go to the East Coast and Mercy to the West Coast. He added the government may be using cruise ships.[391] Mercy arrived in Los Angeles on March 27,[328] and Comfort arrived in New York City on March 30.[329] On April 1, it was reported that the United States Department of Defense was working to provide 100,000 military-style nylon body bags to fulfill a request from FEMA. Only half this number was already kept in stock by the military.[431]
On March 29, citing reduction in on-shore medical capabilities and the closure of facilities at the Port of Miami to new patients, the U.S. Coast Guard required ships in the Seventh District (southeast and Atlantic territories) carrying more than fifty people to prepare to care for sick people onboard indefinitely, for vessels requesting medical evacuation to make arrangements with an on-shore hospital, and for foreign vessels to seek medical assistance from their country of registration.[432][433] Despite earlier opposition from the governor of Florida, arrangements were made allowing MS Zaandam and MS Rotterdam to dock at Port Everglades on April 2 after nearly two hundred people became ill with COVID-19 and four passengers died.[434]
On April 6 the Army announced that basic training would be postponed for new recruits. Recruits already in training would continue what the Army is calling "social-distanced-enabled training".[435]
In regards to the status of U.S. military readiness during the pandemic, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Mark Milley said on April 9 that the military was ready for any contingency and was adapting to "operating in a COVID-19 environment", further warning that it would be a "terrible, tragic mistake" for anyone attempting to take advantage of the crisis to harm the U.S. or its interests. By April 9, 1,898 service members had confirmed cases of COVID-19—1,389 Army soldiers, 367 Air Force personnel, 164 Marines, 597 Navy sailors and 381 National Guard members, less than 0.09% of military forces. 64 service members had been hospitalized.[436] Social distancing of soldiers is in place during training, assemblies,[437] and transport between locations.[438] Temperatures of the soldiers is taken at identified intervals, and measures are taken to immediately remediate affected soldiers.[439]
Economic impact
The pandemic, along with the resultant stock market crash and other impacts, has led to increased discussion of a recession in the United States.[440] The economy contracted 4.8 percent from January through March 2020.[441] The total healthcare costs of treating the epidemic could be anywhere from $34 billion to $251 billion according to analysis presented by The New York Times.[442]
Travel
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In mid-March, most major American and foreign airlines began cutting back on domestic and international flights as a result of the sudden drop in travel demand from the pandemic and subsequent travel bans. They have phased out routes and were making frequent schedule updates.[443][444] Cruise lines suspended all departures from the United States on March 14.[445]
The outbreak produced occasional disruptions to air traffic control with area control centers in New York and Indianapolis, and airport towers at Midway International Airport in Chicago and McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas evacuated for sterilization after at least one person who had been in each tested positive for COVID-19.[446]
On March 14, Amtrak reduced its service between Washington and Boston as the COVID-19 outbreak drastically decreased travel demand. It faced steep revenue losses during the crisis. It also asked noncritical employees "to take time off on an unpaid basis".[447] By the following week, New York's subways, usually the nation's busiest, were running mostly empty, which had the Metropolitan Transportation Authority using $1 billion from its line of credit to stay afloat.[448]
The lobbying group for the airline industry, Airlines for America (A4A), on March 16 called for a $50 billion subsidy, including $4 billion for cargo services.[449] CNBC reports that airlines are preparing for a ban on domestic flights after President Trump said on March 14 he is considering travel curbs and acting DHS Secretary Chad Wolf said all options remained on the table when asked about a possible ban, the first since September 11, 2001. United Airlines said they expected a drop of $1.5 billion in March revenue, American Airlines said they expected to decrease domestic capacity by 20% in April and 30% in May, and Delta Air Lines told employees it would cut capacity by 40%.[450]
Several of the largest mass transit operators in the U.S. have reduced service in response to lower demand caused by work from home policies and self-quarantines. The loss of fares and sales tax, a common source of operating revenue, is predicted to cause long-term effects on transit expansion and maintenance.[451] The American Public Transportation Association issued a request for $13 billion in emergency funding from the federal government to cover lost revenue and other expenses incurred by the pandemic.[452] Many localities reported an increase in bicycling as residents sought socially distant means of getting around.[453]
Financial market impacts
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On February 27, 2020, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) dropped 1,191 points, the largest single-day point drop in the index's history at the time; some attributed the drop to anxiety about the epidemic.[454] The same day, the S&P 500 logged a 4.4% decline.[455] Since then, the record has been beaten five more times during the outbreak on March 9 (2,013), March 11 (1,465), March 12 (2,353), and finally setting the current record for most points lost in a single day by losing 2,997 points on March 16. It once again fell another 1,338 points on March 18. On March 13, the stock market rebounded for the single largest one-day point gain in the market's history by gaining 1,985 points after Trump declared a state of national emergency to free up resources to combat the virus.[456][457] The six business days it took for the S&P 500 Index to drop 10% (from February 20 to 27) "marked the quickest 10% decline from an all-time high in the index's history".[455] From January 21 to March 1, the DJIA dropped more than 3,500 points, equating to roughly a 13% decrease.[458][459]
Stock index futures declined sharply during Trump's March 11 address,[460] and the Dow Jones declined 10% the following day—the largest daily decline since Black Monday in 1987—despite the Federal Reserve also announcing it would inject $1.5 trillion into money markets.[461] By March 18, investors were shunning even assets considered safe havens during economic crises, such as government bonds and gold, moving into cash positions.[462] By March 20, the Dow Jones was below the level when President Trump was inaugurated on January 20, 2017, having fallen 35% from its February peak.[463] The markets rallied between March 23 and 26, with the Dow having its best three-day gain since 1931. On March 27, the Dow fell 3.5% and the S&P 500 fell 3.2%. The Nasdaq Index also fell. Boeing fell 10%, while Exxon and Disney each fell 6%.[464]
Employment effects
The number of persons filing for unemployment insurance increased from 211,000 the week ending March 7, to 281,000 for the week ending March 14, an increase of 70,000 or 33%, the largest percent increase since 1992.[465] Just part way through the following week, 15 states had reported nearly 630,000 claims.[466] On March 26, the Labor Department reported a record number of unemployment claims: 3.28 million (previously 695 thousand in October 1982).[467] For the week ending March 28, 6.6 million people filed unemployment claims.[468] More than ten million Americans lost their jobs and applied for government aid since mid-March 2020.[469] During March, women, younger and less educated workers were hardest hit by job losses, 65% of which were in the leisure and hospitality sector.[470] As another 6.6 million people filed unemployment claims for the week ending April 4, former Fed Chair Janet Yellen said the unemployment rate had already reached at least 12 or 13 percent, the worst since the Great Depression.[471] 5.2 million people filed unemployment insurance claims in the week ending April 11.[472]
Food suppliers
Meatpacking plants in South Dakota, Iowa, Kentucky, and other agrarian areas[473] are at risk of closure as the need for social distancing in the food production plants is emerging.[474] A Columbus Junction, Iowa plant has been closed since April 6, 2020.[474] As of April 22, 25% of the pork processing capacity of the nation has been cut.[475] Beginning in late March 2020, weekly beef production is down 19% year-over-year, even in the face of deregulation of the meatpacking industry.[473]
Restaurant industry
![Signs read "We're open, carryout & order pickup only at this time. Get it delivered." and "Please keep social distancing in mind. Keep six feet apart from one another. Please take your order to go once received. Thank you for helping us comply with government health recommendations."](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Graeter%27s_coronavirus_sign_24_March_2020.jpg/220px-Graeter%27s_coronavirus_sign_24_March_2020.jpg)
The U.S. restaurant industry was projected to have $899 billion in sales for 2020 by the National Restaurant Association, the main trade association for the industry in the United States.[476] The industry as a whole as of February 2020 employed more than 15 million people, representing 10 percent of the workforce directly.[476] It indirectly employed close to another ten percent when dependent businesses such as food producers, trucking, and delivery services were factored in.[476]
On March 15, Ohio Governor Mike DeWine and Ohio Health Department director Amy Acton ordered the closure of all bars and restaurants, saying the government "encouraged restaurants to offer carryout or delivery service, but they would not be allowed to have people congregating in the businesses."[477] The next day, Illinois, New York, New Jersey, and Maryland followed suit.[478]
Groups of restaurateurs in New York City and Cincinnati called on governments to provide help to the nation's small and independent restaurants.[479][476] On March 19 the New York group called for state governments to issue orders for rent abatements, suspension of sales and payroll taxes, and a full shutdown so business interruption insurance coverage would be triggered.[480] On March 20 the Cincinnati group called on the federal government to provide a $225 billion bailout to the restaurant industry.[476]
Several restaurant chains altered their operating procedures to prevent the spread of the virus, including removing seating, restricting the use of condiments, and switching to mobile payment systems. Many restaurants opted to close their dining rooms and instead switch to solely take-out food service to comply with physical distancing recommendations.[481]
According to the National Restaurant Association, 60% of restaurant owners did not think the relief programs would be enough to keep employees on payroll. Restaurants reported $30 billion in losses in March.[482]
Retail
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A number of retailers, particularly grocery stores, reduced their opening hours to allow additional time to restock and deep-clean their stores.[483] Major stores such as Walmart, Apple, Nike, Albertson's, and Trader Joe's also shortened their hours.[484][485] Some grocery store chains, including Meijer,[486] Stop & Shop and Dollar General, devoted a portion of their operating hours to serve only senior citizens.[487][488] Many grocery stores and pharmacies began installing plexiglass sneeze guards at register areas to protect cashiers and pharmacists, and adding markers six feet apart at checkout lines to encourage customers to maintain physical distance.[489] To prevent hoarding, many supermarkets and retailers placed limits on certain products such as toilet paper, hand sanitizer, over-the-counter medication, and cleaning supplies.[490] However, the Food Marketing Institute announced that its supply chain was not strained and all products would be available in the future.[490] Major retail chains started hiring tens of thousands of employees to keep up with demand, including Walmart (150,000), CVS Pharmacy (50,000), Dollar General (50,000), and 7-Eleven (20,000).[491] Sheetz convenience stores began offering free meals to children in need at select stores in Maryland, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia.[492] A daily senior shopping hour, checkout line distancing markers, hand washing and sanitizer for employees, disinfecting wipes for customers to use on carts, and a ban on reusable bags became mandatory in Massachusetts on March 25.[493] Many stores began limiting the number of people inside at a time, to increase the typical distance between customers, resulting in outdoor lines with people spaced six feet apart.[494]
Shipping facilities
Since consumers were increasingly relying on online retailers, Amazon planned to hire another 100,000 warehouse and delivery workers and raise wages $2 per hour through April. They also reported shortages of certain household staples.[495]
A March 21 article in the Chicago Tribune reported that employees at UPS, FedEx, and XPO often have been pressured not to take time off, even with symptoms such as fever and cough consistent with coronavirus. Public health authorities say the risk is relatively low to customers receiving packages, in part because coronavirus does not live for very long on cardboard, but infection most certainly is a danger for employees working beside crowded conveyor belts.[496]
At its warehouses, Amazon has stopped exit screenings, as well as group meetings at the beginning of shifts, and has staggered shift times and break times. The company also announced it would provide up to two weeks of pay to all employees diagnosed with coronavirus or placed into quarantine, but presumably not for employees who merely have symptoms of fever and cough.[497] Amazon workers complained paid medical leave was difficult to obtain because of limited access to coronavirus testing, and some petitioned the company to extend paid leave to elderly and medically vulnerable workers without a positive test.[498] As small numbers of workers have tested positive for coronavirus, various Amazon warehouses have closed for sanitization, including one in Kentucky for several days.[498] Amazon workers at the Staten Island warehouse and some Instacart workers nationwide separately announced strikes for March 30, demanding access to PPE, better sick pay, hazard pay for Instacart orders, and a longer closure of the Staten Island warehouse for cleaning.[499]
Production of emergency supplies
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In response to shortages, some alcoholic beverage facilities started manufacturing and distributing alcohol-based hand sanitizer.[500] General Motors opened its manufacturing, logistics, and purchasing infrastructure for use by Ventec, a Washington State manufacturer of medical ventilators.[501] As medical mask manufacturers hired hundreds of new workers and increased output,[502] in response to urgent requests from hospital workers, volunteers with home sewing machines started producing thousands of non-medical masks which can be sterilized and re-used. Fabric was bought privately or donated by Joann Fabrics.[503] The CDC recommended the use of homemade masks (preferably in combination with a full-face splash shield) only as a "last resort" when no other respiratory protective technologies were available, including reused professional masks.[504] Bauer Hockey began manufacturing face shields for medical applications on March 26.[505]
Some U.S. officials and commentators criticized the outsourcing of critical materials—like the production of essential medical supplies—to China.[506][507]
International aid
Chinese billionaire Jack Ma has donated coronavirus test kits and face masks to the United States.[508] Russia sent a cargo plane with ventilators and face masks. The senior U.S. official said: "We appreciate Russia selling these items to us below market value."[509]
Surge in medical personnel
Several states and non-profit groups started recruiting retired medical personnel to increase staffing in hospitals and at temporary facilities.[510][511] Some jurisdictions granted emergency medical licenses to inactive doctors and incoming resident and interns, and expanded the tasks nurses were allowed to do.[512]
Other financial effects
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In February 2020, the American companies Apple Inc. and Microsoft began lowering expectations for revenue because of supply chain disruptions in China caused by the virus.[513] In a February 27 note to clients, Goldman Sachs said it expects no earnings growth for U.S. companies in 2020 as a result of the virus, at a time when the consensus forecast of Wall Street expected "earnings to climb 7%".[514] On March 20, 2020 as part of an SEC filing, AT&T cancelled all stock buyback plans included a plan to repurchase stock worth $4 billion during the second quarter. The reasons AT&T gave for the cancellation was to invest the money into its networks and in taking care of its employees during the pandemic.[515]
In response to the economic damage caused by the pandemic, some economists have advocated for financial support from the government for individual Americans and for banks and businesses.[516][517] Others have objected to government intervention on the grounds that it would alter the role of the Federal Reserve and enshrine moral hazard as a defining market principle.[518]
Several officials have faced allegations of insider trading, citing sales of their stock portfolios that coincide with private briefings. Senate Intelligence Committee chairman Richard Burr sold up to $1.7 million of stocks while making public statements of reassurances of the government's level of coronavirus preparedness. Georgia senator Kelly Loeffler sold tens of millions of dollars worth of stocks after a closed briefing on the coronavirus.[519] Senator Dianne Feinstein, a member of the Senate intelligence committee, sold between $1.5m and $6m in stock of Allogene Therapeutics, a biotechnology company. U.S. Representative Nancy Pelosi's husband purchased $3.3 million worth of technology stocks expected to surge during a lockdown.[520]
Telemedicine
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a sharp increase in the use of telemedical services in the United States, specifically for COVID-19 screening and triage.[521][522] As of March 29, 2020[update], three companies are offering free telemedical screenings for COVID-19 in the United States: K Health (routed through an AI chatbot), Ro (routed through an AI chatbot), and GoodRx (offered through its HeyDoctor platform).[523][522][524]
Social impact
Lockdowns
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/COVID-19_outbreak_USA_stay-at-home_order_county_map.svg/300px-COVID-19_outbreak_USA_stay-at-home_order_county_map.svg.png)
In extreme instances, a number of cities and states have imposed lockdown measures which limit where people can travel, work and shop away from their homes:[citation needed]
- The Governor of California has ordered everyone to stay at home except to get food, care for a relative or friend, obtain health care, or go to an "essential job". People working in critical infrastructure sectors may continue to go to their jobs, but should try to keep at least six feet apart from anyone else. Indoor restaurants, bars and nightclubs, entertainment venues, gyms and fitness studios are closed, although some restaurants can still provide take-out meals. Gas stations, pharmacies, grocery stores, convenience stores, banks and laundry services remain open.[318]
- In New York, non-essential businesses must shut down their in-office personnel functions, with the exception of financial institutions, retailers, pharmacies, hospitals, news media, manufacturing plants and transportation companies, among others. Casinos, gyms, theaters, shopping malls, amusement parks and bowling alleys are to be closed. "Non-essential gatherings" of any size and for any reason are temporarily banned, and in public, people must keep at least six feet away from each other. Residents 70 and older and people with compromised immune systems or underlying illnesses must remain indoors (unless exercising outside), wear a mask in the company of others and prescreen visitors by taking their temperature.[318]
Similar restrictions to varying degree have been imposed in Illinois, Texas, Nevada, New Jersey and Florida, including the shutting down of hotels.[525] As of April 2[update], about 297 million people, or about 90% of the population, are under some form of lockdown in the United States.[526] Several states also set up police checkpoints at their borders.[527] After implementing social distancing and stay-at-home orders, many states have been able to sustain an effective transmission rate ("Rt") of less than one, meaning the disease is in remission in those areas.[528]
Reopening
On March 24, Trump expressed a target of lifting restrictions "if it's good" by April 12, the Easter holiday, for "packed churches all over our country".[529] However, a survey of prominent economists by the University of Chicago indicated abandoning an economic lock-down prematurely would do more economic damage than maintaining it.[530] The New York Times stated, "There is, however, a widespread consensus among economists and public health experts that lifting the restrictions would impose huge costs in additional lives lost to the virus—and deliver little lasting benefit to the economy."[531] On March 29, Trump extended the federal physical distancing recommendations until the end of April.[532]
Ohio Governor Mike DeWine says employers must redesign workplaces to keep workers six feet apart, or let them work from home.[533] Connecticut requires employers who are open to keep workers six feet apart, deliver products to customers at curbside or by delivery when possible, protect workers with barriers such as plexiglas, prohibit sharing equipment or desks and if possible have employees eat and take breaks alone in their cars or at their workstations.[534] Legal advice is to stagger worker hours to avoid crowding, discourage sharing equipment or desks, and that workers with symptoms or exposed to someone with symptoms should stay away from the workplace.[535] Commutes by mass transit, where it is not possible to stay six feet apart, may need to be replaced by cars or dispersed workplaces, including homes.[536] If colleges reopen in person, many will lack large enough classrooms to keep students six feet apart, but if they stay online and lose in-person interactions, students may transfer to less expensive online specialist colleges.[537]
In late April 2020, pressure increased on states to remove economic and personal restrictions. On April 19 the Trump administration released a three-phase advisory plan for states to follow, called "Opening Up America Again".[538] Protests calling for an end to restrictions were held in more than a dozen states.[539] Governors in several states took steps to re-open some businesses the last week of April,[540] even though they did not meet the benchmarks set out in the federal guidelines.[541] Trump alternately encouraged[542] and discouraged the reopening actions.[543]
Also in late April, after several meat processing plants were temporarily closed due to coronavirus cases among plant workers, President Trump used the Defense Production Act to order that existing plants must remain open, and that closed plants must re-open with healthy workers.[544]
State | Date enacted | Date lifted |
---|---|---|
Alabama | April 4, 2020 | April 30, 2020 |
Colorado | March 26, 2020 | April 26, 2020 |
Georgia | April 3, 2020 | April 30, 2020 |
Idaho | March 25, 2020 | April 30, 2020 |
Maine | April 2, 2020 | April 30, 2020 |
Mississippi | April 3, 2020 | April 27, 2020 |
Montana | March 28, 2020 | April 26, 2020 |
Tennessee | March 31, 2020 | April 30, 2020 |
Texas | April 2, 2020 | April 30, 2020 |
Educational impact
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Stevens_Elementary_School_during_COVID_epidemic_05.jpg/220px-Stevens_Elementary_School_during_COVID_epidemic_05.jpg)
As of April 10, 2020[update], most American public and private schools—at least 124,000—had closed nationwide, affecting at least 55.1 million students.[546] By April 22, school buildings had been ordered or recommended to be closed for the remainder of the academic year in 39 states, three territories, and the District of Columbia.[546] As schools shift education to online learning, there are concerns about student access to necessary technology, absenteeism, and accommodations for special needs students.[547] School systems also looked to adjust grading scales and graduation requirements to mitigate the disruption caused by the unprecedented closures.[548]
To ensure poor students continued to receive lunches while schools were closed, many states and school districts arranged for "grab-and-go" lunch bags or used school bus routes to deliver meals to children.[549] To provide legal authority for such efforts, the U.S. Department of Agriculture waived several school lunch program requirements.[550]
Many higher educational institutions canceled classes and closed dormitories in response to the outbreak, including all members of the Ivy League,[551] and many other public and private universities across the country.[552] Many universities also expanded the use of pass/fail grading for the Spring 2020 semester.[553]
Due to the disruption to the academic year caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. Department of Education approved a waiver process, allowing states to opt-out of standardized testing required under the Every Student Succeeds Act.[554] In addition, the College Board eliminated traditional face-to-face Advanced Placement exams in favor of an online exam that can be taken at home.[555] The College Board also cancelled SAT testing in March and May in response to the pandemic.[556] Similarly, April ACT exams were rescheduled for June 2020.[557]
The Department of Education also authorized limited student loan relief, allowing borrowers to suspend payments for at least two months without accruing interest.[554]
Prisons
As COVID-19 was spreading to several prisons in the U.S., some states and local jurisdictions began to release prisoners considered vulnerable to the virus.[558] To reduce transmission, the Federal Bureau of Prisons started a near-lockdown for all prisoners on April 1, for at least 14 days.[559]
Xenophobia and racism
There have been incidents of xenophobia and racism against Chinese Americans and other Asian Americans.[41][560][561] The U.S. Federal Protective Service and the FBI's New York office have reported that members of white supremacist groups are encouraging one another, if they contract the virus, to spread it to Jews, "nonwhite" people, and police officers through personal interactions and bodily fluids like saliva.[562][563]
Racial disparities
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/President_Trump_meets_with_Patients_who_have_Recovered_from_COVID-19_%2849774107118%29.jpg/220px-President_Trump_meets_with_Patients_who_have_Recovered_from_COVID-19_%2849774107118%29.jpg)
ProPublica conducted an analysis of the racial composition of COVID-19 cases in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin dating through the morning of April 3. They noted that African Americans comprised nearly half of the county's cases and 22 of the county's 27 deaths.[564]
Similar trends have been seen in regions with sizable African American populations, especially in Deep South states such as Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana (which reported on April 6 that 70% of its reported deaths had involved African Americans); in Michigan (33% of cases and 41% of deaths as of April 6); in the city of Richmond, Virginia (48% of the city population, 62% of cases, and 100% of its eight deaths as of April 15)[565] and the city of Chicago, Illinois (1,824 of its 4,680 confirmed cases and 72% of deaths as of April 5).[566][567] It has been acknowledged that African Americans were more likely to have poor living conditions (including dense urban environments and poverty), employment instability, chronic comorbidities influenced by these conditions, and little to no health insurance coverage—factors which can all exacerbate its impact.[568][569][570]
The CDC has not yet released national data on coronavirus cases based on race; following calls by Democratic lawmakers and the Congressional Black Caucus, the CDC told The Hill it planned to release data on racial composition of cases.[571][572]
Event cancellations
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Starbucks_COVID-19_Response.jpg/220px-Starbucks_COVID-19_Response.jpg)
Technology conferences such as Apple Inc.'s Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC),[574] E3 2020,[575] Facebook F8, Google I/O and Cloud Next,[576] and Microsoft's MVP Summit[577][578] have been either cancelled or have replaced in-person events with internet streaming events.
On February 21, Verizon pulled out of an RSA conference, along with AT&T and IBM.[579] On February 29, the American Physical Society cancelled its annual March Meeting, scheduled for March 2–6 in Denver, Colorado, even though many of the more than 11,000 physicist participants had already arrived and participated in the day's pre-conference events.[580] On March 6, the annual South by Southwest (SXSW) conference in Austin, Texas, was cancelled after the city government declared a "local disaster" and ordered conferences to shut down for the first time in 34 years.[581] The cancellation was not covered by insurance.[582] In 2019, 73,716 people attended the conferences and festivals, directly spending $200 million and ultimately boosting the local economy by $356 million, or four percent of the annual revenue of the region's hospitality and tourism economic sectors.[583]
After the cancellations of the Ultra Music Festival in Miami and SXSW in Austin, speculation began to grow about the Coachella festival set to begin on April 10 in the desert in Indio, California.[584] The annual festival, which has attracted some 125,000 people over two consecutive weekends, is insured only in the event of a force majeure cancellation such as one ordered by local or state government officials. Estimates on an insurance payout range from $150 million to $200 million.[585]
Media
Publishing
The scale of the COVID-19 outbreak has prompted several major publishers to temporarily disable their paywalls on related articles, including Bloomberg News, The Atlantic, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and The Seattle Times.[586][587] Many local newspapers were already severely struggling before the crisis.[587] Several alt weekly newspapers in affected metropolitan areas, including The Stranger in Seattle and Austin Chronicle, have announced layoffs and funding drives due to lost revenue. Advertisements concerning public events and venues accounted for a majority of revenue for alt-weekly newspapers, which was disrupted by the cancellation of large public gatherings.[587][588] Online advertisements also dropped to avoid running ads next to coronavirus coverage.[589]
Film
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Pines_Theater_coronavirus_closure_during_COVID-19.jpg/220px-Pines_Theater_coronavirus_closure_during_COVID-19.jpg)
Most U.S. cinema chains, where allowed to continue operating, reduced the seating capacity of each show time by half to minimize the risk of spreading the virus between patrons.[590] Audience limits, as well as mandatory and voluntary closure of cinemas in some areas, led to total North American box office sales that were the lowest since October 1998.[591] On March 16, numerous theater chains temporarily closed their locations nationwide.[592] A number of Hollywood film companies have suspended production and delayed the release of some films.[593][594]
Television
Many television programs began to suspend production in mid-March due to the pandemic.[595][596] News programs and most talk shows have largely remained on-air, but with changes to their production to incorporate coverage of the pandemic, and adhere to CDC guidelines on physical distancing and the encouragement of remote work.[597][598][599] Quarantine and remote work efforts, as well as interest in updates on the pandemic, have resulted in a larger potential audience for television broadcasters—especially for news programs and news channels. Nielsen estimated that by March 11 television usage had increased by 22% week-over-week. It was expected that streaming services would see an increase in usage, while potential economic downturns associated with the pandemic could accelerate the market trend of cord cutting.[600][601][602] The Hollywood Reporter observed gains in average viewership for some programs between March 9 and April 2, with the top increases including The Blacklist (31.2% gain in average audience since March 9), and 20/20 (30.8%).[603] These effects have also been seen on syndicated programs,[604] and the Big Three networks' daytime soap operas.[605] WarnerMedia reported that HBO Now saw a spike in usage, and the most viewed titles included documentary Ebola: The Doctors' Story and the 2011 film Contagion for their resonance with the pandemic.[606]
Gaming
Sports
![Players shooting in an emptied stadium](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sacramento_Kings_shooting_after_postponement%2C_2020-03-11_%28rotated%29.jpg/220px-Sacramento_Kings_shooting_after_postponement%2C_2020-03-11_%28rotated%29.jpg)
The 2020 BNP Paribas Open tennis tournament at Indian Wells was postponed on March 8, 2020, marking the first major U.S. sports cancellation attributed to the outbreak.[607][608]
In compliance with restrictions on large gatherings, the Columbus Blue Jackets (NHL), Golden State Warriors (NBA), and San Jose Sharks (NHL) announced their intent to play home games behind closed doors, with no spectators and only essential staff present.[609][610][611][612] These proposals were soon rendered moot, when suspension of games for various time periods were announced by almost all professional sports leagues in the United States on March 11 onward, including the NBA (which had a player announced as having tested positive),[613] NHL,[614] Major League Baseball,[615] and Major League Soccer.[616][617] College athletics competitions were similarly cancelled by schools, conferences and the NCAA—which cancelled all remaining championships for the academic year on March 12. This also resulted in the first-ever cancellation of the NCAA's popular "March Madness" men's basketball tournament (which had been scheduled to begin the following week) in its 81-year history.[613][618][619]
Religious services
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/COVID-19_NC_church_closure.jpg/220px-COVID-19_NC_church_closure.jpg)
Amidst the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic, many churches, mosques, synagogues and temples have suspended religious services to avoid spreading the disease.[620] Some religious organizations offered radio, television and online services, while others have offered drive-in services.[621] Despite the pandemic, many American religious organizations continue to operate their food pantries. Churches offered bags filled with meat and toilet paper rolls for needy families.[622] Many mosques have closed for prayers but continue to run their food bank.[623][624][625] The National Cathedral of the United States, which belongs to the Episcopal Church, donated more than 5,000 N95 surgical masks to hospitals of Washington D.C., which were in shortage during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic.[626] Other churches, such as the Church of the Highlands, an evangelical Christian megachurch, have offered free COVID-19 tests in their parking lots.[627]
Some state orders against large gatherings, such as in Ohio and New York, specifically exempt religious organizations.[628] Colorado Springs Fellowship Church insists it has a constitutional right to defy a state closure order.[629] Evangelical college Liberty University of Lynchburg, Virginia, moved its classes online but called its 5,000 back to campus despite Governor Ralph Northam's (D) order to close all non-essential businesses.[630] On March 13, 2020, Bishop Elaine JW Stanovsky of the Pacific Northwest Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church issued a statement that would be updated no later than the start of Holy Week, which directed "the local churches of any size and other ministries in the states of Alaska, Idaho, Oregon and Washington to suspend in-person worship and other gatherings of more than 10 people for the next two weeks."[631] In the state of Kansas, the Democratic governor, Laura Kelly responded to a prime source of spread of the disease by banning religious services attended by more than 10 people.[632]
Opioid crisis
In April 2020, Politico reported that the federal government's top addiction and mental health experts began to warn that the coronavirus pandemic could derail the progress the country has made addressing the opioid crisis because such efforts have been "sidelined" by the government's response to COVID-19. The director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Nora Volkow, said, "I think we're going to see deaths climb again. We can't afford to focus solely on Covid."[633] In January, the Trump administration announced that opioid overdose deaths in 2018 were down four percent from the previous year. This was the first drop in the statistic in nearly 30 years.[633] According to Portland ABC affiliate station KATU, "The coronavirus has been a crushing blow for the addiction recovery community, specifically, when it comes to social distancing, advocates say."[634]
Elections
The pandemic prompted calls from voting rights groups and some Democratic Party leaders to expand mail-in voting. Republican leaders generally opposed the change, though Republican governors in Nebraska and New Hampshire adopted it. Some states were unable to agree on changes and a lawsuit in Texas resulting in a ruling (which is under appeal) that would allow any voter to mail in a ballot.[635] Responding to Democratic proposals for nation-wide mail-in voting as part of a coronavirus relief law, President Trump said "you'd never have a Republican elected in this country again" despite evidence the change would not favor any particular group.[636] Trump called mail-in voting "corrupt" and said voters should be required to show up in person, even though as reporters pointed out he had himself voted by mail in the last Florida primary.[637] Though vote fraud is slightly higher than in-person voter fraud, for both instances are rare, and mail-in voting can be made more secure by disallowing third parties to collect ballots and providing free drop-off locations or prepaid postage.[638] April 7 elections in Wisconsin were impacted by the pandemic. Many polling locations were consolidated, resulting in hours-long lines. County clerks were overwhelmed by a shift from 20–30% mail-in ballots to about 70%, and some voters had problems receiving and returning ballots in time. Despite the problems, turnout was 34%, comparable to similar previous primaries.[639]
Public response
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/2020-03-06_%E2%80%94_Coronavirus_%E2%80%93_Flyers_at_Hartsfield-Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport_wearing_facemasks.jpg/220px-2020-03-06_%E2%80%94_Coronavirus_%E2%80%93_Flyers_at_Hartsfield-Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport_wearing_facemasks.jpg)
Polling showed a significant partisan divide regarding the outbreak.[640] NPR, PBS NewsHour and Marist found in their mid-March survey that 76% of Democrats viewed COVID-19 as "a real threat", while only 40% of Republicans agreed; the previous month's figures for Democrats and Republicans were 70% and 72% respectively.[641] A mid-March poll conducted by NBC News and The Wall Street Journal found that 60% of Democrats were concerned someone in their family might contract the virus, while 40% of Republicans expressed concern. Nearly 80% of Democrats believed the worst was yet to come, whereas 40% of Republicans thought so. About 56% of Democrats believed their lives would change in a major way due to the outbreak, compared to 26% for Republicans.[642] A mid-March poll by the Kaiser Family Foundation found that 83% of Democrats had taken certain precautions against the virus, compared to 53% of Republicans. The poll found that Donald Trump was the least-trusted source of information about the outbreak, at 46% overall, after the news media (47%), state and local government officials (70%), WHO (77%), and CDC (85%). 88% of Republicans expressed trust in the president, 69% of Democrats expressed trust in the media.[643]
The outbreak prompted calls for the United States to adopt social policies common in other wealthy countries, including universal health care, universal child care, paid sick leave, and higher levels of funding for public health.[644][645][646]
Political analysts anticipated it may negatively affect Trump's chances of re-election in the 2020 presidential election.[647][648] During March 2020, when "social distancing" practices began, the governors of many states experienced sharp gains in approval ratings,[649] and Trump's approval rating increased from 44% to 49% in Gallup polls,[650] although it then fell to 43% by mid-April. At that time, Pew Research polls indicated that 65% of Americans felt Trump was too slow in taking major steps to respond to the coronavirus outbreak.[651] An April 21 Washington Post-University of Maryland poll found a 44% approval rate for the president's handling of the pandemic, compared to 72% approval for state governors.[652]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Open_Ohio_Rally_IMG_0910_%2849799974031%29.jpg/220px-Open_Ohio_Rally_IMG_0910_%2849799974031%29.jpg)
![]() | This article needs to be updated.(January 2021) |
Beginning in early April 2020, there were protests in several U.S. states against government-imposed lockdowns in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.[654][655] The protests, mostly organized by conservative groups and individuals,[656][657] decried the economic and social impact of stay-at-home orders, business closures, and restricted personal movement and association, and demanded that their respective states be "re-opened" for normal business and personal activity.[658]
The protests made international news[659][660] and were widely condemned as unsafe and ill-advised,[661] although some political figures expressed support for the protests.[662][663] They ranged in size from a few hundred people to a few thousand, and spread on social media with encouragement from former U.S. President Donald Trump.[662]
By May 1, 2020, there had been demonstrations in more than half of the states; many governors began to take steps to lift the restrictions as daily new infections began decreasing due to social distancing measures.[664]On April 16, Pew Research polls indicated that 32% of Americans worried state governments would take too long to re-allow public activities, while 66% feared the state restrictions would be lifted too quickly.[665]
Statistics
The CDC publishes official numbers every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, reporting several categories of cases: individual travelers, people who contracted the disease from other people within the U.S., and repatriated citizens who returned to the U.S. from crisis locations, such as Wuhan, where the disease originated, and the cruise ship Diamond Princess.[666]
However, multiple sources note that statistics on confirmed coronavirus cases are misleading, since the shortage of tests means the actual number of cases is much higher than the number of cases confirmed.[667][230] The number of deaths confirmed to be due to coronavirus is likely to be an undercount for the same reason.[668][669][670]
On April 28, the number of confirmed deaths from coronavirus exceeded the number of Americans who died during the Vietnam War.[671]
-
Map of states and territories in the U.S. with number of confirmed cases (as of April 29, 2020[update])None confirmed<5,000 confirmed5,000–10,000 confirmed10,001–100,000 confirmed100,001–300,000 confirmed>300,000 confirmed
-
Map of states and territories in the U.S. with number of confirmed deaths (as of April 29, 2020[update])None confirmed<100 confirmed100–1,000 confirmed1,001–5,000 confirmed5,001–22,500 confirmed>22,500 confirmed
-
Confirmed COVID-19 cases by county (as of May 2, 2020[update])
The following numbers are based on CDC data, which is incomplete. In most U.S. locations, testing for some time was performed only on symptomatic people with a history of travel to Wuhan or with close contact to such people.[124][672][673] A quarantined nurse in California, showing symptoms of COVID-19 but without a travel history, said she was denied testing by the CDC in early March.[674] CDC testing protocols did not include non-travelling patients with no known contact with China until February 28.[675]
The original CDC-developed tests sent out on February 5 turned out to be faulty;[676] the faulty test, now corrected, produced a false positive from ordinary running water.[175] On February 29, the FDA announced that labs would be allowed to do their own in-house testing immediately, independently of CDC testing, as long as they complete an emergency use authorization (EUA) within 15 days.[676] In Washington, state regulators at one point told health care workers to stop testing previously collected samples from an existing non-COVID19 flu study.[677]
As of March 18, the CDC reported that 37,824 specimens had been tested for COVID-19, 4,484 of which were tested by CDC labs, and 33,340 by U.S. public health labs.[678] The number of deaths is also probably an undercount, as it omits some Americans who tested positive but did not have the virus listed on their death certificates, and others who died without being tested. The CDC says it will issue an official estimate of coronavirus deaths in 2021—current estimates may not be reliable.[668]
Number of U.S. cases by date
Progression charts
![]() | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
![]() | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
![]() | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
![]() | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
![]() | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
![]() | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
The plots above are charts showing the number of COVID-19 cases, deaths, and recoveries in the U.S. since February 26, 2020. The plot below uses a log scale for all four y axes on one plot to show relationships between the trends. On a log scale, data that shows exponential growth will plot as a more-or-less straight line. Each major division is a factor of 10. This makes the slope of the plot the relative rate of change anywhere in the timeline, which allows comparison of one plot with the others throughout the pandemic.
![]() | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
See also
- 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic by country and territory
- Misinformation related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
- United States House Select Committee on the Coronavirus Crisis
- United States influenza statistics by flu season
- COVID Tracking Project
Notes
- ^ This chart only includes lab-confirmed cases and deaths. Not all states report recoveries. Data for the current day may be incomplete.
- ^ This included $300 billion to help small businesses with forgivable loans up to $10 million[342] and $200 billion to support industries such as airlines, cruise companies, and hotels through loans and other measures.[343]
- ^ It was suggested that $200–500 billion would fund tax rebate checks to Americans who made between $2,500 and $75,000 in 2018 to help cover short-term costs[344][345] via one or two payments of $600 to $1,200 per adult and $500 per child.[346][347][348] A similar measure has been suggested by both Democrats and Republicans as a form of basic income.[349][350] It is currently unclear whether the rebates would be tax-free.[351]
- ^ Democrats prepared a $750 billion package as a counter-offer,[352][353] which focused on expanding unemployment benefits instead of tax rebates.[348] A compromise plan reportedly sets aside $250 billion for tax rebates and the same amount for unemployment.[342]
- ^ The revised draft included suspending federal student loan payments for six months without interest and $20 billion in school funding;[355] Democrats said the bill did not go far enough to provide healthcare and unemployment aid, and that it provided a "slush fund" for corporations.[356]
- ^ House Speaker Nancy Pelosi indicated that the House would prepare its own bill, expected to exceed $2.5 trillion, as a counter-offer.[357][358]
References
- ^ Sheikh, Knvul; Rabin, Roni Caryn (March 10, 2020). "The Coronavirus: What Scientists Have Learned So Far". The New York Times. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ a b c Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, et al. (March 2020). "First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States". N. Engl. J. Med. 382 (10): 929–936. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001191. PMC 7092802. PMID 32004427.
- ^ a b "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Cases in U.S." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
- ^ a b c d Johns Hopkins CSSE. "Coronavirus COVID19 (2019-nCoV)" (ArcGIS). Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases. Retrieved April 30, 2020.
- ^ "United States Coronavirus: Worldometer". www.worldometers.info.
- ^ a b Moon, Sarah. "A seemingly healthy woman's sudden death is now the first known US coronavirus-related fatality". CNN.
- ^ "CDC Weekly Key Messages: March 29, 2020 as of 10:30 p.m." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. March 29, 2020. Archived from the original on April 28, 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
- ^ Smith, Oliver (April 21, 2020). "The only places on Earth still (apparently) without coronavirus". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on April 24, 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
- ^ Good, Dan (April 11, 2020). "Every U.S. state is now under disaster declaration". NBC News. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
- ^ "U.S. coronavirus deaths top 20,000, highest in world exceeding Italy: Reuters tally". Reuters. April 11, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ a b "COVID-19 deaths worldwide per one million population as of April 21, 2020, by country", Statista, April 21, 2020
- ^ a b Steve Almasy; Christina Maxouris; Nicole Chavez. "US coronavirus cases surpass 1 million and the death toll is greater than US losses in Vietnam War". CNN. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
- ^ a b "The US has now passed 1 million confirmed Covid-19 cases". Vox. April 28, 2020. Retrieved April 30, 2020.
- ^ a b "U.S. Surpasses 1 Million Coronavirus Cases". NPR. April 28, 2020. Retrieved April 30, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins". Retrieved March 25, 2020.
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External links
Template:Commons category Template:Wikiquote
- CDC: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
- California CDPH Office of Public Affairs, news releases by California Department of Public Health (CDPH)
- The New York Times: Tracking Every Coronavirus Case in the U.S.: Full Interactive Maps
- Coronavirus Self-Assessment Tool from University of Southern California
- C-SPAN's coverage of the governmental and other responses to the coronavirus outbreak
- Coronavirus (COVID-19): information resource and the U.S. Government response
- Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases and historical data by Johns Hopkins University
- Coronavirus USA updates and news
- CoronaMapper
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- Current events from January 2020
- 2020 coronavirus pandemic in the United States
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- 2020 coronavirus pandemic in North America
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- January 2020 events in the United States
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