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List of United States presidential firsts

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This list lists achievements and distinctions of various presidents of the United States. It includes distinctions achieved in their earlier life and post-presidencies. Due to some confusion surrounding sovereignty of nations during presidential visits, only nations that were independent, sovereign, or recognized by the United States during the presidency are listed here as a precedent.


George Washington (1789–1797)

Further information: George Washington
George Washington was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in 1776, 13 years before becoming president

John Adams (1797–1801)

Further information: John Adams
John Adams was the first president to live in the White House
  • First president born in Massachusetts.[1]
  • First president to live in the White House.[17]
  • First president to have previously served as vice president.[b][18]
  • First president to have previously served as an Ambassador to a foreign country.[19]: 49 
  • First president to be a lawyer.[20]
  • First president who had never served in the military.[21][22]
  • First president to not be a slave owner.[23]
  • First president to wear a powdered wig.[24][c][25]
  • First president who attended one of the Ivy League colleges.[19]: 49 
  • First president to marry a relative; his third cousin.[26]
  • First president to have children of his own.[d][27]
  • First president to begin his presidency on March 4 (In his case, 1797).[28]
  • First president to receive the oath of office from a chief justice of the United States Supreme Court[29]
  • First president to veto no bills while in office.[30]
  • First president to have a child (Charles Adams) die while in office.[e][31]
  • First president to be defeated for a second term in office.[32]
  • First president to not attend the inauguration of his successor.[28][f]
  • First president to live to the age of 90.[g][32]
  • First president to have signed the Declaration of Independence.[33]

Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809)

Further information: Thomas Jefferson
  • First president to have previously served as secretary of state.[34]
  • First president to have been widowed prior to his inauguration.[h][19]: 147 
  • First president to be inaugurated in Washington, D.C.[29]
  • First president to have his inaugural speech reprinted in a newspaper.[35]
  • First president whose inauguration was not attended by his immediate predecessor. [i][36]
  • First president to live a full presidential term in the White House.[37]
  • First president to have previously been a governor.[j][21]
  • First president to defeat the man (Adams) whom he had previously lost to in a presidential election.[19]: 48 
  • First president who defeated an incumbent president.[19]: 48 
  • First president whose election was decided in the United States House of Representatives.[38]
  • First president to have an inaugural parade; occurred during his second inauguration.[39]
  • First president to cite the doctrine of executive privilege.[40]
  • First president to have a vice president elected under the 12th Amendment. [k][41]
  • First president to expand the country's territory[42][43]
  • First president to found a university after being in office; the University of Virginia in 1819.[44]
  • First president to serve as rector of the University of Virginia.[45]

James Madison (1809–1817)

Further information: James Madison

James Monroe (1817–1825)

Further information: James Monroe
  • First president to have served in the United States Senate.[51]
  • First president to have a child marry at the White House.[m][52]
  • First president to ride on a steamboat.[53]
  • First president to have held over 50 years of elected public office positions by the end of his presidency[54]
  • First president to have held two cabinet positions at once prior to assuming office[54]
  • First president to have a foreign capital named after him (Monrovia, Liberia)[54]

John Quincy Adams (1825–1829)

Further information: John Quincy Adams
Philip Haas took this daguerreotype of John Quincy Adams in 1843.
  • First president to be the son of another president.[n][55]
  • First president whose father lived to see him become president.[o][50]
  • First president to have a son marry at the White House.[p][52]
  • First president to be photographed.[56]
  • First president elected despite receiving fewer votes than his opponent.[19]: 48 
  • First president to not win a majority of electoral votes.[57]
  • First president to adopt a short haircut instead of long hair tied in a queue.[58]
  • First president to have been inaugurated wearing long trousers instead of knee breeches.[59]
  • First president to serve in Congress after serving in the presidency.[60]
  • First president to die from a stroke.[61]

Andrew Jackson (1829–1837)

Further information: Andrew Jackson
  • First president born in a log cabin.[62]
  • First president born to immigrant parents.[q][63]
  • First president to be inaugurated on the East Portico of the U.S. Capitol, facing the Library of Congress and Supreme Court.[64]
  • First president to pay off the entire national debt.[65]
  • First president born after the death of his father.[r][66]
  • First president elected as Democrat to the presidency.[67]
  • First president to marry a divorced woman.[68]
  • First president to kill someone in a duel.[69]
  • First president to be targeted by an assassin.[70]
  • First president to survive an assassination attempt while in office[71][72]
  • First president to ride on a railroad train.[73]
  • First president to be censured by the US Senate, although it was expunged in 1837.[74]

Martin Van Buren (1837–1841)

Further information: Martin Van Buren

William Henry Harrison (1841)

Further information: William Henry Harrison
  • First president elected as a Whig to the presidency.[67]
  • First president to have 10 or more biological children.[u][27]
  • First president to be born in the same county as his vice president.[79]
  • First president to give an inaugural address of more than 5,000 words.[80]
  • First president to not issue an executive order[81]
  • First president to have his photograph taken while in office.[82]
  • First president to die in office.[83]
  • First president to serve less than one full term in office.[84]

John Tyler (1841–1845)

Further information: John Tyler
  • First president to ascend to the presidency by the death of his predecessor.[85]
  • First president to have a veto overridden.[30][69]
  • First president to face a vote of impeachment in the House (it was unsuccessful).[86]
  • First president to be widowed while in office [v][87]
  • First president to remarry while in office. [w][53][83]
  • First president to be born after the ratification of the United States Constitution.[88]
  • First president to be expelled from his political party while in office.[89]
  • First president (by date of service) to have grandchildren living in the 21st century.[90]
  • First U.S. president to be buried under a foreign flag.[91]

James K. Polk (1845–1849)

Further information: James K. Polk
Polk and his cabinet in the White House dining room, 1846. Front row, left to right: John Y. Mason, William L. Marcy, James K. Polk, Robert J. Walker. Back row, left to right: Cave Johnson, George Bancroft. Secretary of State James Buchanan is absent. This was the first photograph taken in the White House, and the first of a presidential Cabinet.[92]

Zachary Taylor (1849–1850)

Further information: Zachary Taylor
  • First president who had served in no prior elected office.[100]
  • First president to serve in the Mexican–American War.[1]
  • First president to take office while his party held a minority of seats in the U.S. Senate.[101]
  • First president to win election with his party holding no majority in either house of Congress.[102]
  • First president to win the U.S. presidential election in November.[103]
  • First president to be awarded the Congressional Gold Medal more than once (he was awarded it three times).[104]
  • First president to use the term “First Lady”.[105]

Millard Fillmore (1850–1853)

Further information: Millard Fillmore
  • First president to establish a permanent White House library.[69]
  • First president born in the 1800s.[aa][106]
  • First president to leave office while his father was alive.[ab][50]
  • First president to install a kitchen stove in the White House.[107]

Franklin Pierce (1853–1857)

Further information: Franklin Pierce
  • First president born in New Hampshire.[108]
  • First president to install central heating in the White House.[53]
  • First president to deliver his inaugural address from memory.[109]
  • First president who had been elected to actively seek reelection but be defeated for nomination for a second term by his party.[110][111]
  • First president to have a Christmas tree in the White House.[107]
  • First president to keep his original cabinet members for his entire presidency.[107]

James Buchanan (1857–1861)

Further information: James Buchanan

Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865)

Further information: Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated.

Andrew Johnson (1865–1869)

Further information: Andrew Johnson
  • First president to ascend to the presidency by the assassination of his predecessor.[115]
  • First president to be inaugurated on the East Portico of the U.S. Capitol, facing the Library of Congress and Supreme Court.
  • First president to be impeached by the House of Representatives.[116]
  • First president to have members of their own party vote for impeachment.[117]
  • First president to serve in the United States Senate after being president.[116]
  • First president to issue more than twenty vetoes.[30]
  • First president to have more than ten vetoes overridden.[30]

Ulysses S. Grant (1869–1877)

Further information: Ulysses S. Grant
Ulysses S. Grant, here shortly before his death, was the first president to write a memoir.
  • First president born in Ohio.[1]
  • First president to have both parents alive during his presidency [ac][50]
  • First president to veto more than fifty bills.[30]
  • First president to visit Ireland, Egypt, China, and Japan. (In 1878–79, after leaving the presidency.)[118][119][120]
  • First president to publish his memoirs.[121]
  • First president to issue more than 40 pocket vetoes.[30]
  • First president to issue more than 100 executive orders[122]
  • First president to attend a synagogue service while in office[123]
  • First president to have served in an American Civil War.[124]
  • First president to host an Indian Chief in the White House.[107]
  • First president to approve of and sign in a National Park.[125]
  • First president to set aside federal land for wildlife protection.[125]

Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881)

Further information: Rutherford B. Hayes

James A. Garfield (1881)

Further information: James A. Garfield
  • First president to be elected to the presidency directly from the House of Representatives.[130]
  • First president to be left-handed or ambidextrous.[ad][131]
  • First president to die before reaching the age of 50.[ae][132]
  • First president to have served as a university president.[133][134]
  • First President to deliver a campaign speech in a language other than English.[135]

Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885)

Further information: Chester A. Arthur
  • First president born in Vermont.[136]
  • First president to take the oath of office in his own home.[137]
  • First president to have an elevator installed in the White House.[126]

Grover Cleveland (1885–1889, 1893–1897)

Further information: Grover Cleveland
Grover Cleveland was the first president to serve non-consecutive terms, and the first president to be married (to Frances Folsom) at the White House
  • First president born in New Jersey.[138]
  • First president to get married at the White House.[52]
  • First president to have a child born in the White House.[53][139]
  • First president to serve non-consecutive terms.[83]
  • First president to be filmed.[140]
  • First president to veto more than 100 bills, with over 500, including over 200 pocket vetos.[30]

Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893)

Further information: Benjamin Harrison
  • First president to be the grandson of another president. [af][141]
  • First president to have a lighted Christmas tree at the White House.[19]: 48 
  • First president to have electric lighting installed in the White House.[126]
  • First president to have his voice recorded.[142]
  • First president to create and designate a United States Prehistoric and Cultural Site.[125]

William McKinley (1897–1901)

Further information: William McKinley

Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)

Further information: Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt, shown here sitting in a steam shovel along the Panama Canal route in 1906, was the first president to visit a foreign country while in office.

William Howard Taft (1909–1913)

Further information: William Howard Taft
William Howard Taft was the first president to also serve on the United States Supreme Court.

Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)

Further information: Woodrow Wilson

Warren G. Harding (1921–1923)

Further information: Warren G. Harding
  • First president to be elected while being a sitting U.S. senator.[ax][94]
  • First president to be elected on his birthday.
  • First president to have been a lieutenant governor.[ay][178]
  • First president elected after women gained the right to vote.[67]
  • First president to ride to and from his inauguration in an automobile.[29]
  • First president to learn to drive a car.[179]
  • First president to visit Canada while in office.[180]
  • First president to predecease his father.[az][50]
  • First president to appear on a radio broadcast, over navy radio station NOF in Anacostia, D.C.[181]

Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929)

Further information: Calvin Coolidge
  • First president to be sworn in by another president.[ba][29]
  • First president to give a radio broadcast from the White House.[69][73]
  • First president to visit Cuba while in office.[182]
  • First president to be a Congregationalist.[183]
  • First president to appear on US coinage while alive.[184]
  • First president to appear on US coinage while in office.[184]
  • First president to serve as both governor and lieutenant governor of a state.[bb][185]
  • First president born on Independence Day.

Herbert Hoover (1929–1933)

Further information: Herbert Hoover

Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945)

Further information: Franklin D. Roosevelt

Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)

Further information: Harry S. Truman

Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961)

Further information: Dwight D. Eisenhower

John F. Kennedy (1961–1963)

Further information: John F. Kennedy

Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969)

Further information: Lyndon B. Johnson
Following the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson became the first president to be inaugurated on an airplane and the first president to be sworn in by a woman. The inauguration is shown in the photo above.

Richard Nixon (1969–1974)

Further information: Richard Nixon
  • First president to be pardoned by another president (Gerald Ford).[264] The pardon of Richard Nixon in 1974, gave Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he might have committed against the United States while president.[265][266][267]

Gerald Ford (1974–1977)

Further information: Gerald Ford
Following the resignation of Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford being sworn in by Warren Burger, was the first man to ascend to the presidency without being elected to either the offices of the president or vice president.

Jimmy Carter (1977–1981)

Further information: Jimmy Carter
  • First president born in Georgia.[202]
  • First president who was born in a hospital.[275] He was born in the Wise Sanitarium of Plains, Georgia, in 1924.
  • First president to graduate from the United States Naval Academy; part of the class of 1947.[276][277]
  • First president to have served as the governor of Georgia; served in that role from January 12, 1971 - January 14, 1975.[278]
  • First president to use a nickname in an official capacity.[279] His full name is James Earl Carter Jr, but he is better known by his nickname, "Jimmy" Carter, which was used on all official documents while he was president.
  • First president to visit Nigeria and Guadeloupe while in office.[280][281]
  • First president to appoint a woman to be Secretary of Commerce; Juanita M. Kreps.[282]
  • First president who completed at least one full term in office and never made a nomination to the United States Supreme Court.[283]
  • First president to have hosted an official papal visit at the White House. In 1979, Pope John Paul II became the first pontiff to visit a sitting president at the White House.[284][285]
  • First president to live to the age of 96 (As of October 2020, 99 years old).[286][287]
  • First president to have a post-presidency of 40 years.

Ronald Reagan (1981–1989)

Further information: Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan addressing the UK Parliament on June 8, 1982, the first U.S. president to do so.

George H. W. Bush (1989–1993)

Further information: George H. W. Bush

Bill Clinton (1993–2001)

Further information: Bill Clinton

George W. Bush (2001–2009)

Further information: George W. Bush

Barack Obama (2009–2017)

Further information: Barack Obama

Donald Trump (2017–2021)

Further information: Donald Trump
Donald Trump shaking hands with the supreme leader of North Korea on June 12, 2018, the first U.S. president to do so.

Joe Biden (2021–)

Further information: Joe Biden

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In both the 1789 and 1792 elections, each elector voted for Washington and for another candidate.
  2. ^ Adams served as Vice President under George Washington, and thus was the first Vice President of the nation.
  3. ^ Washington powdered his own hair.
  4. ^ Adams and his wife Abigail had six children, including John Quincy Adams, the sixth President. Washington did not have any children by his own, and was only a stepfather.
  5. ^ Charles Adams, the second son of John Adams, died of liver cirrhosis on 30 November 1800, when his father was still President. He was a chronic alcoholic, and was estranged from his family at the time of his death.
  6. ^ Adams did not attend Thomas Jefferson's inauguration.
  7. ^ Adams, who was born on October 30, 1735 and died on July 4, 1826, the 50th Independence Day of the United States, lived for 90 years, 247 days, and was the longest-lived President until 2001, when his record was broken by Ronald Reagan.
  8. ^ Jefferson's wife Martha died in 1782, 19 years before he was inaugurated. He was also the first President whose hostess was his daughter.
  9. ^ John Adams did not attend Jefferson's inauguration, due to personal problems.
  10. ^ Jefferson was Governor of Virginia from 1779 to 1781.
  11. ^ Originally the runner-up in the presidential election was named vice president. Adams, Jefferson and Aaron Burr became Vice Presidents in this way.
  12. ^ Madison left office in 1817 and his mother Nelly Conway Madison died in 1829, only seven years before her son.
  13. ^ Monroe's daughter Mary married in 1820 at the Blue Room on the State Floor of the White House.
  14. ^ Adams was the eldest son of John Adams and his wife Abigail Adams.
  15. ^ Adams' father, former President John Adams, was still alive when he took office, and died in 1826.
  16. ^ Adams' son John Adams II married in the Blue Room on February 25, 1828.
  17. ^ Jackson's parents and two brothers emigrated from Ireland in 1765, two years before he was born.
  18. ^ Jackson's father, Andrew Jackson, Sr., died in an accident in late February 1767, around three weeks before his son was born.
  19. ^ Van Buren was born on December 5, 1782 6 years, 154 days after the Declaration of Independence.
  20. ^ Dutch was Van Buren's first language. He was called as Careful Dutchman for this factor. He spoke English as a second language.
  21. ^ Harrison had 10 children from his wife Anna Harrison, and is allegedly believed to have a daughter from a slave.
  22. ^ Tyler's first wife, First Lady Letitia Christian Tyler, died on September 10, 1842.
  23. ^ Tyler married Julia Gardiner Tyler on June 27, 1844, and had children with her.
  24. ^ Polk was aged 49 years, 122 days when he was inaugurated.
  25. ^ Polk was aged 53 years, 225 days when he died on June 15, 1849.
  26. ^ Polk died in 1849, soon after leaving office. Jane Knox Polk, his mother, died in 1852, having outlived her son by three years.
  27. ^ Fillmore was born on January 7, 1800, six days after the 1800s began. He was also the first President who was born after the death of a former President, since he was born 24 days after the death of George Washington, who died on 14 December 1799.
  28. ^ Fillmore left office in 1853 and his father Nathaniel Fillmore died in 1863.
  29. ^ Grant's father, Jesse Root Grant, died in 1873, and his mother Hannah Simpson Grant died in 1883. Neither attended the inauguration of their son.
  30. ^ It is widely believed that Garfield could simultaneously write Greek with his left hand and Latin with his right hand.
  31. ^ Garfield, born on 19 November 1831, was 49 years, 304 days when he died as a result of complications caused by gunshot.
  32. ^ Harrison was the grandson of William Henry Harrison, being the son of W. H. Harrison's son John Scott Harrison, who is thus the only person to have been both the son of a President and the father of another President.
  33. ^ McKinkley rode with Freelan Oscar Stanley of the Stanley Motor Carriage Company in his steam car in 1899. He also rode in an electric ambulance that carried him to the hospital where he was treated after being shot.
  34. ^ Roosevelt was elected vice president in 1900, ascended to the presidency after the assassination of William McKinley in 1901, and was elected in his own right in 1904.
  35. ^ Roosevelt won the award in 1906, due to his successful mediation to end the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905).
  36. ^ Roosevelt travelled to the Panama Canal Zone in 1906, where he inspected construction of Panama Canal, and visited Panama.
  37. ^ Roosevelt won the award for his service in the Spanish–American War, and in particular his role in the Battle of San Juan Hill. The Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously in 2001, by the then President Bill Clinton.
  38. ^ Taft threw his pitch at Griffith Stadium, Washington, D.C., on the Washington Senators' Opening Day. The pitch took place on April 14, 1910.
  39. ^ In fact, Taft owned four cars when he was in office.
  40. ^ Taft served as solicitor general from 1890[164] to 1892. He became president in 1909.
  41. ^ Arizona and New Mexico were admitted to the Union under Taft's presidency.
  42. ^ Taft left office as president in 1913. He was appointed chief justice in 1921, by President Warren Harding.[168] As chief justice, he administered the oath of office to Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover.
  43. ^ With Proclamation 1354, Wilson declared a national emergency relating to water transportation and shipping in the United States.
  44. ^ Wilson received a Ph.D in political science from Johns Hopkins University.
  45. ^ In 1918–19, Wilson visited: France, the United Kingdom, Italy (along with the Holy See, not yet a sovereign nation), and Belgium.
  46. ^ Wilson met Pope Benedict XV in 1919, during his visit to Vatican city.
  47. ^ Wilson met with King George V in 1918, during his visit to the United Kingdom.
  48. ^ Wilson attended Game 2 of the 1915 World Series in Philadelphia between the Boston Red Sox and the Philadelphia Phillies.
  49. ^ Wilson died in 1924, three years after he left office, and was interred in a sarcophagus in Washington National Cathedral.
  50. ^ Harding was serving as a senator from Ohio when elected. He resigned his position as senator and was replaced by Frank B. Willis.
  51. ^ Harding served as lieutenant governor of Ohio from 1904 to 1906.
  52. ^ Harding died in 1923, and his father, George Tryon Harding, died in 1928, five years after his son.
  53. ^ Coolidge was sworn-in for the second time by William Howard Taft, who was chief justice at the time of the second inauguration of Coolidge in 1925.
  54. ^ Coolidge served as lieutenant governor of Massachusetts from 1916 to 1919 and governor of Massachusetts from 1919 to 1921.
  55. ^ Hoover left office in 1933, and died on 20 October 1964, 31 years, 230 days after leaving office.
  56. ^ Roosevelt won a record four presidential elections, and served four terms in office from 1933 to 1945. More precisely, Roosevelt served three full terms, and died 2 months and 24 days into his fourth term. After his death, the term limit was reduced to two terms.
  57. ^ Roosevelt's first inauguration took place on March 4, 1933. His second inauguration took place on January 20, 1937 and is the first inauguration to take place on that date.
  58. ^ On April 30, 1939, Roosevelt appeared at the opening ceremony of the 1939 New York World's Fair and gave a speech. The speech was televised, and Roosevelt became the first president of the United States to give a speech that is broadcast by television. Roosevelt's speech was seen on black and white television sets with 5 to 12-inch tubes.
  59. ^ Perkins was appointed United States secretary of labor in 1933.
  60. ^ Roosevelt's total vetoes were 635, though 9 were overridden.
  61. ^ Roosevelt issued 263 pocket vetoes.
  62. ^ Roosevelt visited Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay in his administration. However, Theodore Roosevelt visited Panama, which was considered part of South America when he visited but no longer is.
  63. ^ Roosevelt traveled aboard a Boeing 314 Clipper during his secret 1943 mission to Casablanca. As a result of this trip, he also became the first president to visit Africa while in office. He visited Morocco, Liberia, Tunisia, Gambia and Egypt.
  64. ^ Truman visited Allied-occupied Germany in July–August 1945, for attending the Potsdam conference.
  65. ^ Truman served as an officer of the American Expeditionary Forces and commanded Battery D of the 129th Field Artillery Regiment. He saw combat service in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. He was discharged from the Army in 1919, with the rank of major. He remained affiliated with the United States Army Reserve until 1953. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1925 and colonel in 1932.
  66. ^ Truman's second inauguration in 1949 was the first presidential inauguration televised. Millions of people watched the inauguration, broadcast as a single live program that aired on every network.[205] Many schoolchildren watched from their classrooms.[206] Truman authorized a holiday for federal employees so that they could also watch.[207] The ceremony, and Truman's speech, were also broadcast abroad through the Voice of America, and translated into other languages including Russian and German.[208] According to some calculations, the 1949 inauguration had more witnesses than all previous presidential inaugurations combined.[206][209]
  67. ^ Truman left office on January 20, 1953, and was succeeded by Dwight D. Eisenhower as the 34th President of the United States.
  68. ^ In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Medicare bill at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum and gave the first two Medicare cards to Truman and his wife Bess Truman, to honor the former president's fight for government health care while in office.[210]
  69. ^ Eisenhower began his presidency on January 20, 1953, succeeding Harry S. Truman.[29]
  70. ^ Kennedy was born in 1917 and took office in 1961. But his four successors were older than him, the oldest of them being Lyndon B. Johnson, his immediate successor, who was born in 1908, and thus is the earliest-born President of the 20th century.
  71. ^ Kennedy and Nixon took part in four televised debates in 1960.[226]
  72. ^ Kennedy received the Pulitzer Prize for Biography in 1957, for his book Profiles in Courage.
  73. ^ Kennedy was assassinated by a gunshot on head on 22 November 1963. His father Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. outlived him by six years, dying in 1969. His mother Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy outlived him by more than 30 years, dying in 1995. He is, till date, the only President to be survived by both parents, and is also the shortest-lived U.S. President, dying at the age of 46 years, 177 days.[50]
  74. ^ Kennedy was assassinated on 22 November 1963. His maternal grandmother, Mary Josephine Hannon, died on 8 August 1964 at the age of 98. Already ailing at the time of her grandson's assassination, she was never told of that news by anyone until her death.[230]
  75. ^ While President Reagan first granted civilians access to government GPS technology, President Clinton removed Selective Availability and granted civilians unrestricted access to GPS satellites, "flipping the blue switch" and unleashing a worldwide revolution in civil and commercial applications, leading to the creation of GPS Block III.

References

  1. ^ a b c d Book of Political Lists, pg. 5
  2. ^ a b President's Day Fun. p. 10.
  3. ^ "Ten Facts About Washington & Slavery". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Retrieved 2021-01-09.
  4. ^ a b The White House. "George Washington". Retrieved 28 Dember 2020.
  5. ^ The Book of Political Lists, from the editors of George. 1998. p. 22.
  6. ^ Ellis, Joseph J. (2004). His Excellency: George Washington. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-1-4000-4031-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  7. ^ Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. 2021. "George Washington and the Supreme Court" Retrieved 18 Jan. 2021.
  8. ^ Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. 2021. "State of the Union Address (1790)" Retrieved 18 Jan. 2021.
  9. ^ Kohn, Richard H. (December 1972). "The Washington Administration's Decision to Crush the Whiskey Rebellion". The Journal of American History. 58 (3): 567–584. doi:10.2307/1900658. JSTOR 1900658.
  10. ^ "The Religion of George Washington". adherents.com. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
  11. ^ Dennis Jamison (2014-12-31). "George Washington's views on political parties in America". The Washington Times. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  12. ^ Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. "PRESIDENT’S SWEARING-IN CEREMONY" Retrieved 18 Jan. 2021.
  13. ^ Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. "PRESIDENT’S SWEARING-IN CEREMONY" Retrieved 18 Jan. 2021.
  14. ^ Daniel Preston (2019). "JAMES MONROE: CAMPAIGNS AND ELECTIONS". Retrieved 2020-11-23.
  15. ^ "George Washington Raised Martha's Children and Grandchildren as His Own".
  16. ^ Juliana LaBianca. Nov. 04, 2020. "13 Unlikely Jobs U.S. Presidents Held After the White House" Reader's Digest. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
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Sources

External links

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